Now
The use of "Now" signifies a transition and fulfillment of a previous narrative. It marks a pivotal moment in the account of Abraham and Sarah, indicating the unfolding of God's divine plan. This word connects the past promises with their present fulfillment, emphasizing God's faithfulness and the continuity of His covenant.

the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal presence and unchanging nature. It underscores His sovereignty and the personal relationship He maintains with His people. In this context, it highlights God's direct involvement and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Sarah and Abraham.

attended to
The phrase "attended to" is derived from the Hebrew word "paqad," which can mean to visit, attend to, or take action on behalf of someone. This indicates God's active intervention in Sarah's life, fulfilling His promise. It reflects God's intimate care and attention to His covenant people, ensuring that His word comes to pass.

Sarah
Sarah, originally named Sarai, is a central figure in the Abrahamic narrative. Her name, meaning "princess," signifies her role in the unfolding of God's covenant. Despite her initial doubt and laughter at the promise of a child, Sarah becomes a testament to God's power and faithfulness. Her account is a reminder of God's ability to bring life and hope where there seems to be none.

as He had said
This phrase emphasizes the reliability and truthfulness of God's word. It refers back to God's promise to Abraham and Sarah that they would have a son, as recorded in Genesis 17:16 and 18:10. It underscores the theme of divine faithfulness and the certainty that what God speaks, He will accomplish.

and the LORD did for Sarah
Here, the repetition of "the LORD" reinforces the idea that it is God Himself who acts on behalf of Sarah. This action is not attributed to human effort but to divine intervention. It highlights the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth and God's direct involvement in fulfilling His promises.

what He had promised
The word "promised" is rooted in the Hebrew "dabar," meaning to speak or declare. This underscores the power and authority of God's word. His promises are not mere possibilities but assured realities. This phrase encapsulates the fulfillment of God's covenant promise to Abraham and Sarah, demonstrating His unwavering faithfulness and the certainty of His word.

So Sarah conceived
The Hebrew word for "conceived" is "הָרָה" (harah), which signifies the miraculous nature of Sarah's pregnancy. In the context of ancient Near Eastern culture, conception was often seen as a divine blessing, especially given Sarah's previous barrenness. This moment marks the fulfillment of God's promise, emphasizing His sovereignty and faithfulness. Sarah's conception is a testament to God's power to bring life where there was none, symbolizing hope and divine intervention.

and bore a son
The act of bearing a son, "יָלַד" (yalad), is significant in the Hebrew tradition, as sons were often seen as carriers of the family lineage and covenant promises. This birth is not just a personal joy for Sarah and Abraham but a pivotal moment in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan. The birth of Isaac is a precursor to the nation of Israel and ultimately to the coming of the Messiah, highlighting the continuity of God's promises through generations.

to Abraham
Abraham, originally named Abram, is a central figure in the Bible, known as the father of faith. His name, meaning "father of many," is fulfilled through the birth of Isaac. This phrase underscores the personal nature of God's covenant with Abraham, a man chosen to be the patriarch of a great nation. Abraham's faith journey, marked by obedience and trust in God's promises, serves as an enduring example for believers.

in his old age
The phrase "in his old age" highlights the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, an age well beyond natural childbearing years. This underscores the theme of divine intervention and the idea that nothing is impossible for God. It serves as a reminder that God's timing often defies human expectations, and His plans are accomplished in ways that bring Him glory.

at the very time
The phrase "at the very time" indicates the precision of God's timing. The Hebrew concept of time is often linked with divine purpose and fulfillment. God's promises are not only sure but are fulfilled at the exact moment He determines. This reassures believers that God's timing is perfect, even when it seems delayed from a human perspective.

God had promised him
The promise of God is central to the narrative of Abraham and Sarah. The Hebrew word for "promised" is "דָּבַר" (dabar), which also means "to speak." This highlights the power and reliability of God's word. God's promises are not mere possibilities but certainties that shape the course of history. This phrase reinforces the theme of faithfulness, encouraging believers to trust in God's promises, knowing that He is faithful to fulfill them.

And Abraham
The name "Abraham" means "father of a multitude" in Hebrew. This name was given by God as a covenant promise that Abraham would be the father of many nations (Genesis 17:5). Abraham's obedience and faith are central themes in his life, and here, his role as a father is emphasized. His actions are in direct response to God's promise, showcasing his faithfulness and trust in God's word.

gave the name
Naming in the ancient Near Eastern context was a significant act, often reflecting the character, destiny, or circumstances of the individual. By naming his son, Abraham is exercising his paternal authority and acknowledging the fulfillment of God's promise. This act of naming is not just a cultural formality but a spiritual declaration of God's faithfulness.

