I will sing
The phrase "I will sing" indicates a personal and intentional act of expression. In Hebrew, the word used here is "אָשִׁירָה" (ashirah), which conveys a sense of joy and celebration. Singing in the biblical context often signifies a proclamation of truth or a declaration of God's deeds. This sets the tone for the passage, suggesting that what follows is not merely a account but a message of deep significance, meant to be shared and remembered.

for my beloved
The term "beloved" in Hebrew is "יְדִידִי" (yedidi), which denotes a deep, affectionate relationship. This word choice reflects the intimate connection between the speaker and the subject of the song. In a broader theological context, it can be seen as a representation of God's relationship with His people, Israel. The use of "beloved" underscores the theme of love and care that God has for His chosen ones, despite their failings.

a song of his vineyard
The "song of his vineyard" introduces a metaphor that is central to this passage. Vineyards in ancient Israel were symbols of prosperity and blessing, often associated with God's provision and care. The Hebrew word for vineyard, "כֶּרֶם" (kerem), is used throughout the Old Testament to symbolize Israel itself. This metaphor sets the stage for a parable-like narrative, where the vineyard represents God's people and their relationship with Him.

My beloved had a vineyard
This phrase emphasizes possession and responsibility. The vineyard belongs to the beloved, indicating a sense of ownership and investment. In the context of Israel's history, this reflects God's covenant relationship with His people. He has chosen them, planted them, and expects them to bear fruit. The imagery of a vineyard also suggests the expectation of growth and productivity, which is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature.

on a very fertile hill
The description of the vineyard being "on a very fertile hill" highlights the ideal conditions provided for growth. The Hebrew word for "fertile," "בֶּן-שָׁמֶן" (ben-shamen), implies richness and abundance. This suggests that God has given Israel every opportunity to thrive and succeed. The "hill" can be seen as a place of prominence and visibility, indicating that Israel was set apart for a purpose. Historically, this reflects the land of Canaan, a land "flowing with milk and honey," which God promised to His people. The fertile hill symbolizes the blessings and resources God has provided, making Israel's failure to produce good fruit all the more poignant.

He dug it up
This phrase signifies the careful preparation and effort that God, as the vinedresser, invests in His vineyard, which represents Israel. The Hebrew root for "dug" (חָפַר, chaphar) implies an intensive labor of breaking up the ground, symbolizing God's foundational work in establishing His people. Historically, this reflects the divine initiative in choosing and nurturing Israel, setting them apart for His purposes.

cleared the stones
In ancient viticulture, removing stones was essential for the health and productivity of a vineyard. The Hebrew word for "cleared" (סָקַל, saqal) suggests a thorough cleansing process. Spiritually, this represents God's removal of obstacles and impurities from His people, enabling them to flourish. It echoes the sanctifying work of God in the lives of believers, removing sin and hindrances to spiritual growth.

planted it with the choicest vines
The "choicest vines" (שֹׂרֵק, soreq) indicate the best and most fruitful varieties, symbolizing the high expectations God had for Israel. This reflects God's provision of His best for His people, equipping them with everything needed to bear good fruit. Scripturally, it points to the blessings and covenants given to Israel, and by extension, the spiritual gifts and graces bestowed upon the Church.

built a watchtower
A watchtower in a vineyard served as a lookout for protection against thieves and animals. The Hebrew word (מִגְדָּל, migdal) signifies a place of vigilance and oversight. This illustrates God's protective care and constant watchfulness over His people. Historically, it underscores the role of prophets and leaders as guardians of Israel's spiritual welfare.

cut out a winepress
The winepress (יֶקֶב, yeqeb) is where the harvested grapes are processed into wine, symbolizing the expected outcome of fruitfulness. This action represents God's anticipation of a harvest of righteousness and justice from His people. In a broader sense, it reflects the transformative work of God in believers' lives, producing the fruit of the Spirit.

He expected it to yield good grapes
This expectation highlights God's desire for His people to produce righteousness and justice. The Hebrew word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) conveys the idea of moral goodness and excellence. It emphasizes the divine standard for Israel's conduct and the anticipated response to God's gracious cultivation.

but it yielded only wild grapes
The contrast between "good grapes" and "wild grapes" (בְּאֻשִׁים, be'ushim) underscores Israel's failure to meet God's expectations. "Wild grapes" are sour and unusable, symbolizing the corruption and injustice prevalent among the people. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of aligning with God's will. Historically, it reflects the period of moral decline in Israel, leading to divine judgment.

And now
This phrase serves as a transition, indicating a shift in focus or urgency. In the context of Isaiah, it marks a moment of divine appeal and judgment. The Hebrew word "וְעַתָּה" (ve'atah) suggests immediacy and a call to attention. It is a divine summons, urging the audience to pause and reflect on the gravity of the situation. This is a pivotal moment where God is about to present His case, emphasizing the seriousness of the forthcoming judgment.

O dwellers of Jerusalem
The term "dwellers" refers to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the city central to Jewish identity and worship. Jerusalem, often called the "City of David," holds significant historical and spiritual importance as the location of the Temple, the heart of Jewish worship. The Hebrew word "יֹשְׁבֵי" (yoshevei) implies those who reside or inhabit, suggesting a deep connection to the land and its spiritual heritage. This call is directed to those who are intimately familiar with God's laws and expectations.

and men of Judah
Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, represents the southern kingdom, known for its lineage of kings and its role in maintaining the Davidic line. The Hebrew "אִישׁ" (ish) for "men" denotes individuals with responsibility and authority. By addressing both the dwellers of Jerusalem and the men of Judah, the verse encompasses all societal levels, from common residents to leaders, highlighting the collective responsibility of the people in their covenant relationship with God.

judge between Me and My vineyard
The imagery of a vineyard is a recurring motif in Scripture, symbolizing Israel as God's cherished possession. The Hebrew word "שָׁפְטוּ" (shoftu) for "judge" implies making a decision or rendering a verdict. This is a call for introspection and discernment, inviting the people to evaluate their actions and the resulting consequences. The vineyard represents God's investment and care, and the call to judge signifies a divine challenge to recognize their failures in upholding their covenantal duties. This phrase underscores the theme of accountability and the expectation of fruitfulness in response to God's nurturing.

What more could have been done
This phrase reflects God's exhaustive efforts and divine care. In the Hebrew text, the word "more" (עוֹד, 'od) suggests completeness and sufficiency. God, as the divine vinedresser, has provided every necessary resource and opportunity for His people, Israel, to flourish. This rhetorical question emphasizes God's perfect provision and the absence of any neglect on His part. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship where God continually provided guidance, protection, and blessings to Israel.

for My vineyard
The "vineyard" is a metaphor for Israel, a common imagery in the Old Testament. The Hebrew word for vineyard, "כֶּרֶם" (kerem), signifies a place of cultivation and care. In ancient Near Eastern culture, vineyards were valuable and required diligent care, symbolizing God's investment in His chosen people. This metaphor underscores the expectation of fruitfulness and the intimate relationship between God and Israel.

that I have not already done for it?
This phrase highlights God's comprehensive actions and interventions. The Hebrew verb "done" (עָשִׂיתִי, 'asiti) implies completed actions, indicating that God has fulfilled His responsibilities. The historical context shows God's acts of deliverance, law-giving, and prophetic guidance. This rhetorical question challenges the people to recognize their failure despite divine provision.

