Baseball For Dummies

Getting Started with Baseball

webextras.eps  Go to www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/baseball for more informative tidbits about the ins and outs of baseball.

In this part…

Examine the history of baseball, including how the game started and how it has evolved into America's pastime.

Identify the tools of the trade so you can take the field properly equipped, know where you can acquire them, and discover how to take care of your bats, balls, and gloves so they can take care of you.

Review the rules of baseball so you don't commit any faux pas on or off the field, such as running the bases in the wrong direction or failing to tag up before scoring on a would-be sacrifice fly.

Know how to use the proper glove for your position, so that you don't wear a catcher's mitt in the outfield.

Make sure that you stay in foul territory when you reach third base — if you don't and your teammate strikes a fair ball that hits you, you'll not only be called out, but you’ll also incur the wrath of your teammate for robbing him of a possible hit.

Look closer at the strike zone so that you don't mistake for strikes pitches high over your head or low enough to bounce past the catcher. And understand that although there's supposed to be a uniform strike zone, each umpire has his own interpretation of it, so you had better pay close attention to the zone.

Chapter 1

The Lowdown on Baseball

In This Chapter

arrow Uncovering the origins and objective of the game

arrow Plotting player positions and field layout

arrow Handing over hits and runs

arrow Delivering strikes and balls

For people who still believe that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York, we bring you a line from the gangster movie Donnie Brasco: Fuhgedaboudit! Abner didn't invent nuttin’. No one person actually conceived of the sport. Baseball evolved from earlier bat and ball games including town ball, rounders, and one o'cat. Although there's no denying that the English game of cricket was also an influence, baseball is as singular an American art form as jazz. (Although during the early 1960s, the Soviet Union claimed baseball was a Russian creation. We should note, however, that Soviets were also taking credit back then for the invention of the telephone and the electric light.)

This chapter gives you a quick overview to America's pastime. Whether you've been a fan your entire life or just started showing an interest in the sport, this chapter can help you start.

Tapping into the Roots of the Game

If anyone invented baseball, it was Alexander Joy Cartwright. This gentleman bank teller founded the New York Knickerbockers, America's first organized baseball team, in 1842. Three years after that, Cartwright formulated the sport's first codified rules (which included three strikes per out and three outs per half-inning). Cartwright's game included a pitching mound that was only 45 feet from home plate and base paths spaced 75 feet apart. Baseball's lawmakers have altered these distances while modifying other rules over the years.

The pitcher's mound is now 60 feet, 6 inches, from home, and the bases now sit 90 feet apart. But the bank teller's guidelines remain the basis of the modern sport. If a time machine were to transport Cartwright to a present-day Major-League ballpark, it would only take him an inning or two to acclimate himself to the action on the field. That's because the most fundamental aspects of the game haven't changed since Cartwright's Knickerbockers first suited up. Most importantly, the objective of a baseball game is still for a team to win its game by outscoring its opponent.

Understanding the Game's Structure

baseball.eps In the Major Leagues, a game is divided into nine units of play called innings. Almost all leagues play nine-inning games, except some youth leagues that play only five to seven innings. An inning consists of a turn at-bat and three outs for each team. Visiting teams bat in the first half (called the top) of an inning; home teams bat in the second half (called the bottom) of the inning.

While one club (the offensive team) is at-bat, the other (the defensive team) plays in the field. Nine players compose each team's lineup. The defensive team consists of the pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, shortstop, left fielder, center fielder, and right fielder. Check out Figure 1-1 of the playing field to see the basic positions for each of the defensive players. (Table 1-1 gives you the abbreviations for these players.)

Illustration by Wiley, Composition Services Graphics

Figure 1-1: The playing field with its players.

Table 1-1 The Players

When nine isn't really nine

Many baseball games are finished before the completion of nine full innings. If the home team leads after the top of the ninth, it wins the game without taking its turn at-bat in the bottom of that inning. The home team can also win the game in less than nine innings if it scores the winning run during the last inning before the third out. For example, the Toronto Blue Jays come to bat in the bottom of the ninth inning of a game against the Detroit Tigers. The Tigers lead 3–2. With two men out, Blue Jays’ Jose Reyes hits a two-run homer off Tiger starter Justin Verlander. Toronto won 4–3. The game is over even though the two teams combined for only 8⅔ innings. (Remember, a team doesn't complete an inning until it makes the third out.)