Isaac
The name "Isaac" means "he laughs" or "laughter" in Hebrew. This name is deeply symbolic, reflecting both Sarah's initial laughter of disbelief (Genesis 18:12) and the joy and fulfillment of God's promise. Isaac's birth is a testament to God's miraculous power and faithfulness, turning doubt into joy. The name serves as a perpetual reminder of the joy that comes from trusting in God's promises.

to the son
The phrase "the son" emphasizes the fulfillment of God's specific promise to Abraham and Sarah. In a broader biblical context, the birth of Isaac is a pivotal moment in the Abrahamic covenant, as it marks the continuation of the lineage through which God would eventually bring forth the Messiah. This son is not just any child but the child of promise, integral to God's redemptive plan.

Sarah bore to him
The mention of Sarah highlights the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. Sarah, who was barren and advanced in age, bore a son as God had promised. This underscores the theme of divine intervention and the power of God to bring life where there was none. Sarah's role is crucial, as she is the matriarch through whom the covenant promises are realized. Her faith journey, from doubt to fulfillment, mirrors the transformative power of God's promises in the lives of believers.

When his son Isaac
The name "Isaac" means "he laughs" in Hebrew, reflecting the joy and surprise of his parents, Abraham and Sarah, at his birth in their old age. Isaac's birth is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, marking a pivotal moment in the Abrahamic covenant. The name itself is a testament to God's faithfulness and the joy that comes from His promises being fulfilled.

was eight days old
The specification of "eight days" is significant in the Hebrew tradition. The number eight often symbolizes new beginnings and covenantal relationships in the Bible. The practice of circumcision on the eighth day is a divine ordinance given to Abraham in Genesis 17:12, signifying the child's entry into the covenant community. Scientifically, it is also noted that the eighth day is optimal for circumcision due to the natural peak in vitamin K levels, which aids in blood clotting.

Abraham circumcised him
Circumcision was a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants. Abraham's obedience in circumcising Isaac demonstrates his faith and commitment to God's commands. This act is a profound expression of trust and submission to God's will, setting a precedent for future generations. It is a reminder of the importance of obedience to God's instructions as a sign of faith.

as God had commanded him
This phrase underscores the importance of divine command and human obedience in the biblical narrative. God's command to Abraham regarding circumcision is found in Genesis 17:10-14, where it is established as an everlasting covenant. Abraham's compliance with God's command reflects his deep faith and reverence for God. It serves as an example of the blessings that follow obedience to God's word, reinforcing the theme of covenantal faithfulness throughout Scripture.

Now Abraham
The name "Abraham" means "father of a multitude" in Hebrew. This name was given to him by God as a covenant promise that he would be the father of many nations (Genesis 17:5). The use of "Now" indicates a continuation of the narrative, emphasizing the fulfillment of God's promise. Abraham's journey of faith is a testament to God's faithfulness and the importance of trusting in His timing.

was a hundred years old
The age of Abraham, "a hundred years old," underscores the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. In the ancient Near Eastern context, reaching such an age was rare, and having a child at this age was even more extraordinary. This highlights the divine intervention and the power of God to fulfill His promises against all human odds. It serves as a reminder that God's plans often transcend human limitations and expectations.

when his son Isaac
The name "Isaac" means "he laughs" in Hebrew, reflecting both Abraham and Sarah's initial reactions to the promise of his birth (Genesis 17:17, 18:12). Isaac's birth is a pivotal moment in the Abrahamic covenant, as he is the child through whom God's promises to Abraham would be realized. The mention of "his son" emphasizes the personal and covenantal relationship between Abraham and Isaac, and the continuation of God's promise through Abraham's lineage.

was born to him
The phrase "was born to him" signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah. It is a testament to God's faithfulness and the fruition of His word. In the broader scriptural context, Isaac's birth is a precursor to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise through Jesus Christ, a descendant of Abraham, who brings salvation to all nations. This birth narrative encourages believers to trust in God's promises, knowing that He is faithful to bring them to pass in His perfect timing.

Sarah said
The name "Sarah" in Hebrew means "princess," reflecting her role as a matriarch in the lineage of Israel. Her speaking here is significant, as it marks a moment of personal testimony and fulfillment of God's promise. In the patriarchal society of ancient times, Sarah's voice being recorded highlights the importance of her experience and the divine intervention in her life.