When I expected sweet grapes
The expectation of "sweet grapes" (עֲנָבִים, anavim) symbolizes the anticipated righteous deeds and faithfulness of Israel. The Hebrew word for "expected" (קִוִּיתִי, qiviti) conveys a sense of hope and anticipation. This expectation is rooted in the covenant, where God desires His people to reflect His holiness and justice. The imagery of sweet grapes represents the fruits of righteousness and obedience.

why did it yield sour grapes?
The "sour grapes" (בְּאֻשִׁים, be'ushim) symbolize the disappointing and corrupt actions of Israel. The Hebrew term for "sour" suggests something worthless or spoiled. This outcome contrasts sharply with God's expectations and highlights the moral and spiritual decay of the people. The historical context reveals Israel's idolatry and injustice, which led to their failure to produce the fruits of righteousness. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of aligning with God's will.

Now I will tell you
This phrase introduces a divine declaration, emphasizing the immediacy and certainty of God's forthcoming actions. The Hebrew root for "tell" (נָגַד, nagad) implies a revelation or making something known. In the context of Isaiah, God is revealing His judgment, which is both a warning and a call to repentance. This reflects God's character as one who communicates with His people, offering them insight into His plans and purposes.

what I am about to do
This phrase underscores God's sovereignty and foreknowledge. The Hebrew verb here suggests an imminent action, highlighting the urgency and seriousness of the situation. It serves as a reminder that God is actively involved in the world and that His actions are purposeful and just. This is a call for the audience to pay attention and understand the gravity of their spiritual condition.

to My vineyard
The "vineyard" is a metaphor for Israel, God's chosen people. In ancient Near Eastern culture, vineyards were valuable and required careful cultivation, symbolizing God's care and investment in Israel. The possessive "My" indicates a personal relationship and ownership, emphasizing that Israel belongs to God and is under His authority. This imagery is rich with covenantal themes, reminding the audience of their special status and responsibilities as God's people.

I will remove its hedge
The "hedge" represents protection and divine favor. In ancient times, a hedge around a vineyard was essential for safeguarding it from animals and thieves. The removal of the hedge signifies the withdrawal of God's protection due to Israel's unfaithfulness. This act is a consequence of their disobedience, illustrating the principle that divine blessings are contingent upon covenantal faithfulness.

and it will be consumed
The consequence of removing the hedge is that the vineyard will be "consumed," indicating destruction and desolation. The Hebrew root for "consumed" (בָּעַר, ba'ar) can mean to burn or devour, suggesting a complete and thorough devastation. This serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the reality of divine judgment.

I will break down its wall
The "wall" is another layer of protection, reinforcing the idea of security and separation from harm. Breaking down the wall signifies exposure to external threats and vulnerability. This action reflects God's judgment and the removal of His protective presence, leaving the people open to the consequences of their rebellion.

and it will be trampled
The imagery of being "trampled" conveys utter ruin and disgrace. In the ancient world, trampling was a sign of contempt and defeat. This final phrase paints a picture of total desolation, emphasizing the severity of God's judgment. It serves as a powerful warning to the people of Israel and, by extension, to all who turn away from God's ways.

I will make it a wasteland
The Hebrew word for "wasteland" is "שְׁמָמָה" (shemamah), which conveys a sense of desolation and ruin. In the context of Isaiah, this reflects God's judgment upon Israel for their unfaithfulness and moral decay. Historically, the imagery of a wasteland would resonate deeply with the Israelites, as land was a symbol of God's blessing and provision. The transformation from a fruitful vineyard to a barren wasteland serves as a powerful metaphor for the spiritual decline of the nation.

it will not be pruned or hoed
Pruning and hoeing are essential agricultural practices that ensure the health and productivity of a vineyard. The absence of these actions signifies neglect and abandonment. In the spiritual sense, this neglect represents God's withdrawal of His nurturing care and guidance due to the people's persistent disobedience. The Hebrew roots for "pruned" (זָמַר, zamar) and "hoed" (עָדַר, adar) emphasize the deliberate cessation of care, highlighting the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

and briers and thorns will grow up
Briers and thorns are often used in Scripture to symbolize sin, curse, and the consequences of disobedience (Genesis 3:18). The Hebrew words "שָׁמִיר" (shamir) for briers and "שַׁיִת" (shayith) for thorns evoke images of a land overtaken by wild, unproductive growth. This imagery serves as a stark contrast to the intended purpose of the vineyard, which was to produce good fruit. Spiritually, it reflects the result of a life lived apart from God's will, where sin and chaos replace righteousness and peace.

I will command the clouds
The authority to command the clouds underscores God's sovereign control over creation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, rain was a vital blessing, essential for agriculture and survival. By withholding rain, God demonstrates His power to bless or curse, depending on the faithfulness of His people. This phrase reminds the reader of God's ultimate authority and the importance of aligning with His will to receive His blessings.

that rain shall not fall on it
Rain, in the biblical context, is often a symbol of God's favor and provision (Deuteronomy 11:14). The withholding of rain signifies divine judgment and the removal of God's blessing. The Hebrew word for rain, "מָטָר" (matar), emphasizes the life-giving and sustaining power of God's provision. The absence of rain leads to drought and famine, both physically and spiritually, illustrating the dire consequences of a broken relationship with God.

For the vineyard of the LORD of Hosts
The term "vineyard" in the Hebrew context often symbolizes God's chosen people, Israel. The "LORD of Hosts" refers to Yahweh, the sovereign God who commands the armies of heaven. This phrase sets the stage for understanding Israel as a cherished and cultivated entity by God, who expects it to bear fruit. The imagery of a vineyard is rich in agricultural symbolism, reflecting the care, protection, and expectations God has for His people.

is the house of Israel
The "house of Israel" signifies the collective nation of Israel, God's covenant people. Historically, Israel was chosen to be a light to the nations, a people set apart to demonstrate God's holiness and love. This phrase emphasizes the identity and responsibility of Israel as God's vineyard, highlighting their unique relationship with Him.

and the men of Judah are the plant of His delight
"Men of Judah" refers specifically to the southern kingdom, which remained after the division of Israel. "The plant of His delight" suggests that Judah held a special place in God's heart, much like a gardener delights in a well-tended plant. This phrase underscores God's personal investment and pleasure in His people, expecting them to flourish in righteousness.

He looked for justice
The Hebrew word for "justice" (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) conveys a sense of fairness, equity, and moral rightness. God expected His people to embody these qualities, reflecting His character in their societal structures and personal interactions. Justice is a central theme in the prophetic literature, often associated with the covenantal obligations of Israel.

but saw bloodshed
The contrast between "justice" and "bloodshed" (מִשְׂפָּח, mispach) is stark. Instead of fairness and righteousness, God finds violence and oppression. This wordplay in Hebrew highlights the tragic failure of Israel to live up to their calling. Bloodshed represents the breakdown of societal order and the perversion of justice, a direct violation of God's covenant.

for righteousness
"Righteousness" (צְדָקָה, tzedakah) in Hebrew encompasses right relationships, ethical behavior, and adherence to God's laws. It is a standard of living that reflects God's holiness. God anticipated that His people would live righteously, serving as a testament to His transformative power and moral order.

but heard a cry of distress
The "cry of distress" (צְעָקָה, tzeakah) signifies the outcry of those who suffer under injustice and oppression. Instead of the harmonious society God intended, there is turmoil and suffering. This phrase captures the heartache of God as He witnesses the pain and injustice among His people, a direct result of their failure to uphold His standards.