This example illustrates a difference between baseball and other major team sports. Either team can win a game that ends in regulation time in football (four quarters), basketball (four quarters), and hockey (three periods). In baseball, the home team can never win any game that lasts the full nine innings (except in the event of a forfeit).

Going extra innings

baseball.eps Games that are tied after nine innings go into extra innings. The two opponents play until they complete an extra inning with the visiting team ahead or until the home team scores the winning run.

Introducing the Playing Field

baseball.eps Baseball is played on a level field divided into an infield and an outfield. The infield (also known as the diamond) must be a square 90 feet (27.45 meters) on each side. Home plate sits at one corner of the square, and the three bases rest at the other corners. Moving counterclockwise from home, you see first base, second base, and third base.

Base lines run from home plate to first base, as well as from home to third. Base lines also extend from first base to second and from second to third. However, only the base lines extending from home to first and home to third are marked by white chalk. The lanes connecting the bases are the base paths. Runners must stay within them while traveling around the diamond. Should a runner step out of the base path to elude a tag, the umpire can call him out.

Foul lines extend from the first-base and third-base lines and run straight to the outfield walls. The section of the outfield beyond first base is called right field, the outfield section behind second base and shortstop is center field, and the outfield section beyond third base is left field.

baseball.eps Coaches pass on advice to players from the coach's boxes, the chalk rectangles in foul territory near first and third. When the players are not on the field, they sit in shelters in foul territory called dugouts. Between the dugout and home plate is the on-deck circle, where the next hitter awaits his turn at-bat. (See Figure 1-2.)

Illustration by Wiley, Composition Services Graphics

Figure 1-2: The structure of the playing field.

Major League rules require the distance from home plate to the nearest fence or wall in fair territory to be at least 250 feet (76 meters). Home plate must be a 17-inch (43-centimeter) square with two of its corners removed to leave a 17-inch edge, two 8½-inch (21.5-centimeter) adjacent sides, and two 12-inch (30.5-centimeter) sides angled to a point. The result is a five-sided slab of white rubber. A regulation pitching rubber is a 24-x-6-inch (61-x-15.5-centimeter) rectangle made of white rubber, set in the middle of the diamond 60 feet, 6 inches (18.4 meters) from the rear of home plate (refer to Figure 1-3).

Illustration by Wiley, Composition Services Graphics

Figure 1-3: Home plate and the pitching rubber.

Getting into the Action of Play

baseball.eps The pitcher is the player who stands at the middle of the infield diamond on the hill called the mound, where the pitching rubber is located. He throws the baseball toward the catcher, a teammate who squats behind home plate. When the pitcher throws the ball to the batter at home plate, he is said to be delivering a pitch.

baseball.eps Each batter comes to the plate according to a specific order (the batting order or lineup) designated by the manager or head coach. The opposing team's batter (hitter) stands in one of two batter's boxes on either side of home plate. If he's right-handed, he stands in the box to the left of the plate (as viewed from behind). If he's left-handed, he stands in the box to the right of the plate. As the ball reaches the home plate area, the batter tries to hit it with a club called a bat. The batter tries to hit the ball into fair territory — that part of the playing field between the first- and third-base lines, from home base to the outfield fences — where it is either fielded (caught) for an out or drops in safely for a base hit. (We describe the various ways a batter makes an out or reaches base safely in Chapter 3.) A hit can take four forms:

A single delivers the batter to first base.

A double is hit far enough that the batter reaches second base.

A triple gets the batter to third base.

A home run means the batter circles all three bases and touches home plate for a run.

Home runs usually travel over the outfield fence in fair territory. If a batter hits a ball that stays on the field, but he is able to circle the bases and touch home before he can be called out, he has hit an inside-the-park home run.

Coming Home (Eventually)

Players score runs by getting on base and then moving around (and touching) all three bases in order before crossing home plate. They must reach home before the offensive team tallies three outs in its half of the inning. When a club's hitters make three outs, its half-inning ends. Then it takes the field (moves to defense) and the opposing team comes to bat. (Chapter 3 has all the details on how an out is made.)

headsup.eps You can advance on the bases (move from first to second, second to third, or third to home) at any time, but you do so at your own peril. If you're off base when a member of the defensive team (a fielder) tags you with the ball, you are out. The exception to this occurs when the umpire calls Time (timeout). At that moment, the ball is considered dead. You may step off base without being put out, but you may not advance. Umpires may call time at the request of either team, when an injury occurs, or if some circumstance threatens the flow of the game (for instance, a cat running across the field).

baseballspeak.eps Game called because of . . .