God has made me laugh
The Hebrew word for "laugh" is "צָחַק" (tsachaq), which can mean to laugh, to rejoice, or to mock. In this context, it is a laughter of joy and amazement. This laughter is not just a personal reaction but a divine gift, as God has turned her previous skepticism into joy. It reflects the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth, as Sarah was well beyond childbearing years, emphasizing God's power to fulfill His promises against all odds.

and everyone who hears of this
This phrase suggests the communal nature of God's blessings. The birth of Isaac is not just a private joy for Sarah but a testimony to the surrounding community. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, news of such a miraculous event would spread quickly, serving as a witness to God's faithfulness and power. It underscores the idea that God's works are meant to be shared and celebrated among His people.

will laugh with me
The laughter here is communal, indicating shared joy and celebration. It also serves as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, as Isaac's name itself means "he laughs." This shared laughter can be seen as a form of worship and acknowledgment of God's intervention. It transforms Sarah's initial doubt into a collective affirmation of faith, illustrating how personal experiences of God's faithfulness can inspire and uplift the broader community.

Who would have told Abraham
This phrase reflects the incredulity and surprise at the fulfillment of God's promise. The Hebrew root for "told" is "נָגַד" (nagad), which means to declare or make known. This rhetorical question emphasizes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth, highlighting that it was beyond human expectation or prediction. In the cultural and historical context, the birth of a child, especially a son, was a significant event, and the idea that Sarah, in her old age, could bear a child was astonishing. This underscores the theme of divine intervention and the fulfillment of God's promises against all odds.

that Sarah would nurse children?
The focus here is on "nurse children," which in Hebrew is "הֵינִיקָה בָּנִים" (henikah banim). The act of nursing signifies not only the birth but the nurturing and sustaining of life. In ancient times, a woman's ability to nurse was a sign of her fertility and the continuation of her lineage. Sarah's ability to nurse Isaac is a testament to God's power to restore and renew, as she was well past the age of childbearing. This phrase also reflects the joy and fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, as they not only have a son but Sarah is able to care for him in a way that seemed impossible.

Yet I have borne him a son
The word "borne" comes from the Hebrew "יָלַד" (yalad), meaning to give birth. This is a declaration of the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah. The emphasis on "a son" is significant in the patriarchal society of the time, where sons were seen as heirs and carriers of the family name and legacy. This birth is not just a personal joy for Sarah but a pivotal moment in the unfolding of God's covenant with Abraham, marking the continuation of the lineage through which God would bless all nations.

in his old age
The phrase "in his old age" highlights the miraculous nature of the event. Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, as noted earlier in Genesis 21:5. The Hebrew word for "old age" is "זָקֵן" (zaqen), which denotes advanced age and the wisdom and experience that come with it. This underscores the theme of God's timing and sovereignty, as He fulfills His promises in ways that defy human limitations and expectations. It serves as a reminder that God's plans are not hindered by human constraints, and His purposes are accomplished in His perfect timing.

The child grew
This phrase highlights the natural progression of life and the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah. The Hebrew word for "grew" is "גָּדַל" (gadal), which implies not only physical growth but also the development of character and spirit. In the context of Isaac, this growth signifies the unfolding of God's covenantal promise, as Isaac is the child through whom God would establish His covenant with Abraham's descendants.

and was weaned
The weaning of a child in ancient Near Eastern cultures was a significant milestone, often occurring around the age of three. The Hebrew word "גָּמַל" (gamal) means to deal fully or adequately with, indicating a transition from dependence on the mother’s milk to more solid food. This event symbolizes a step towards independence and maturity, reflecting the nurturing care of God as He prepares Isaac for his future role in the divine plan.

and Abraham held a great feast
Feasts in biblical times were not merely social gatherings but were often imbued with religious and covenantal significance. The Hebrew word for "feast" is "מִשְׁתֶּה" (mishteh), which denotes a banquet or a drinking feast. Abraham's celebration is an expression of joy and gratitude to God for His faithfulness. It also serves as a public acknowledgment of Isaac's special status as the child of promise.

on the day Isaac was weaned
The specific mention of the day underscores the importance of marking significant life events with celebration and remembrance. In the Hebrew tradition, such days were often set apart to honor God's providence and blessings. This particular day not only celebrates Isaac's growth but also reaffirms God's ongoing commitment to His covenant with Abraham, as Isaac is the heir through whom the promises would be fulfilled.

But Sarah saw
The phrase "But Sarah saw" indicates a pivotal moment of perception and realization. Sarah, the matriarch, is portrayed as observant and discerning. In the Hebrew context, the verb "saw" (רָאָה, ra'ah) often implies not just physical sight but also understanding or insight. This moment is crucial as it sets the stage for the subsequent actions and decisions. Sarah's observation is not merely passive; it is active and leads to a significant turning point in the narrative.

the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham
This phrase identifies Ishmael, emphasizing his lineage and the complex family dynamics at play. Hagar, described as "the Egyptian," highlights her foreign status and the cultural tensions within the household. The mention of "borne to Abraham" underscores the legitimacy of Ishmael as Abraham's son, yet also foreshadows the tension between the promise given to Isaac and the reality of Ishmael's existence. Historically, this reflects the broader narrative of God's covenant with Abraham and the unfolding of His divine plan through Isaac, the child of promise.