Woe to those
The word "woe" in Hebrew is "הוֹי" (hoy), a term often used by the prophets to express lamentation, warning, or impending judgment. It is a divine pronouncement of distress and serves as a call to repentance. In the context of Isaiah, it is a warning against the moral and social injustices prevalent in Judah. This "woe" is a divine lament over the people's greed and selfishness, urging them to turn back to God's ways.

who add house to house
The phrase "add house to house" reflects the practice of accumulating property and wealth at the expense of others. In ancient Israel, land was a divine inheritance meant to be shared among the tribes and families. The Hebrew culture emphasized community and stewardship, not individual accumulation. This phrase criticizes those who exploit others to expand their own estates, disregarding the communal and covenantal principles established by God.

and join field to field
"Join field to field" continues the theme of unchecked greed and expansion. The Hebrew word for "join" (קָרַב, qarab) implies bringing together or drawing near, often without regard for rightful ownership or the needs of others. This practice led to the disenfranchisement of the poor and violated the Jubilee laws, which were designed to prevent such economic disparity and ensure that land remained within families.

until there is no more room
This phrase highlights the consequences of greed: the monopolization of resources and the exclusion of others. The Hebrew concept of "room" (מָקוֹם, maqom) often refers to a place or space that is meant to be shared. The imagery here is of a land so consumed by a few that there is no space left for others, reflecting a society where the rich dominate and the poor are marginalized.

and you alone dwell in the land
The phrase "you alone dwell" underscores the isolation and emptiness that result from selfish accumulation. The Hebrew word for "alone" (לְבַד, levad) suggests solitude and separation, a stark contrast to the communal life God intended for His people. This isolation is not just physical but spiritual, as those who pursue wealth at the expense of others find themselves cut off from the community and from God’s blessings.

I heard
The phrase "I heard" indicates a direct revelation or communication from God to the prophet Isaiah. In Hebrew, the word for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but understanding and obeying. This emphasizes the authority and authenticity of the message Isaiah is about to deliver. It underscores the role of prophets as intermediaries who faithfully convey God's word to the people.

the LORD of Hosts
This title, "the LORD of Hosts," is "יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת" (YHWH Tseva'ot) in Hebrew. It portrays God as the commander of the heavenly armies, emphasizing His supreme power and authority over all creation. This title reassures believers of God's sovereignty and His ability to execute judgment and deliverance. It is a reminder of the divine power backing the prophetic message, lending it weight and urgency.

declare
The word "declare" in this context is a formal proclamation. In Hebrew, it is "נְאֻם" (ne'um), often used in prophetic literature to introduce a divine oracle. This term signifies that what follows is not merely a prediction but a decree from God Himself, underscoring the certainty and seriousness of the impending judgment.

Surely
The word "Surely" is a translation of the Hebrew "אִם" (im), which can be used to express certainty or emphasis. It serves to assure the audience that the prophecy is not conditional but will indeed come to pass. This certainty is a call to heed the warning and repent, highlighting God's justice and the inevitable consequences of sin.

the great houses
"Great houses" refers to the opulent and expansive dwellings of the wealthy and powerful in Judah. The Hebrew term "בָּתִּים גְּדוֹלִים" (batim gedolim) suggests not only physical size but also the social status and pride associated with these homes. Historically, these houses were symbols of prosperity and security, yet they are now destined for desolation, illustrating the futility of placing trust in material wealth over God.

will become desolate
The phrase "will become desolate" translates the Hebrew "לְשַׁמָּה" (leshamah), meaning to be laid waste or abandoned. This desolation is a direct result of divine judgment, reflecting the consequences of the people's disobedience and moral decay. It serves as a stark warning that without God, even the most secure and prosperous establishments are vulnerable to ruin.

the fine homes
"Fine homes" in Hebrew is "בָּתִּים טוֹבִים" (batim tovim), indicating houses of beauty and quality. These homes represent the pinnacle of human achievement and comfort. However, their impending abandonment highlights the transient nature of earthly accomplishments when they are not grounded in righteousness and obedience to God.

left unoccupied
The phrase "left unoccupied" translates the Hebrew "מֵאֵין יוֹשֵׁב" (me'en yoshev), meaning without inhabitants. This imagery of emptiness and abandonment serves as a powerful metaphor for the spiritual barrenness that results from turning away from God. It is a call to recognize the importance of spiritual vitality over material success, urging a return to faithfulness and dependence on the Lord.

For ten acres of vineyard
The Hebrew term for "ten acres" is "ten yokes," referring to the amount of land that a pair of oxen could plow in a day. This phrase sets the stage for understanding the vastness of the land being cultivated. In ancient Israel, vineyards were a symbol of prosperity and blessing. The imagery here is stark, as it contrasts the expectation of abundance with the reality of scarcity. Historically, vineyards were central to the economy and culture, representing not just wealth but also the joy and celebration associated with wine.

will yield but a bath of wine
A "bath" is a Hebrew unit of liquid measure, approximately 6 gallons or 22 liters. The expectation of a large yield from such a significant area of vineyard is dashed by the meager production of only a bath of wine. This highlights the theme of divine judgment and the futility of human efforts without God's blessing. The scarcity of wine, a staple in ancient Israelite society, would have been a sign of divine displeasure and a call to repentance.

and a homer of seed
A "homer" is a large unit of dry measure, roughly equivalent to 220 liters or 6 bushels. The use of "homer" here emphasizes the initial investment and expectation of a bountiful harvest. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, sowing seed was an act of faith and hope for the future. The mention of a homer underscores the disappointment and loss when the expected return is not realized.

will yield but an ephah of grain
An "ephah" is a much smaller unit of dry measure, about 22 liters or 0.6 bushels. The stark contrast between the homer of seed and the ephah of grain serves as a powerful illustration of the consequences of disobedience and the withdrawal of God's favor. This imagery would resonate deeply with the original audience, who understood the implications of such a poor harvest. It serves as a metaphor for spiritual barrenness and the need for the people to return to God.

Woe to those
The word "woe" is a strong expression of lament or distress, often used by prophets to pronounce judgment or sorrow upon those who are in sin. In Hebrew, the word is "הוֹי" (hoy), which conveys a deep sense of impending doom or divine displeasure. This sets the tone for the verse, indicating that the actions described are grievous in the eyes of God. It serves as a warning to the people of Israel, and by extension, to all believers, about the consequences of living in a way that is contrary to God's will.

who rise early in the morning
This phrase highlights the eagerness and dedication of those who pursue sinful pleasures. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, rising early was typically associated with diligence and productivity. However, here it is used ironically to describe a zeal for indulgence in vice. The early morning pursuit of strong drink suggests a life dominated by addiction and a misplaced priority, where the first thoughts and actions of the day are directed towards satisfying carnal desires rather than seeking God.

to run after strong drink
The Hebrew word for "run after" is "רָדַף" (radaf), which implies a relentless pursuit or chase. This conveys the idea of being driven by an insatiable desire for alcohol, indicating a lack of self-control and a life enslaved by addiction. "Strong drink" refers to intoxicating beverages, which in the ancient Near Eastern context, were often associated with revelry and moral decay. The Bible consistently warns against drunkenness, as it leads to impaired judgment and sinful behavior.

who linger late into the evening
This phrase describes a lifestyle of continuous indulgence, from morning until night. The word "linger" suggests a deliberate choice to remain in a state of intoxication, ignoring responsibilities and the call to righteousness. In the biblical context, the evening was a time for rest and reflection, yet these individuals choose to extend their debauchery, further highlighting their disregard for God's order and design for life.

to be inflamed by wine
The imagery of being "inflamed" by wine suggests a consuming passion or burning desire that overtakes one's senses and reason. The Hebrew root "לָהַט" (lahat) can mean to burn or blaze, indicating that wine has a powerful and destructive influence on those who abuse it. This metaphor underscores the dangers of allowing substances to control one's life, leading to spiritual and moral ruin. The Bible calls believers to be filled with the Spirit rather than with wine, emphasizing a life of self-control and holiness.