Umpires can call (end) games because of inclement weather, power outages, earthquakes (don't laugh — a tremor postponed the 1989 World Series between Oakland and San Francisco), a disciplinary action (a mob of fans runs on the field and refuses to vacate; no matter which team is ahead, the umpire forfeits the game in favor of the visiting club), or some other event that renders play impossible or dangerous. To be an official game (one that counts as a win or a loss in the league standings), the two teams must play at least five full innings. Exceptions to this rule occur whenever the top of the fifth concludes with the home team ahead or if the home team scores the winning run during that fifth frame.

Knowing Who Is in Charge

In professional baseball, managers are the team leaders. (At some other levels, such as college and high school baseball, this person may be referred to as the head coach.) Managers plot strategy and decide which team members play which positions. They also determine a club's batting order. Most importantly, they decide which players to put on the field in the first place. In essence, they're personnel managers.

Managers have assistants, called coaches, who help them train and discipline the team. Managers also use the first- and third-base coaches to pass along instructions to players through a series of signs. In recent years it has become fashionable for managers to employ a dugout coach. This coach is usually a savvy baseball veteran with whom the manager plots strategy throughout the game.

Enforcing and Scoring: Umpires and Official Scorers

On-field officials known as umpires enforce the rules of play. In the Major Leagues, four umpires — one for each base and home plate — are assigned to each game. They decide whether a batted ball is fair or foul and whether a player is safe or out. The home-plate umpire also calls balls and strikes during the pitcher-batter confrontation. Umpires have complete authority over the game. They can eject anyone from the field who violates the rules of conduct. (Lower levels may have only two or three umpires.) (See Chapter 15 for more information about umpires.)

All professional games also have official scorers. The league hires these people to record on a scorecard all the events that take place on the field during a game. Scorers can't overrule an umpire, nor can they affect the outcome of a game. They do, however, often rule on whether a batted ball should be labeled a hit or an error for the official record. (In high school and college games, the home team provides a scorer, who usually consults with the visiting team scorekeeper on a close call.)

More than history: Baseball's Hall of Fame

To discover more about the history and evolution of this great game, there's only one place to visit: the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. The museum has more than 6,500 artifacts, including examples of the earliest bats, balls, and gloves (see the following figure of historic baseballs). Many of the exhibits are interactive. The Hall's library and archives boast the world's most comprehensive collection of printed baseball matter, including box scores from the late 1800s.

The Hall of Fame gallery is this institution's Valhalla, the place where baseball's immortals are commemorated in bronze. Members of the Baseball Writers Association of America elect honorees from a list of players with ten years or more of major-league service. All candidates must be retired from baseball for at least five years before they can be considered for induction. Every two years, the Hall of Fame Veterans Committee votes for managers, pioneers of the sport, baseball executives, umpires, players from the Negro Leagues, and players who missed election their first time through the Baseball Writers Association of America voting process. A candidate must collect 75 percent of all ballots cast by either the writers or the Veterans Committee to earn a plaque in the gallery.

The Hall reserves the right to exclude anyone who is on baseball's ineligible list — for example, Pete Rose or Joe Jackson — from its ballots. Players on the ineligible list are disqualified from holding jobs with any Major-League teams. Rose was ruled ineligible because he bet on baseball games while serving as manager of the Cincinnati Reds. Though deceased, Jackson's name remains on the ineligible list because he actively participated in a conspiracy with gamblers and seven Chicago White Sox teammates to deliberately lose the 1919 World Series.

The Hall features permanent exhibits such as Viva Baseball (tracing Latin American contributions to the game), Chasing the Dream (about the legendary Hank Aaron's career), and One for the Books (baseball's records and the stories behind them). At various times of the year, the Hall of Fame also showcases special temporary exhibits. It has the Barry Halper Gallery, a showcase for a vast array of memorabilia, which includes such rare items as a camelhair overcoat formerly worn by one George Herman (Babe) Ruth that Mr. Halper had previously displayed in the basement of his New Jersey home. The gallery also hosts traveling exhibits on a revolving schedule, such as a 2011 show exploring the historic connection between cricket and baseball. The Hall of Fame also features online exhibits.