was mocking
The term "mocking" (מְצַחֵק, metzahek) is derived from the root צָחַק (tsachaq), which can mean to laugh, play, or mock. In this context, it suggests a negative connotation, possibly indicating ridicule or scorn. This behavior is significant as it triggers Sarah's protective instincts for Isaac, the child of promise. The act of mocking is not just a simple jest; it is perceived as a threat to the divine promise and the future of God's covenant people. This moment of conflict is emblematic of the broader spiritual battle between the flesh and the promise, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

so she said to Abraham
This phrase introduces Sarah's direct speech to Abraham, highlighting her role and influence in the family dynamics. In the Hebrew context, Sarah's voice here is significant, as it reflects the cultural and familial authority she holds. Her words are not merely a suggestion but a decisive command, indicating her concern for Isaac's inheritance and future. Historically, the patriarchal society often placed women in secondary roles, yet Sarah's assertiveness here underscores her pivotal role in the unfolding of God's covenant promises.

Drive out
The Hebrew word used here is "גרש" (garash), which means to cast out or expel. This term conveys a forceful action, emphasizing the severity of Sarah's demand. In the ancient Near Eastern context, expulsion from a household was a serious matter, often resulting in loss of protection and provision. Sarah's insistence on driving out Hagar and Ishmael reflects her protective instinct for Isaac's inheritance and the fulfillment of God's promise through him.

this slave woman
The term "slave woman" refers to Hagar, emphasizing her status within the household. In Hebrew, "אמה" (amah) denotes a female servant or maidservant. This designation highlights the social hierarchy and the distinction between Sarah, the free woman, and Hagar, the bondwoman. Theologically, this distinction is later used by the Apostle Paul in Galatians 4:22-31 to illustrate the difference between the old covenant of the law and the new covenant of grace.

and her son
This phrase refers to Ishmael, Hagar's son with Abraham. Ishmael's position as Abraham's firstborn son complicates the family dynamics, as he is a legitimate heir by birth. However, Sarah's insistence on his expulsion underscores the divine selection of Isaac as the child of promise. This tension between Ishmael and Isaac prefigures the ongoing conflict between their descendants, as seen throughout biblical history.

for the son of this slave woman
Reiterating Ishmael's status as the son of a slave woman, this phrase underscores the perceived threat to Isaac's inheritance. The repetition of Hagar's status serves to justify Sarah's demand, as it emphasizes the social and covenantal distinctions between Ishmael and Isaac. This distinction is crucial in understanding the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Isaac's lineage.

shall not be a co-heir
The concept of co-heirship is central to the inheritance rights in ancient cultures. In Hebrew, the term "ירש" (yarash) means to inherit or possess. Sarah's declaration that Ishmael shall not share in the inheritance with Isaac reflects her understanding of God's promise to Abraham regarding Isaac's unique role. This exclusion of Ishmael from co-heirship is a pivotal moment in the narrative, reinforcing the divine election of Isaac.

with my son Isaac
The phrase "my son Isaac" highlights Sarah's maternal bond and her protective stance over Isaac's future. Isaac, whose name means "laughter," is the child of promise, born to Sarah in her old age as a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham. This emphasis on Isaac as "my son" underscores the personal and covenantal significance of his role in God's redemptive plan, setting the stage for the continuation of the Abrahamic covenant through his lineage.

Now this matter
The phrase "this matter" refers to the situation involving Hagar and Ishmael, as Sarah had asked Abraham to send them away. The Hebrew word for "matter" is "dabar," which can mean word, thing, or matter. It signifies the weight and seriousness of the situation. In the cultural and historical context, family matters were of utmost importance, and decisions regarding family members were not taken lightly. This phrase sets the stage for the emotional and spiritual struggle Abraham faces.

distressed Abraham greatly
The Hebrew word for "distressed" is "ra'a," which means to be displeased or to be grieved. This word conveys a deep emotional turmoil within Abraham. The use of "greatly" emphasizes the intensity of his distress. Abraham's distress is not just a passing feeling but a profound inner conflict. As a patriarch, he is torn between his love for his son Ishmael and the command from God, reflecting the human struggle between personal desires and divine will.

because it concerned his son
The phrase "his son" highlights the personal and familial aspect of the situation. Ishmael is Abraham's firstborn, and in the ancient Near Eastern context, the firstborn son held a special place in the family hierarchy. The Hebrew word for "son" is "ben," which signifies not only a biological relationship but also a covenantal and spiritual bond. Abraham's distress is compounded by the fact that Ishmael is not just any child but his own flesh and blood, whom he loves deeply. This phrase underscores the heart-wrenching decision Abraham faces, as it involves the future and well-being of his son, whom he has raised and cherished.