They have harps and lyres at their banquets
The use of "harps and lyres" in ancient Israelite culture was often associated with joy, celebration, and worship. These instruments, mentioned frequently in the Psalms, were integral to both secular and sacred music. The "banquets" here symbolize indulgence and revelry, suggesting a society more focused on pleasure than on spiritual matters. Historically, such gatherings were common in the ancient Near East, often reflecting wealth and status. The Hebrew root for "banquets" implies a feast or drinking party, indicating excess and a lack of restraint.

tambourines and flutes
The "tambourine" and "flute" further emphasize the festive atmosphere. The tambourine, a percussion instrument, was used in celebrations and religious ceremonies, while the flute, a wind instrument, added melody and harmony. These instruments together create a picture of a lively, perhaps even hedonistic, environment. In the context of Isaiah's prophecy, they underscore the people's preoccupation with entertainment and self-indulgence, neglecting their spiritual duties.

and wine
"Wine" in the Bible is often a symbol of joy and blessing, but it can also represent excess and moral decay when consumed inappropriately. Here, it likely signifies overindulgence and a focus on earthly pleasures. The Hebrew word for wine, "yayin," is associated with both celebration and warning, depending on the context. In Isaiah's time, wine was a staple of social gatherings, but its misuse is a metaphor for the people's spiritual intoxication and neglect of God.

but they disregard the deeds of the LORD
The phrase "disregard the deeds of the LORD" highlights a willful ignorance or neglect of God's actions and commands. The Hebrew root for "disregard" suggests a lack of attention or consideration, indicating a conscious choice to ignore divine intervention and guidance. This reflects a broader theme in Isaiah: the people's failure to recognize God's sovereignty and their dependence on Him. Historically, this disregard led to moral and societal decline, as the Israelites turned away from their covenant with God.

and fail to consider the work of His hands
To "fail to consider" implies a deliberate neglect of reflection or understanding. The "work of His hands" refers to God's creation and providence, encompassing both the natural world and His acts in history. The Hebrew word for "consider" involves deep thought and contemplation, suggesting that the people are not merely forgetful but are choosing not to engage with God's reality. This neglect is a spiritual blindness, leading to a disconnect from the source of true wisdom and life.

Therefore My people
The phrase "My people" signifies a personal relationship between God and the Israelites. In Hebrew, "עַמִּי" (ammi) is used, indicating possession and covenant. This reflects God's chosen people, whom He has set apart for His purposes. Historically, Israel was called to be a light to the nations, yet their failure to uphold God's statutes led to consequences. This phrase reminds us of the intimate bond God desires with His people, a bond that is often strained by disobedience.

will go into exile
The Hebrew word for "exile" is "גָּלָה" (galah), meaning to uncover or remove. Exile was a severe punishment, symbolizing the removal of God's protection and presence. Historically, the Babylonian exile was a pivotal event where the Israelites were taken from their homeland due to their persistent disobedience. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, emphasizing the importance of faithfulness and obedience.

for their lack of understanding
"Lack of understanding" in Hebrew is "בְּלִי דַּעַת" (beli da'at), which implies a deficiency in knowledge or discernment. This is not merely intellectual ignorance but a spiritual blindness to God's will and ways. The Israelites had the Law and the Prophets, yet they failed to comprehend and apply God's truth. This highlights the necessity of seeking divine wisdom and understanding, which is foundational for a life that honors God.

their dignitaries are starving
"Dignitaries" refers to the leaders and nobles of Israel, those who were expected to guide the people in righteousness. The Hebrew word "כְּבוֹדָם" (kevudam) suggests those of honor and status. Their "starving" indicates a lack of spiritual nourishment and guidance, leading to moral and societal decay. This underscores the responsibility of leaders to be spiritually attuned and to lead with integrity and wisdom.

and their masses are parched with thirst
The "masses" or common people, in Hebrew "הֲמוֹן" (hamon), are depicted as suffering due to the failures of their leaders. "Parched with thirst" symbolizes a deep spiritual and moral void, a longing for truth and righteousness that remains unfulfilled. This imagery calls to mind the necessity of spiritual sustenance, which can only be found in a right relationship with God. It serves as a call to return to the living water that only God can provide, satisfying the deepest needs of the soul.

Therefore
This word connects the preceding verses with the consequence described in this verse. In the context of Isaiah 5, the prophet has been pronouncing woes upon the people of Judah for their sins, including greed, drunkenness, and injustice. The use of "therefore" indicates that what follows is a direct result of these actions. It serves as a reminder of the cause-and-effect nature of sin and judgment, emphasizing the certainty of divine justice.

Sheol
In Hebrew, "Sheol" refers to the realm of the dead, a place of darkness and silence. It is often depicted as a shadowy underworld where the dead reside. In the context of Isaiah, Sheol is personified, suggesting an insatiable appetite for the souls of those who have turned away from God. This imagery underscores the seriousness of divine judgment and the ultimate fate of those who persist in sin.

enlarges its throat
The phrase paints a vivid picture of Sheol as a ravenous entity, expanding its capacity to consume more victims. This metaphor highlights the inevitability and inescapability of judgment for those who continue in their sinful ways. It serves as a stark warning to the people of Judah, urging them to repent and turn back to God before it is too late.

opens wide its enormous jaws
This imagery further emphasizes the voracious nature of Sheol. The "enormous jaws" suggest a powerful and overwhelming force that cannot be resisted. In the historical context, this could be seen as a reference to the impending Babylonian exile, where many of Judah's leaders and people would be taken away or killed. It is a call to recognize the seriousness of God's warnings and the reality of His judgment.

and down go Zion’s nobles and masses
"Zion" refers to Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Judah. The mention of "nobles and masses" indicates that the judgment is all-encompassing, affecting both the leaders and the common people. This reflects the biblical principle that all are accountable to God, regardless of status or position. It serves as a reminder that sin has consequences for everyone, and no one is exempt from God's righteous judgment.

her revelers and carousers
These terms describe those who indulge in excessive partying and drunkenness, behaviors that were condemned earlier in the chapter. The inclusion of these individuals in the list of those who will descend into Sheol highlights the moral decay and spiritual apathy that had taken hold of the people. It serves as a warning against the dangers of hedonism and the importance of living a life that honors God.

So mankind will be brought low
This phrase speaks to the humbling of humanity, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. The Hebrew root for "brought low" is "שָׁפֵל" (shafel), which conveys the idea of being humbled or abased. In the context of Isaiah, this humbling is a result of divine judgment. Historically, the Israelites often faced consequences for their disobedience, and this verse serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and justice. It is a call for humility, urging believers to recognize their dependence on God and to live in accordance with His will.

and each man humbled
The repetition of the theme of humility underscores its importance. The Hebrew word "עָנָה" (anah) for "humbled" suggests being brought into submission or being made low. This is not merely a physical humbling but a spiritual one, where individuals are called to acknowledge their limitations and the supremacy of God. In a conservative Christian perspective, this humbling is seen as necessary for spiritual growth and alignment with God's purposes. It is a reminder that pride leads to downfall, while humility opens the door to grace and redemption.

the arrogant humbled
The focus on the "arrogant" highlights a specific group that is often resistant to God's authority. The Hebrew word "גָּבַהּ" (gabhah) for "arrogant" refers to those who are high-minded or proud. In biblical history, arrogance is frequently associated with rebellion against God, as seen in figures like Pharaoh or Nebuchadnezzar. This phrase serves as a warning that no matter how powerful or self-sufficient one may feel, God's justice will prevail. For believers, it is a call to examine their own hearts, to root out pride, and to cultivate a spirit of humility and submission to God.