You can get ticket, schedule, and exhibit information for the Hall by calling 888-425-5633 or visiting its website at www.baseballhall.org.

Photo courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, Cooperstown, N. Y.

Chapter 2

Suiting Up: Equipment

In This Chapter

arrow Tossing a regulation baseball

arrow Finding the right bat

arrow Choosing a glove

arrow Dressing for safety and style

arrow Equipping your field

When Pittsburgh Pirates shortstop Dick Groat was hitting his way to a batting title and MVP award in 1960, his manager Danny Murtaugh claimed, Groat could hit .300 using a piece of barbed wire as a bat. Perhaps Groat could, but no one expects you to attempt that feat. When you take the field, you should take along the best equipment available, which this chapter discusses. You don't need to spend vast sums to purchase top-quality accessories as long as you know what to look for and where to find it. Hence, as the late sportscaster Howard Cosell would say, this chapter tells it like it is.

Choosing Your Weapons: Balls, Bats, and Gloves

Unless you're under ten years old, buy equipment that meets all the Major-League specifications. Equipment licensed by a reputable body such as Major League Baseball, the NCAA, or the Little League offers you some quality assurances.

These sections show you how to shop for the basic tools you need in order to play the game effectively and keep yourself protected both on the field and in the batter's box. With the right ball, bat, and glove, your chances of success on the playing field can increase dramatically.

Baseballs that last (and last and last)

A baseball must meet the following criteria:

Have a circumference between 9 and 9¼ inches (22.9cm and 23.5cm)

Weigh between 5 and 5¼ ounces (141.8g and 148.8g)

Have an outer covering constructed from two pieces of white horsehide or cowhide stitched together with red thread

Have a cork core surrounded by two layers of rubber and wrapped in yarn

Figure 2-1 shows a standard baseball.

Illustration by Wiley, Composition Services Graphics

Figure 2-1: A standard baseball.

You don't have to go to your local sporting goods store armed with a tape measure, scale, and scalpel (for filleting the ball to check its innards) to make sure you're buying a baseball that conforms to Major-League standards. Rawlings (877-977 2391,www.rawlings.com) is the only company licensed by both Major Leagues to manufacture their official baseballs. So if you buy one of their balls, you know you're getting the genuine article. Rawlings’ baseballs carry the designation Official Baseball of the American (or National) League and are signed by the commissioner of baseball. You can buy first-rate baseballs that other companies manufacture, but you have no way of knowing whether these products are of Major-League quality.

If you plan to lose a lot of balls bashing homers during batting practice, you may want to invest in a bagful of Rawlings’ Recreational Play baseballs. Constructed of synthetic leather with a rubber center, these balls have the same weight and dimensions as the official league balls at a fraction of the cost.

Rawlings tests its baseballs by injecting them into an air gun and firing them against a wall nearly nine yards away. To pass muster with the company's ballologists (yes, we made that word up), the hurtled sphere must rebound at 51.4 to 54.6 percent of its original velocity. Other machines roll each ball for 15 seconds to ensure roundness.

headsup.eps A ball whose insides are poorly wrapped rapidly becomes misshapen with use. If your baseball is poorly stitched or constructed from inferior leather, it will fall apart. Avoid balls made with synthetic leather wrapped around a core of hard plastic. This kind of ball makes a good toy or first ball for a toddler, but if you're a young adult or older, you'll tear its cover off in one good afternoon of batting practice. The toy balls are also so light that you risk throwing out your arm if you use one for a serious game of catch.

Want to rip a few line drives inside a gymnasium during the dead of winter? Several companies manufacture balls with nylon covers and cloth centers so your best line drives won't shatter any windows. Honing your batting eye after dusk? Shop for orange-colored baseballs — a brainchild of Charlie Finley, the late, innovative owner of the Oakland A's — specifically designed for nighttime play. And for those of you who like to play through rain delays, Elite Sports (www.elitesportsupply.com) is one of several companies that offer waterproof baseballs.