But God said to Abraham
This phrase highlights the direct communication between God and Abraham, emphasizing the personal relationship and covenantal bond they share. In Hebrew, the word for God here is "Elohim," which underscores His power and authority. This divine intervention reassures Abraham, guiding him through a difficult decision. Historically, this reflects the patriarchal era where divine guidance was sought and revered, and it underscores the importance of obedience to God's will.

Do not be distressed
The Hebrew root for "distressed" is "ra'a," which can mean to be displeased or grieved. This phrase is a comforting command from God, acknowledging Abraham's emotional turmoil. It reflects God's compassion and understanding of human emotions, offering peace in the midst of familial conflict. This assurance is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to bring good out of challenging situations.

about the boy and your maidservant
Here, "the boy" refers to Ishmael, and "your maidservant" to Hagar. This phrase acknowledges the complex family dynamics at play. Ishmael, though not the child of promise, is still under God's care. The historical context shows the practice of having children through maidservants, which was culturally accepted at the time. God's mention of both Ishmael and Hagar indicates His concern for all individuals, regardless of their status.

Listen to everything Sarah tells you
This directive places Sarah's counsel in a position of divine endorsement. The Hebrew word for "listen" is "shama," which implies not just hearing but obeying. This instruction highlights the importance of Sarah's role in the fulfillment of God's promise. It also reflects the biblical theme of God working through human relationships and decisions to accomplish His purposes.

for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned
The phrase "through Isaac" is pivotal, as it identifies Isaac as the child of promise through whom God's covenant will continue. The Hebrew word for "reckoned" is "qara," meaning to be called or named. This establishes Isaac as the legitimate heir in God's plan, reinforcing the theme of divine election. Historically, this sets the stage for the nation of Israel, as Isaac's lineage leads to the twelve tribes. It underscores the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises, despite human imperfections and challenges.

But I will also make a nation
This phrase highlights God's sovereign promise and His ability to bring forth nations from individuals. The Hebrew word for "nation" is "goy," which often refers to a people or ethnic group. In the context of Genesis, it signifies God's intention to establish a distinct lineage and people group from Ishmael, the son of Hagar. This promise underscores God's faithfulness and His overarching plan that extends beyond the immediate circumstances of Abraham's family. It reflects the biblical theme of God's providence and His ability to fulfill His promises despite human limitations.

of the slave woman’s son
The term "slave woman" refers to Hagar, an Egyptian maidservant of Sarah. The Hebrew word for "slave woman" is "amah," which denotes a female servant or maid. This phrase reminds us of Hagar's humble status and the complex family dynamics within Abraham's household. Despite her lowly position, God acknowledges Hagar and her son, Ishmael, demonstrating His care and concern for all individuals, regardless of their social status. This highlights the biblical principle that God sees and values every person, and His plans encompass all people, not just those of high status or privilege.

because he is your offspring
The word "offspring" in Hebrew is "zera," meaning seed or descendants. This phrase emphasizes the covenantal relationship between God and Abraham. Ishmael, though born to a slave woman, is still Abraham's son, and thus, part of the promise God made to Abraham to make his descendants numerous. This reflects the biblical theme of God's covenant faithfulness and His commitment to His promises. It also illustrates the importance of lineage and heritage in the biblical narrative, where God's promises often extend through generations, impacting not just individuals but entire nations and peoples.

Early in the morning
This phrase indicates promptness and obedience to God's will. In the Hebrew context, "early" (שָׁכַם, shakham) often signifies diligence and a readiness to act. Abraham's early rising reflects his commitment to God's instructions, even when they are difficult. It is a reminder of the importance of prioritizing God's commands in our daily lives.

Abraham got up
The act of getting up signifies a transition from contemplation to action. Abraham, the patriarch, is portrayed as a man of faith who acts decisively. His actions are rooted in trust in God's promises, even when the path is not clear. This serves as an encouragement to believers to rise and act in faith, trusting in God's plan.

took bread and a skin of water
Bread and water are basic sustenance, symbolizing God's provision even in times of trial. The Hebrew word for bread (לֶחֶם, lechem) is often associated with sustenance and life. The skin of water represents the necessity of life, highlighting God's care for Hagar and Ishmael even as they are sent away. This provision, though minimal, underscores God's faithfulness in providing for our needs.

put them on Hagar's shoulders
This action signifies the burden Hagar must bear. In the ancient Near Eastern context, carrying a load on one's shoulders was a common practice, symbolizing responsibility and endurance. Hagar's journey is a testament to her strength and resilience, and it reminds us that God equips us to bear the burdens we face.

and sent her away with the boy
The sending away of Hagar and Ishmael is a poignant moment of separation. The Hebrew verb "sent away" (שָׁלַח, shalach) can also mean to release or let go. This act, though painful, is part of God's larger plan for both Isaac and Ishmael. It teaches us about the necessity of letting go and trusting God's sovereignty in our relationships and circumstances.