But the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (Hebrew: Yahweh Sabaoth) emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. This title is a reminder of God's omnipotence and sovereignty. In the historical context of Isaiah, this would have been a powerful reminder to the Israelites of God's ability to protect and deliver them, despite their current circumstances. It underscores the divine authority and power that God holds over all nations and peoples.

will be exalted
The Hebrew root for "exalted" is "rum," which means to be high, lifted up, or elevated. This conveys the idea that God's glory and majesty will be recognized and acknowledged by all. In a world where human pride often seeks to elevate itself, this phrase reminds us that it is God alone who is truly worthy of exaltation. His exaltation is not dependent on human acknowledgment but is an inherent aspect of His divine nature.

by His justice
The word "justice" (Hebrew: "mishpat") refers to God's perfect and fair judgment. In the biblical context, justice is not merely a legal term but a reflection of God's character. It involves setting things right and ensuring that righteousness prevails. This phrase assures believers that God's justice will ultimately prevail, even when human systems fail. It is a call to trust in God's righteous judgment and His ability to bring about true justice in His time.

and the holy God
The term "holy" (Hebrew: "qadosh") signifies being set apart, pure, and sacred. God's holiness is a central theme in Isaiah, highlighting His moral perfection and separateness from sin. This phrase emphasizes that God's actions are always consistent with His holy nature. In a world marred by sin, God's holiness stands as a beacon of purity and righteousness, calling His people to reflect His character in their lives.

will show Himself holy
The phrase "show Himself holy" (Hebrew: "qadash") means to be sanctified or to demonstrate holiness. This indicates that God's actions will reveal His holiness to the world. It is a promise that God's nature will be made evident through His deeds, particularly in how He deals with sin and injustice. This serves as both a comfort and a warning: a comfort to those who seek righteousness and a warning to those who persist in sin.

in righteousness
The word "righteousness" (Hebrew: "tsedeq") refers to what is right, just, and in accordance with God's standards. It is closely related to justice but focuses more on the moral and ethical dimensions of God's character. This phrase assures us that God's holiness is expressed through His righteous actions. It is a call for believers to align their lives with God's standards, knowing that His righteousness will ultimately prevail.

Then the lambs
The imagery of lambs is often used in Scripture to symbolize innocence, purity, and the people of God. In Hebrew, the word for lamb is "kebes," which conveys a sense of gentleness and vulnerability. This phrase suggests a return to peace and simplicity, where God's people, like lambs, will find safety and sustenance. Historically, lambs grazing freely would indicate a time of peace and restoration, contrasting with the judgment and destruction previously described in Isaiah.

will graze
The act of grazing implies a natural, unhurried feeding, symbolizing provision and contentment. In Hebrew, "ra'ah" means to pasture or tend, often used to describe God's care for His people, as a shepherd tends to his flock. This word evokes the pastoral scenes of Psalm 23, where the Lord is the Shepherd who provides for His sheep. It signifies a divine provision and care that is both physical and spiritual.

as in their own pastures
This phrase suggests a return to a rightful place, a restoration of what was lost. The Hebrew word "mire'eh" refers to a place of feeding, a pasture. It implies ownership and belonging, indicating that the people will once again inhabit the land given to them by God. Historically, this reflects the covenant promise of God to Israel, where the land is a significant aspect of their identity and blessing.

and strangers
The term "strangers" in Hebrew is "zarim," often referring to foreigners or those outside the covenant community. This phrase indicates a reversal of fortunes, where those who were once outsiders now partake in the blessings of the land. It can also imply judgment on those who were once wealthy and powerful, as their possessions are now consumed by others.

will feed
The word "feed" here is "akal" in Hebrew, meaning to eat or consume. It suggests a taking over or utilization of resources that once belonged to others. This feeding by strangers indicates a shift in possession and control, often seen as a divine retribution or justice in the biblical narrative.

in the ruins of the wealthy
The "ruins" signify destruction and desolation, a common theme in prophetic literature where judgment leads to the downfall of the proud and powerful. The Hebrew word "chorbah" denotes a state of waste or desolation. The "wealthy," or "ashir" in Hebrew, refers to those who were affluent and possibly oppressive. This phrase highlights the transient nature of earthly wealth and power, serving as a reminder of the ultimate justice and sovereignty of God. Historically, it reflects the fate of nations and individuals who turn away from God's ways, emphasizing the biblical principle that true security and prosperity come from obedience to God.

Woe to those
The word "woe" in Hebrew is "הוֹי" (hoy), a term often used by the prophets to express lamentation or impending judgment. It serves as a divine warning, indicating that the actions of the people have reached a point where God's patience is wearing thin. This phrase sets the tone for the verse, highlighting the seriousness of the behavior being addressed. In a conservative Christian perspective, it is a call to self-examination and repentance, urging believers to heed God's warnings and turn from sinful ways.

who draw iniquity
The Hebrew word for "iniquity" is "עָוֹן" (avon), which refers to moral perversity or sinfulness. The imagery of "drawing" suggests an intentional and active engagement in sin. It is not merely a passive falling into sin but a deliberate choice to embrace and perpetuate it. This phrase challenges believers to consider the ways in which they might be complicit in sin, whether through actions, thoughts, or societal systems, and to seek God's strength to resist and overcome such tendencies.

with cords of deceit
"Cords of deceit" implies that the iniquity is intertwined with falsehood and deception. The Hebrew word for "deceit" is "שֶׁקֶר" (sheker), which denotes falsehood or lies. This suggests that sin is often masked by lies, both to oneself and to others, making it more insidious and difficult to recognize. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this serves as a reminder of the importance of truth and integrity in the life of a believer, as well as the need for discernment to see through the deceptions of sin.

and pull sin along
The act of "pulling" sin indicates a willful effort to carry or transport sin, suggesting a burden that one chooses to bear. The Hebrew word for "sin" here is "חַטָּאָה" (chatta'ah), which refers to an offense or a missing of the mark. This phrase emphasizes the active role individuals play in perpetuating sin in their lives. It calls believers to reflect on the burdens of sin they may be carrying and to seek liberation through Christ, who offers freedom from the weight of sin.

with cart ropes
The imagery of "cart ropes" suggests a heavy, burdensome load, indicating that the sin being carried is substantial and significant. The Hebrew word for "ropes" is "עֲבֹת" (avoth), which can also mean thick cords or bands. This conveys the idea that sin, when not addressed, becomes a heavy and entangling burden. In a conservative Christian context, this serves as a powerful illustration of the ensnaring nature of sin and the urgent need for repentance and reliance on God's grace to break free from its hold.

to those who say
This phrase introduces a group of people characterized by their speech. In the Hebrew context, speech often reveals the heart's condition. The phrase suggests a mocking or skeptical tone, as these individuals challenge God’s timing and plans. Historically, this reflects a period when Israel was often rebellious and doubted God's promises, despite His faithfulness.