Reducing injuries with innovative baseballs

Many baseball-playing youngsters live in fear of being struck by a batted or thrown ball. Likewise, many parents fret while watching their children face live pitching for the first time. To ease such fears, Worth, Inc. manufactures Sof-Dot Reduced Injury Factor (RIF) baseballs — softer balls that reduce the peak force of impact, lessening the chance of serious injury. Although slightly spongier, a RIF ball has the exact size and weight of a regulation baseball, giving children a realistic training tool that reduces the chance of head trauma by as much as 70 percent.

Worth manufactures three types of RIF baseballs with varying injury protection:

Level 1, the softest of the three, is recommended for players age 5–7 or as a training ball for all ages.

Level 5, a medium-firm ball, is recommended for players age 8–10.

Level 10, the firmest RIF baseball, is recommended for players age 11 and up.

You can find Worth's RIF baseballs at many sporting goods stores; check www.worthsports.com for the Worth dealer nearest you.

Bats that really swing

Although pro players are required to use wooden bats, many people prefer the power that aluminum can offer. In this section, we cover how to buy a bat that will last, how to care for it after you've made your purchase, and what to expect if you choose the metal version rather than your standard lumber.

Professional wood

A Major-League bat must be a single, round piece of solid wood, no more than 2¾ inches (7 centimeters) in diameter at its thickest point and no more than 42 inches (1.06 meters) long. Figure 2-2 shows what a standard bat looks like.

Illustration by Wiley, Composition Services Graphics

Figure 2-2: A standard baseball bat.

Choose a bat that you can swing comfortably with control and speed (see Chapter 5 for more details), but also look for one that will last. Bats made of white ash have greater durability than bats constructed from less dense woods. When you choose a bat, look for one with a wide grain, the mark of an aged wood. These bats are more resistant to breaking, denting, chipping, or flaking than bats made from less mature wood.

Hillerich & Bradsby (800-282-2287, www.slugger.com), the official bat manufacturer for Major-League baseball, makes the Louisville Slugger, a bat that remains the bludgeon of choice among Major-League hitters. Their TPX Pro Composite features barrel grooves filled with resin to impart greater durability for those teams that don't want broken bats breaking their budgets. Former batting champion and Hall of Famer George Brett owns Brett Brothers Bats (509-891-6435, www.brettbats.com), which produces a laminated ash bat with what the company has dubbed a boa constrictor handle. Laminating increases the wood's durability, and the boa handle decreases the likelihood that your bat will come flying out of your hands during a particularly strenuous plate appearance. Martial arts buffs might be in the market for their lethal-sounding Bamboo Dragon, a bat constructed with a bamboo core and a maple exterior.

For the color-coordinated among you, Glomar Enterprises (626-359-8707, www.justbats.com) sells a customized white ash bat that you can have stained in your favorite hue and with your name printed on the middle line of the barrel. Hoosier (800-228-3787, www.hoosierbat.com) manufactures an ultradurable bat made of three types of glued wood: ash for the handle, maple for the barrel, and hickory at the sweet spot (a spot four to eight inches from the end of the barrel, where the ball can be hit most solidly). They also make a birch bat, which is more durable than ash, but doesn't break as much as maple. Former big-league pitcher Bill Lee will handcraft a bat for you on his lathe if you email him for prices and specifications at [email protected].

Powerful aluminum

Aluminum bats are currently popular in many levels of nonprofessional baseball. More than 4.1 million are made in the United States each year. The choice of aluminum over wood is largely an economic one. Most non-pro leagues find that the cost of regularly replacing broken wooden bats can bust their budgets. It costs about $1,200 to buy an entire team's worth of aluminum bats that will last up to five seasons, whereas that same amount may not be enough to buy one season's worth of wooden bats.

Hitters love aluminum bats because they're hollow and light yet they have more hitting mass than heavier wooden bats. Also, balls fly off aluminum bats faster — up to 8 miles per hour. What the scientists call their batted ball speed can reach almost 107 miles per hour. This combination enables the hitter to generate greater bat speed and power. Balls that are routine outs when struck by a wooden bat are out of the park when launched by aluminum.

baseball.eps An aluminum bat's sweet spot, the launching point for so many base hits, is twice the size of that found on a wooden bat. Pitchers dislike these war clubs for obvious reasons.