She left and wandered
The word "wandered" (תָּעָה, ta'ah) implies a lack of direction, yet it also sets the stage for divine intervention. Hagar's wandering in the wilderness is symbolic of life's uncertainties and trials. However, it is often in the wilderness that God meets us and provides guidance, as He later does for Hagar and Ishmael.

in the wilderness of Beersheba
Beersheba, meaning "well of the oath" or "well of seven," is a significant location in biblical history. It represents a place of covenant and God's faithfulness. The wilderness, often a place of testing and revelation in Scripture, becomes a backdrop for God's miraculous provision and care. This setting reminds us that even in desolate places, God is present and faithful to His promises.

When the water in the skin was gone
This phrase marks a critical moment of desperation and need. The "water in the skin" refers to the water supply that Hagar and her son, Ishmael, had as they wandered in the wilderness. In the Hebrew context, water is often symbolic of life and sustenance. The depletion of water signifies a dire situation, emphasizing human vulnerability and the need for divine intervention. Historically, water skins were made from animal hides and were essential for survival in arid regions. This moment foreshadows God's provision and care, reminding believers of His faithfulness even in times of scarcity.

she put the boy under one of the bushes
This action by Hagar is both practical and symbolic. The Hebrew word for "bushes" can also be translated as "shrubs" or "small trees," indicating a place of minimal shelter. Hagar's decision to place Ishmael under a bush reflects her maternal instinct to protect her child from the harsh desert sun. It also signifies a moment of surrender, as she distances herself from the boy, unable to bear witnessing his suffering. This act of placing Ishmael under a bush is a poignant reminder of human limitations and the need to rely on God's providence. In the broader scriptural context, it sets the stage for God's miraculous intervention, highlighting His compassion and the fulfillment of His promises to Hagar and Ishmael.

And she went
The Hebrew verb used here, "וַתֵּלֶךְ" (vatelekh), signifies a deliberate action. Hagar's movement is not just physical but also symbolic of her emotional and spiritual journey. In the wilderness, her steps reflect a mother's desperation and a search for hope amidst despair. This act of going away is a poignant reminder of the human tendency to retreat in times of overwhelming sorrow.

sat down
The Hebrew word "וַתֵּשֶׁב" (vateshev) implies a temporary pause, a moment of rest or resignation. Hagar's sitting is an act of surrender, acknowledging her helplessness in the situation. It is a moment of stillness in the narrative, inviting reflection on the human condition when faced with seemingly insurmountable challenges.

across from him
This phrase indicates a physical distance, yet it also suggests an emotional separation. Hagar's choice to sit at a distance from Ishmael underscores her anguish and inability to witness his suffering. It highlights the profound love and pain of a mother who cannot bear to see her child in distress.

about a bowshot away
The term "bowshot" provides a measure of distance, rooted in the practical realities of ancient life. It evokes the image of a hunter or warrior, suggesting a space that is both protective and isolating. This distance is significant, as it reflects Hagar's internal conflict—her desire to protect Ishmael while also feeling powerless to do so.

for she said
The Hebrew "כִּי אָמְרָה" (ki amrah) introduces Hagar's internal dialogue, offering insight into her thoughts and emotions. This phrase marks a transition from action to introspection, revealing the depth of her despair and the raw honesty of her plea.

Do not let me see the boy die
Hagar's plea is a heart-wrenching expression of maternal love and fear. The Hebrew construction here emphasizes her desperation and the immediacy of her request. It is a cry for mercy, not just for Ishmael, but for herself, as she cannot bear the sight of his suffering.

And as she sat there
This repetition of her sitting underscores the weight of her situation. It is a moment of profound stillness, where time seems to pause, allowing the gravity of her circumstances to fully settle in. It invites the reader to sit with Hagar in her sorrow, to feel the depth of her isolation and grief.

she lifted up her voice
The act of lifting one's voice, "וַתִּשָּׂא אֶת־קוֹלָהּ" (vattisa et-qolah), is a powerful expression of lament in Hebrew culture. It signifies a public declaration of pain, a cry that transcends words. Hagar's voice becomes a vehicle for her anguish, reaching out to the divine in a plea for intervention.

and wept
The Hebrew "וַתֵּבְךְּ" (vatevk) conveys a deep, uncontrollable weeping. It is an expression of raw, unfiltered emotion, capturing the essence of human vulnerability. Hagar's tears are a testament to her humanity, a reminder that in our moments of greatest despair, we are never truly alone, for God hears the cries of the brokenhearted.