Let Him hurry and hasten His work
The demand for God to "hurry" and "hasten" His work reflects impatience and a lack of faith. The Hebrew roots for "hurry" (מַהֵר, maher) and "hasten" (חָשַׁשׁ, chashash) convey urgency and a desire for immediate action. This impatience is a common human trait, often leading to a lack of trust in God's perfect timing. Theologically, it challenges believers to trust in God's sovereignty and His timing, which is always perfect.

so that we may see it
The desire "to see" God's work indicates a demand for tangible evidence of His power and plans. In the biblical narrative, seeing is often associated with belief, yet true faith is described as believing without seeing (Hebrews 11:1). This phrase highlights the struggle between faith and the human desire for physical proof, urging believers to trust in God's unseen hand.

Let the plan of the Holy One of Israel come
The "plan" refers to God's divine purpose and will. The title "Holy One of Israel" emphasizes God's unique and set-apart nature, underscoring His authority and purity. Historically, this title is a reminder of God's covenant relationship with Israel, calling them to holiness and trust in His divine plan. It challenges believers to align with God's purposes, trusting in His wisdom and holiness.

so that we may know it
The desire "to know" God's plan reflects a deeper yearning for understanding and certainty. In Hebrew, "know" (יָדַע, yada) implies an intimate, experiential knowledge. This phrase suggests a superficial desire for knowledge, contrasting with the biblical call to know God deeply and personally. It encourages believers to seek a genuine relationship with God, beyond mere intellectual understanding.

Woe to those
The word "woe" in Hebrew is "הוֹי" (hoy), a term often used by the prophets to express lamentation, warning, or impending judgment. It is a strong denunciation, indicating that the actions being addressed are grievous in the sight of God. In the context of Isaiah, this "woe" serves as a divine warning to the people of Israel, who have strayed from God's commandments. It is a call to repentance and a reminder of the consequences of sin.

who call evil good and good evil
This phrase highlights a moral inversion, where the standards of righteousness and wickedness are distorted. The Hebrew words for "evil" (רַע, ra) and "good" (טוֹב, tov) are foundational in the biblical moral framework. This inversion is a direct affront to God's created order, where He declared His creation "good" (Genesis 1). Historically, this reflects a time in Israel when societal values were corrupted, and leaders led the people astray. It serves as a timeless warning against moral relativism and the dangers of redefining God's standards.

who turn darkness into light and light into darkness
"Darkness" (חֹשֶׁךְ, choshech) and "light" (אוֹר, or) are often used metaphorically in Scripture to represent evil and good, ignorance and knowledge, or chaos and order. This phrase underscores the confusion and deception prevalent in a society that has abandoned God's truth. In the biblical narrative, light is associated with God's presence and revelation (Psalm 119:105), while darkness is linked to sin and separation from God. The deliberate exchange of these elements signifies a deep spiritual blindness and rebellion against divine truth.

who replace bitter with sweet and sweet with bitter
"Bitter" (מַר, mar) and "sweet" (מָתוֹק, matoq) are sensory metaphors that convey the experience of life under God's blessing versus life under sin's curse. In the ancient Near Eastern context, sweetness was often associated with prosperity and divine favor, while bitterness symbolized suffering and judgment. This phrase illustrates the perversion of values and the consequences of forsaking God's ways. It serves as a caution against the allure of sin, which may appear sweet but ultimately leads to bitterness and destruction.

Woe to those
The term "woe" is a strong expression of lament or denunciation. In Hebrew, the word is "הוֹי" (hoy), which conveys a deep sense of sorrow or impending judgment. This word is often used by the prophets to signal a divine warning. It serves as a call to repentance, urging the audience to recognize their perilous state before God. The use of "woe" here indicates that the behavior being addressed is not only displeasing to God but also self-destructive.

who are wise in their own eyes
The phrase "wise in their own eyes" refers to a self-assessment that is not aligned with God's truth. The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which typically denotes skill or expertise. However, when paired with "in their own eyes," it suggests a false sense of wisdom. This self-deception is a common theme in Scripture, where human wisdom is contrasted with divine wisdom. Proverbs 3:7 warns, "Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear the LORD and shun evil." This phrase challenges believers to seek wisdom from God rather than relying on their limited understanding.

and clever in their own sight
The word "clever" in Hebrew is "נָבוֹן" (navon), which implies discernment or understanding. However, when it is "in their own sight," it suggests a prideful self-reliance. This mirrors the earlier phrase and reinforces the idea of self-deception. The historical context of Isaiah's time was one where leaders and people often trusted in their own strategies and alliances rather than seeking God's guidance. This phrase serves as a caution against the arrogance that leads individuals to trust in their own intellect and abilities, rather than acknowledging their dependence on God.

Woe to those who are heroes in drinking wine
The phrase "Woe to those who are heroes in drinking wine" begins with a strong admonition, "Woe," which is a term used throughout the Bible to express deep sorrow or impending judgment. In Hebrew, the word is "הוֹי" (hoy), often used by prophets to announce divine displeasure. The term "heroes" here is ironic, as it typically denotes valor and strength in battle. However, Isaiah uses it to describe those who pride themselves on their ability to consume large quantities of wine. This reflects a cultural context where excessive drinking was seen as a sign of social prowess, yet Isaiah condemns it as a moral failing. The historical backdrop of this passage is a time of moral and spiritual decline in Judah, where indulgence and excess were prevalent. The Bible consistently warns against drunkenness, as seen in Proverbs 20:1 and Ephesians 5:18, emphasizing the loss of self-control and the potential for sin.

and champions in mixing beer
The phrase "and champions in mixing beer" continues the theme of condemnation for those who excel in the art of intoxication. The word "champions" is akin to "heroes," suggesting mastery or expertise. "Mixing beer" refers to the practice of blending strong drinks, which was common in ancient times to enhance flavor or potency. The Hebrew word for "beer" is "שֵׁכָר" (shekar), which can refer to any strong drink. This practice is criticized not for the act of mixing itself but for the underlying attitude of revelry and excess. In the broader scriptural context, such behavior is often linked to moral decay and poor judgment, as seen in the account of Noah (Genesis 9:21) and the warnings in Proverbs 23:29-35. Isaiah's message is clear: true strength and valor are found in righteousness and self-control, not in the ability to indulge in excess. This serves as a timeless reminder of the importance of moderation and the dangers of allowing physical appetites to overshadow spiritual and moral responsibilities.

who acquit the guilty
This phrase highlights a grave injustice where those who are guilty are declared innocent. The Hebrew word for "acquit" is "צָדַק" (tsadaq), which means to declare righteous or justify. In the context of ancient Israel, this would have been a direct violation of God's law, which demands justice and righteousness. The acquittal of the guilty for personal gain reflects a deep moral corruption and a departure from divine standards. Historically, this mirrors the societal decay that prophets like Isaiah were called to address, where leaders and judges were swayed by personal gain rather than truth and justice.

for a bribe
The Hebrew word for "bribe" is "שֹׁחַד" (shochad), which refers to a gift or payment given to influence the judgment or conduct of a person in a position of power. Bribery is condemned throughout the Bible as it perverts justice and undermines the integrity of those who are supposed to uphold the law. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, bribery was a common practice, yet it was strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Exodus 23:8, Deuteronomy 16:19). This phrase underscores the moral decay and the failure of leadership in Isaiah's time, serving as a warning against the corruption that can infiltrate even the most sacred institutions.

and deprive the innocent of justice
The Hebrew word for "deprive" is "סוּר" (sur), meaning to turn aside or remove. This phrase indicates an active effort to deny justice to those who are innocent. The "innocent" (Hebrew: "צַדִּיק" - tzaddiq) refers to those who are righteous or just, who live according to God's laws. The denial of justice to the innocent is a profound violation of God's covenant with Israel, which emphasized justice, mercy, and righteousness. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the recurring theme of God's concern for the oppressed and His call for His people to act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with Him (Micah 6:8). This phrase serves as a powerful reminder of the divine mandate to protect the vulnerable and uphold justice in all areas of life.