Aluminum bats have a longer game-life than wooden models, but they aren't immortal. After 600 hits or so, metal fatigue becomes a factor.

tip_4c.eps  If your league insists that you use an aluminum bat, buy one that rings or lightly vibrates when you strike its barrel on something hard, such as the BBCOR bats, the new standard in metal bats for high school and college play.

The aluminum bat controversy

Aluminum bats were introduced in 1974, and as fast as hitters came to love them, other people wanted to ban them. The anti-aluminum side felt that they gave the hitters a huge advantage that distorted the balance between offense and defense. They also felt that the ping of an aluminum bat hitting a ball inflated batting averages and game scores, made games longer, and induced young players to go yard (hit a home run).

Even more concerns focused on the safety of players, especially pitchers and infielders, because the anti-aluminum side claimed that aluminum bats made the game more dangerous. A pitch thrown at 90 mph could come back off a lively aluminum bat at 108 mph and reach the pitcher 0.375 seconds later, leaving him a nanosecond to defend himself.

Over the years, aluminum bat manufacturers took advantage of loopholes in the rules to create even springier bats. These turbo-charged clubs led to an increase in incidents in which pitchers were hit by line drives. Comebackers became potentially fatal — and sometimes actually so.

In 2003, an 18-year old American Legion pitcher was killed by a line drive. Seven years later, a Little League pitcher also died after being hit in the head by a batted ball. Other players’ careers were ended by a ping.

Since 1985, a leading aluminum bat manufacturer introduced the Black Magic bat sparked a controversy in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) over the safety of aluminum bats. In 2009, the organization changed the way it certified bats. It decided that the existing system that measured the speed a baseball has after being hit by a bat — known as Ball Exit Speed Ratio (BESR) — was inadequate and switched to one that measures the bounciness of the ball and the bat. This is known as Ball Coefficient of Restitution (BBCOR) or known to players as the trampoline effect. (For more info, visit www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/bats/NCAA-stats.html.)

In response, bat makers shifted to composite bats constructed with the same aluminum exterior, but with a graphite wall on the inside. High school governing bodies quickly adopted the system.

It may be too soon to tell if the new bats will reduce the number and severity of injuries, but already they've severely decreased run scoring and drastically changed how the game is played. Those fly balls struck by aluminum bats that would've reached the bleachers now settled safely in outfielders’ gloves, and small ball (playing for one run at a time by sacrifice bunts, hit-and-run plays, and steals) displaced the home run–derby style that preceded it. That little bit of graphite created a new dead ball era in college ball. (See Chapter 12 for more on the growing interest in collegiate ball.)

Picking your lumber

The bat you choose should feel comfortable. Big-league bats generally weigh between 32 and 36 ounces (around 1 kilogram). If you can snap a 36- to 38-ounce bat through the strike zone with control and velocity, go for it. When a pitched ball collides with a heavyweight bat, it travels farther.

However, don't choose a large, heavy bat thinking it will magically transform you into a power hitter. Big bats don't necessarily produce big hits. If you can't control your bat, your swing becomes awkward and long. You may have to start your swing early in the pitcher's delivery — and after you get it going, it's hard to stop. Pitchers, taking advantage of that swing, can continually fool you with breaking stuff. Pretty soon, you won't be hitting for power, you won't be hitting for singles, you won't be hitting period. You may as well use that big bat for kindling.

joesays.eps Bats come in various shapes. Find one that suits you. For instance, a bat with a medium handle and large barrel offers more hitting surface. However, you won't be able to snap it through the hitting zone as quickly as a bat with a very thin handle and a large barrel. Throughout most of my career, I swung an average-sized bat — it weighed 32 ounces (907 grams) and measured 34½ inches (87.6 centimeters) long — yet I still managed to lead the National League in slugging in 1976. It had a thin handle and a large barrel. Bat speed was the key to my power. With my light bat, I could wait longer on the ball, which allowed me more time to recognize the pitch. I could whip through the strike zone with a quick, compact swing. The large barrel added momentum and gave me all the hitting surface I wanted.

joesays.eps Some big-league hitters change bats depending on the pitcher. I would occasionally go to a heavier bat against soft-throwing left-handers. I knew I didn't have to be quite as quick against them, and the bat's additional mass helped me drive the ball. Other than those instances, however, I stayed with my regular bat. It gave me the bat speed, control, and balance I needed to cope with most situations.

tip_4c.eps  If you're a younger player, you may want to think light. If you're not sure what precise bat weight is right for you, simply choose a bat that's comfortable.