And God heard
The Hebrew root for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but also understanding and responding. This indicates God's attentiveness and readiness to act. In the broader biblical narrative, God's hearing often precedes divine intervention, underscoring His active involvement in human affairs. This phrase reassures believers of God's omnipresence and His willingness to listen to the cries of those in distress.

the voice of the boy
The "boy" refers to Ishmael, Abraham's son with Hagar. The Hebrew word for "voice" is "קוֹל" (qol), which can mean sound or cry. This highlights the innocence and vulnerability of Ishmael, emphasizing that God is attentive to the cries of the helpless. It serves as a reminder that God cares for all His creation, regardless of their status or circumstances.

and the angel of God
The term "angel" comes from the Hebrew "מַלְאָךְ" (mal'akh), meaning messenger. In the Old Testament, angels often serve as intermediaries between God and humans, delivering messages or providing guidance. The presence of the angel signifies divine intervention and assurance, reinforcing the idea that God is actively involved in the lives of His people.

called to Hagar from heaven
The act of calling from "heaven" signifies a divine communication that transcends earthly limitations. Heaven, in biblical terms, is the dwelling place of God, symbolizing His authority and power. This phrase emphasizes the direct and personal nature of God's communication with Hagar, highlighting His compassion and concern for her plight.

and said to her, 'What is wrong, Hagar?'
This question is not for God's benefit, as He is omniscient, but rather to engage Hagar in a dialogue that acknowledges her distress. By addressing her by name, God affirms her identity and worth, demonstrating His personal care and attention. This interaction reflects God's desire for a personal relationship with each individual.

Do not be afraid
This command is a common biblical reassurance, found throughout Scripture when God or His messengers appear to humans. Fear is a natural human response to the divine, but God's message is one of peace and assurance. This phrase encourages believers to trust in God's protection and provision, even in dire circumstances.

for God has heard the voice of the boy where he lies
Reiterating that God has "heard" Ishmael's voice emphasizes His responsiveness and care. The phrase "where he lies" indicates God's awareness of Ishmael's specific situation and location, underscoring His intimate knowledge of our circumstances. This assurance of God's attentive presence provides comfort and hope, reminding believers that no situation is beyond His reach or concern.

Get up
This phrase is a call to action, urging Hagar to rise from her despair. In Hebrew, the word used is "קוּם" (qum), which often signifies not just a physical rising but a spiritual or emotional awakening. It is a divine encouragement, reminding us that God often calls us to rise above our circumstances, trusting in His promises and provision.

lift up the boy
The Hebrew word for "lift up" is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), which means to carry or bear. This action signifies a mother's responsibility and care, but also a deeper spiritual act of faith. By lifting up Ishmael, Hagar is symbolically lifting her concerns to God, trusting in His promise for her son's future.

and take him by the hand
This phrase emphasizes guidance and support. The act of taking someone by the hand is intimate and protective, suggesting that God desires us to walk closely with those we are entrusted to care for. It also reflects God's own guidance, as He leads us through life's challenges.

for I will make him into a great nation
This promise is a reiteration of God's covenantal faithfulness. The Hebrew word for "make" is "שָׂם" (sam), which implies establishing or setting in place. God's assurance to Hagar is not just about survival but about a future filled with purpose and legacy. The phrase "great nation" echoes God's earlier promises to Abraham, highlighting the inclusivity of God's blessings and His sovereign plan that extends beyond human limitations.

Then God opened her eyes
This phrase signifies a divine intervention where God enables Hagar to perceive a solution to her dire situation. The Hebrew word for "opened" is "פָּקַח" (paqach), which often implies a revelation or enlightenment. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as God providing insight or understanding that was previously hidden. Historically, this moment underscores God's compassion and provision, even for those outside the covenant community, as Hagar was an Egyptian servant. It serves as a reminder that God is attentive to the cries of all who are in distress.

and she saw a well of water
The "well of water" is a symbol of life and sustenance, especially in the arid desert where Hagar and her son, Ishmael, found themselves. The Hebrew word for "well" is "בְּאֵר" (be'er), which is often associated with God's provision and blessing throughout the Old Testament. Wells were critical for survival in ancient times, and finding one would have been a miraculous provision for Hagar. This moment can be seen as a foreshadowing of the living water that Jesus offers in the New Testament, representing spiritual sustenance and eternal life.

So she went and filled the skin with water
This action demonstrates Hagar's immediate response to God's provision. The "skin" refers to a container made from animal hide, commonly used in ancient times to store and transport liquids. The act of filling the skin signifies preparation and readiness to sustain life. It reflects a practical response to divine provision, emphasizing the importance of human action in cooperation with God's blessings. This teaches believers the importance of being proactive in utilizing the resources God provides.

and gave the boy a drink
This phrase highlights Hagar's maternal care and responsibility. The act of giving Ishmael a drink is not only a physical provision but also an act of love and nurturing. In the broader biblical narrative, water often symbolizes life, refreshment, and the Holy Spirit. By giving Ishmael a drink, Hagar is participating in God's provision and ensuring the continuation of life. This moment can inspire believers to recognize their role in nurturing and caring for others, especially in times of need, reflecting God's love and provision through their actions.