Therefore
This word serves as a conclusion or result of the preceding verses, which describe the moral and spiritual decay of Israel. It indicates a direct consequence of their actions. In Hebrew, "לָכֵן" (lakhen) is often used to introduce divine judgment, emphasizing the certainty and inevitability of God's response to sin.

as a tongue of fire consumes the stubble
The imagery of fire consuming stubble is vivid and powerful. In the Hebrew context, "לָשׁוֹן" (lashon) for "tongue" and "אֵשׁ" (esh) for "fire" convey a swift and total destruction. Stubble, being dry and brittle, is easily consumed by fire, symbolizing the ease with which God's judgment will come upon the unrepentant. This metaphor underscores the thoroughness and inescapability of divine retribution.

and as dry grass sinks in the flames
The phrase "dry grass" (חָשָׁשׁ, chashash) further emphasizes vulnerability and the inevitability of destruction. In the arid climate of the ancient Near East, dry grass was a common sight, easily ignited and quickly consumed. This serves as a warning of the rapid and complete nature of God's judgment against those who turn away from Him.

so their roots will decay
Roots symbolize the foundation and source of life for a plant. In Hebrew, "שֹׁרֶשׁ" (shoresh) for "roots" indicates the underlying support system. The decay of roots signifies a complete collapse from the inside out, suggesting that the judgment will affect the very core of the people's existence, leading to their ultimate downfall.

and their blossoms will blow away like dust
Blossoms represent beauty and potential fruitfulness. The Hebrew word "פֶּרַח" (perach) for "blossoms" conveys the idea of what is outwardly attractive but ultimately transient. The image of blossoms turning to dust highlights the futility and impermanence of their achievements and glory when disconnected from God.

for they have rejected the law of the LORD of Hosts
The rejection of "the law" (תּוֹרָה, torah) signifies a deliberate turning away from God's instructions and covenant. "The LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) emphasizes God's sovereignty and power as the commander of heavenly armies. This rejection is not merely a passive neglect but an active refusal to submit to divine authority, leading to inevitable consequences.

and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel
To "despise" (נָאַץ, na'ats) is to hold in contempt or scorn. The "word" (אִמְרָה, imrah) of God is His revealed will and truth. The title "Holy One of Israel" (קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל, Qedosh Yisrael) underscores God's purity and separateness from sin. This phrase highlights the gravity of their offense, as they not only reject God's law but also scorn His very nature and character.

Therefore the anger of the LORD burns
The phrase begins with "Therefore," indicating a conclusion drawn from previous verses where the sins and injustices of the people are detailed. The "anger of the LORD" is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often depicted as a righteous response to covenant unfaithfulness. The Hebrew word for "anger" here is "אַף" (aph), which can also mean "nostril" or "face," suggesting a vivid image of God's wrath as a heated, personal response. This anthropomorphic expression underscores the seriousness of Israel's transgressions and the personal nature of God's covenant relationship with His people.

against His people
"His people" refers to the Israelites, chosen by God to be a holy nation. This phrase highlights the tragic irony that those who are the recipients of God's promises and blessings are now the objects of His wrath due to their disobedience. Historically, this reflects the period of the divided kingdom, where both Israel and Judah faced consequences for their idolatry and injustice. The covenant relationship is central here; God's people are not exempt from judgment when they stray from His commandments.

His hand is raised against them to strike them down
The imagery of God's "hand" is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing power and action. The Hebrew word "יָד" (yad) for "hand" conveys authority and might. The phrase "raised against them" suggests a deliberate and impending act of judgment. This is not a passive observation but an active intervention by God in history. The context of divine judgment serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the seriousness with which God views covenant unfaithfulness.

The mountains quake
Mountains in biblical times were often seen as symbols of stability and permanence. The quaking of mountains signifies a cosmic disturbance, reflecting the severity of God's judgment. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where natural phenomena accompany divine intervention (e.g., Exodus 19:18). The quaking mountains serve as a metaphor for the upheaval that sin brings to the created order, emphasizing that God's judgment affects all of creation.

and their corpses lie like refuse in the streets
This graphic imagery underscores the devastating consequences of divine judgment. The word "refuse" suggests something discarded and worthless, highlighting the dehumanizing effect of sin and judgment. Historically, this could refer to the aftermath of invasions and wars, where bodies were left unburied, a sign of disgrace and defeat. Theologically, it serves as a stark warning of the ultimate end of those who persist in rebellion against God.

Yet for all this, His anger is not turned away
The persistence of God's anger, despite the severe judgment already executed, indicates the depth of Israel's sin and the necessity of complete repentance. The phrase "not turned away" suggests that the purpose of judgment is not merely punitive but redemptive, aiming to bring about genuine repentance and restoration. This reflects the biblical theme of God's justice being tempered by His desire for His people's return to righteousness.

His hand is still upraised
The repetition of the imagery of God's "upraised hand" emphasizes the ongoing nature of His judgment. It serves as a warning that the opportunity for repentance remains, but so does the threat of further judgment. This phrase encapsulates the tension between God's justice and mercy, a central theme in the prophetic literature. The upraised hand is both a symbol of impending judgment and a call to repentance, urging the people to return to their covenantal obligations.

He lifts up a banner
In the ancient Near Eastern context, a banner was a rallying point for troops, a signal for gathering. The Hebrew word used here is "נֵס" (nes), which signifies a standard or ensign. This imagery suggests God's sovereign authority and His ability to summon nations for His purposes. The banner is a symbol of divine intervention and a call to action, emphasizing God's control over the events of history.

for nations afar off
The phrase "nations afar off" indicates that God's reach and influence extend beyond Israel to distant lands. Historically, this reflects the geopolitical reality of the time, where empires like Assyria and Babylon were rising powers. Theologically, it underscores the universal scope of God's sovereignty, reminding us that His plans encompass all nations, not just His chosen people.

He whistles for them
The act of whistling, translated from the Hebrew "שָׁרַק" (sharaq), conveys the ease with which God can summon these distant nations. It is a vivid image of God's authority, where even a simple sound can mobilize entire armies. This highlights the effortless power of God and His ability to orchestrate events according to His divine will.

from the ends of the earth
This phrase emphasizes the vastness of God's dominion. The "ends of the earth" suggests the farthest reaches of the known world, indicating that no place is beyond God's influence. It serves as a reminder of the omnipresence and omnipotence of God, who can call upon any nation, regardless of its location, to fulfill His purposes.

Indeed, they come speedily and swiftly
The words "speedily and swiftly" convey a sense of urgency and immediacy. The Hebrew roots "מַהֵר" (maher) and "קַל" (qal) suggest rapid movement and readiness. This reflects the historical reality of swift military campaigns and theologically points to the certainty and promptness of God's actions. It reassures believers of God's active involvement in the world and His ability to bring about His plans without delay.