Caring for your wood bat

Eddie Collins, a Hall of Fame second baseman with the Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia A's, reportedly kept his bats stored in a manure pile during the off-season to ensure their freshness. (When we told that to our resident left-handed sage Bill Lee, he quipped, Well, at least Eddie knew no one would steal them.) We're not suggesting you do anything quite so exotic to keep your wooden bats in the swing of things (and won't your teammates be thankful). Instead, perform the following maintenance:

Clean your bat with rubbing alcohol every day, especially if you cover its handle with pine tar. Cleansing prevents pine tar and dirt buildup.

Keep the bat away from dampness. Absorbed moisture adds weight to your bat, which is why Ted Williams never, ever placed his bats on wet ground. If your bat gets wet, dry it off immediately and rub it with linseed oil.

Bone your bat to maintain its hard surface. Rub it hard along the grain using another bat or a smooth piece of bone (any kind of thick bone will do — a thick steak bone or a turkey leg bone works great).

Store your bats vertically, barrel down, in a dry place.

Gloves that fit the job

Major League Baseball rules regulate the size of gloves at each position. Most leagues for young adults and older players adhere to these directives. Keep the following in mind when choosing your glove:

Catcher's mitts can be no more than 38 inches (96.5 centimeters) in circumference and no more than 15½ inches (39.4 centimeters) from bottom to top. The webbing should be no more than 7 inches (17.8 centimeters) across the top. It should also extend for no more than 6 inches (15.2 centimeters) to the base of the thumb.

The first baseman's mitt must be no longer than 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) from top to bottom and no more than 8 inches (20.3 centimeters) wide across the palm. The web of this mitt — which can be a lacing, a lacing through leather tunnels, or an extension of the palm with lacing — cannot exceed 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) from top to base or 4 inches (10.2 centimeters) in width.

Pitchers’ and other fielders’ gloves must not measure more than 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) long from the base to the tip of any one of the four fingers and no more than 7¾ inches (19.7 centimeters) wide. If you work on the mound, your opportunity to make a fashion statement is limited: Pitchers’ gloves must be a solid color other than white or gray (which could serve as camouflage for the ball).

All Major League gloves and mitts are made of leather. Children can get by with using vinyl gloves and plastic balls, but when you're playing serious baseball, leather is the only way to go. Pick a glove that conforms to the major-league standards and fits your hand comfortably. Pitchers can benefit from gloves with closed webbing, which allows them to better hide their pitches).

MLB licenses Wilson Team Sports (800-874-5930, www.wilson.com) to manufacture fielding gloves (see Figure 2-3). The Wilson SOG series features a slip-on glove that shapes itself to the player's hand without the use of straps or other adjustments, a real hi-tech breakthrough. Akadema, Inc. (973-304-1470, www.akademapro.com) produces gloves with names straight out of the latest sci-fi flick. The Reptilian-Mantis series includes the Praying Mantis Catcher's mitt whose features include a patent-pending Stress Wedge to soften the impact of your pitcher's most blazing fastball. The craftspeople at Barraza BBG, Inc. (877-753-2552, www.barrazpro.com) customize a glove for you that fits like, well, a glove.

Illustration by Wiley, Composition Services Graphics

Figure 2-3: A left-handed fielder's glove.

Ballplayers didn't always wear gloves to capture scorching line drives. During the sport's early days, athletes bravely fielded their positions barehanded. It wasn't until 1869 that Doug Allison, a catcher for the Cincinnati Red Stockings, set up behind the plate wearing a mitt (for which Joe's teammate, Hall of Fame backstop Johnny Bench, would be eternally grateful). Allison's leather accessory, however, didn't become all the rage until the mid 1880s, when a livelier, faster-moving baseball finally convinced players that they needed some padding to keep their digits intact.

tip_4c.eps Caring for your leather glove

The best way to break in a leather glove is to play catch with it frequently. You can also make it more pliable by rubbing it with linseed oil, saddle soap, or — here's a Helpful Hint from Heloise — shaving cream (though you may want to avoid shaving gels, which tend to dry out quickly). If your glove gets wet, let it dry naturally. Placing it on a radiator or some other heat-producer cracks the leather.