None of them grows weary or stumbles
This phrase emphasizes the relentless and tireless nature of the army described in Isaiah 5. The Hebrew word for "weary" is "יָעַף" (ya'aph), which conveys exhaustion or fatigue. In the context of Isaiah, this suggests a divinely empowered force, one that operates with supernatural endurance. Historically, this can be seen as a depiction of the Assyrian army, known for its formidable and unyielding campaigns. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the unstoppable nature of His plans. The imagery of not stumbling, "כָּשַׁל" (kashal), further underscores the precision and determination with which God executes His judgment, ensuring that His purposes are fulfilled without hindrance.

no one slumbers or sleeps
The Hebrew words "נוּם" (num) for "slumbers" and "יָשֵׁן" (yashen) for "sleeps" highlight a state of constant vigilance and readiness. In ancient times, armies needed rest, but this description indicates a supernatural alertness. This can be seen as a metaphor for God's ever-watchful eye over His creation, never resting or taking a break from His divine oversight. It also serves as a warning to the people of Israel about the impending judgment that will come swiftly and without delay, urging them to remain spiritually vigilant.

No belt is loosened
The belt, or "חֲגוֹרָה" (chagorah), in ancient military attire, was crucial for holding weapons and armor in place. A loosened belt would signify a lack of readiness or a state of disarray. The imagery here is of an army that is fully prepared and equipped for battle, with nothing out of place. This reflects the meticulous nature of God's plans and the preparedness of His instruments of judgment. For believers, it serves as a call to spiritual readiness, to be girded with truth and righteousness as described in Ephesians 6:14.

and no sandal strap is broken
Sandals, or "נַעַל" (na'al), were essential for mobility and protection in the harsh terrains of the ancient Near East. A broken sandal strap would hinder movement and effectiveness. The unbroken sandal strap symbolizes an army that is unhindered and unstoppable, able to traverse any obstacle in its path. This can be seen as a representation of the certainty and inevitability of God's judgment. For the faithful, it is a reminder of the importance of being spiritually equipped and ready to move in accordance with God's will, ensuring that nothing hinders their walk with Him.

Their arrows are sharp
The imagery of "arrows" in this context symbolizes the precision and deadly effectiveness of the impending judgment. In the Hebrew text, the word for "sharp" (חַדּוֹת, chadot) conveys a sense of readiness and lethal capability. Historically, arrows were a primary weapon in ancient warfare, representing both the skill of the archer and the inevitability of the attack. This phrase underscores the certainty and swiftness of God's judgment through the instruments He chooses, reminding us of the divine precision in executing justice.

All their bows are strung
The phrase "bows are strung" indicates a state of preparedness and tension. In ancient times, a bow that was strung was ready for immediate use, signifying that the warriors were poised for battle. The Hebrew word for "strung" (דָּרוּכִים, darukim) suggests a readiness to release power. This readiness reflects the urgency and immediacy of the divine action that is about to unfold. It serves as a reminder of the vigilance required in spiritual warfare and the preparedness expected of God's people.

Their horses’ hooves are like flint
The comparison of "hooves" to "flint" emphasizes strength and resilience. Flint, known for its hardness and ability to spark fire, symbolizes the unstoppable and fierce nature of the advancing forces. In the ancient Near Eastern context, horses were symbols of military might and speed. The Hebrew word for "flint" (צֹר, tzor) conveys an image of unyielding determination. This phrase highlights the formidable power of God's instruments of judgment, urging believers to recognize the might of God and the seriousness of His warnings.

Their chariot wheels are like a whirlwind
The imagery of "chariot wheels" likened to a "whirlwind" evokes a sense of overwhelming force and rapid movement. In Hebrew, the word for "whirlwind" (סוּפָה, suphah) suggests chaos and unstoppable momentum. Chariots were the pinnacle of military technology in Isaiah's time, representing speed and destructive capability. This phrase illustrates the swift and comprehensive nature of divine judgment, serving as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and the futility of resisting His will. It calls believers to trust in God's ultimate plan and to seek refuge in His protection.

Their roaring is like that of a lion
The imagery of a lion's roar is powerful and evocative, symbolizing strength, authority, and fear. In the Hebrew context, the lion is often seen as the king of beasts, representing both majesty and terror. The Hebrew word for "roaring" (שָׁאָג, sha'ag) conveys a sense of overwhelming power and impending danger. This phrase suggests the formidable and intimidating presence of the invading forces, likely the Assyrians or Babylonians, who are instruments of God's judgment. The lion's roar is a call to attention, a warning of the devastation that is to come, and a reminder of the sovereignty of God over the nations.

they roar like young lions
The comparison to "young lions" (כְּפִירִים, kephirim) emphasizes not only strength but also vigor and ferocity. Young lions are known for their energy and relentless pursuit of prey. This phrase underscores the relentless and aggressive nature of the invaders. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a warning to the people of Israel about the consequences of their disobedience and the seriousness of God's judgment. The youthful vigor of the lions can also be seen as a metaphor for the seemingly unstoppable force of God's will when His people stray from His commandments.

They growl and seize their prey
The word "growl" (נָהַם, naham) adds to the menacing atmosphere, suggesting a low, threatening sound that precedes an attack. This action of seizing prey is indicative of the invaders' intent to capture and destroy. The Hebrew context here is one of inevitability and precision; the prey is caught off guard and overpowered. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as the Israelites had done. It is a call to repentance and a return to faithfulness, highlighting the protective nature of God when His people remain in covenant with Him.

they carry it off with no one to rescue it
The finality of this phrase speaks to the totality of the judgment. The Hebrew word for "carry off" (נָשָׂא, nasa) implies a complete removal or taking away. The absence of a rescuer (מַצִּיל, matsil) underscores the helplessness of those who have turned away from God. In the historical context, this reflects the reality of the exile and the destruction that befell Israel due to their unfaithfulness. Spiritually, it serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of remaining under God's protection and guidance. It is an invitation to trust in God's sovereignty and to seek His deliverance, which is always available to those who turn back to Him with sincere hearts.

And in that day
This phrase often signifies a specific time of divine intervention or judgment in biblical prophecy. In the context of Isaiah, "that day" refers to a time when God's judgment will be executed upon the people for their disobedience and sin. Historically, this can be linked to the Assyrian invasion, which was a tool of God's judgment. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the certainty of God's justice and the fulfillment of His prophetic word.

they will roar over it
The imagery of roaring suggests a powerful, overwhelming force, akin to a lion or a tumultuous sea. In Hebrew, the word "roar" (שָׁאָג, sha'ag) conveys a sense of fear and awe. This roaring represents the invading armies, possibly the Assyrians, who will come with great might and ferocity. It is a vivid depiction of the terror and chaos that accompany divine judgment.

like the roaring of the sea
The sea is often used in Scripture to symbolize chaos and uncontrollable power. The comparison to the sea's roar emphasizes the unstoppable and overwhelming nature of the coming judgment. Historically, the sea was a source of fear and uncertainty for ancient peoples, reinforcing the idea of an impending, unavoidable calamity.

If one looks at the land
This phrase invites the reader to envision the aftermath of the judgment. The land, once a place of promise and prosperity, is now subject to devastation. It serves as a stark contrast to the blessings that were promised to Israel if they remained faithful. Theologically, it underscores the consequences of turning away from God's covenant.

there is only darkness and distress
Darkness in the Bible often symbolizes judgment, sin, and separation from God. The Hebrew word for darkness (חֹשֶׁךְ, choshek) conveys a sense of obscurity and gloom. Distress (צָרָה, tsarah) indicates anguish and trouble. Together, they paint a picture of the spiritual and physical desolation that results from God's judgment. This serves as a warning of the spiritual consequences of sin.

even the light is obscured by clouds
Light typically represents God's presence, truth, and salvation. The obscuring of light by clouds suggests a withdrawal of God's favor and blessing. In the ancient Near East, clouds could symbolize divine presence, but here they indicate a barrier between God and His people due to their sin. This imagery serves as a call to repentance, highlighting the need for restoration and reconciliation with God.