And God was with the boy
This phrase emphasizes the divine presence and favor upon Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar. The Hebrew word for "God" here is "Elohim," which signifies the supreme, powerful, and covenant-keeping nature of God. The phrase "was with" indicates God's providential care and guidance. In the broader biblical narrative, God's presence is a source of blessing and protection, as seen with other patriarchs like Joseph and Moses. This divine accompaniment assures the reader of God's faithfulness to His promises, even to those outside the primary covenant line through Isaac.

and he grew up
The growth of Ishmael is both physical and symbolic. The Hebrew root "gadal" implies not only physical maturation but also an increase in strength and capability. This growth is under the watchful eye of God, suggesting that Ishmael's development is part of God's sovereign plan. Historically, this growth signifies the beginning of the fulfillment of God's promise to Hagar that Ishmael would become a great nation (Genesis 21:18).

and settled in the wilderness
The wilderness, or "midbar" in Hebrew, is often a place of testing, transformation, and divine encounter in the Bible. Ishmael's settlement in the wilderness of Paran indicates a life of independence and resilience. This setting foreshadows the nomadic lifestyle of his descendants, the Ishmaelites, who are known for their survival and thriving in harsh environments. The wilderness also represents a place where God provides and sustains, as seen in the Israelites' journey through the desert.

and became a great archer
The phrase highlights Ishmael's skill and identity as a warrior and hunter. The Hebrew word for "archer" is "rabah qashath," which denotes proficiency with the bow. This skill is significant in the ancient Near Eastern context, where archery was a valued and necessary ability for survival and defense. Ishmael's prowess as an archer symbolizes his strength and the fulfillment of God's promise that he would be a "wild donkey of a man" (Genesis 16:12), living freely and independently. This also prefigures the martial prowess of his descendants, who would become known for their skills in battle.

And while he was dwelling
The phrase "dwelling" comes from the Hebrew root "yashab," which means to sit, remain, or inhabit. This indicates a sense of permanence or settlement, suggesting that Ishmael was not merely passing through but had established a life in the Wilderness of Paran. This reflects God's provision and care for Ishmael, as promised to Hagar, ensuring that he would thrive despite being sent away from Abraham's household.

in the Wilderness of Paran
The Wilderness of Paran is a significant geographical location in the biblical narrative. It is situated in the northeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula. Historically, this area is known for its harsh, arid conditions, which underscores the resilience and survival of Ishmael and his descendants. Paran is also mentioned in connection with the Israelites' wanderings, providing a backdrop of divine encounters and guidance. This setting highlights God's faithfulness in sustaining Ishmael in a challenging environment.

his mother got a wife for him
The act of Hagar obtaining a wife for Ishmael underscores the matriarchal role she played in his life. In ancient Near Eastern culture, marriages were often arranged by parents, emphasizing family alliances and social stability. Hagar's involvement in securing a wife for Ishmael indicates her continued influence and care for his future, ensuring the continuation of his lineage as promised by God.

from the land of Egypt
Egypt, in the biblical context, is often seen as a place of refuge and provision, as well as a land of cultural and economic significance. Hagar herself was Egyptian, which may have influenced her decision to find a wife for Ishmael from her homeland. This connection to Egypt also foreshadows future interactions between the descendants of Ishmael and the broader narrative of God's people, highlighting the interconnectedness of God's plan across different nations and peoples.

At that time
This phrase situates the narrative within a specific historical context. The Hebrew word for "time" is "עֵת" (et), which can denote a particular moment or season. This indicates a period of Abraham's life marked by God's evident blessing and favor, following the birth of Isaac and the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael. It reminds us that God's timing is perfect, and His plans unfold in His ordained seasons.

Abimelech
Abimelech, whose name means "my father is king," was a Philistine king. His interactions with Abraham highlight the broader narrative of God's covenant people interacting with surrounding nations. Historically, the Philistines were a significant presence in the region, and Abimelech's recognition of God's favor upon Abraham underscores the patriarch's growing influence and the divine promise of blessing to all nations through him.

Phicol the commander of his army
Phicol, meaning "strong" or "mouth of all," was the military leader under Abimelech. His presence signifies the importance of the meeting, as military leaders were often involved in diplomatic and covenantal discussions. This reflects the respect and seriousness with which Abimelech approached Abraham, acknowledging the divine favor upon him.

said to Abraham
The act of speaking to Abraham indicates a formal and respectful approach. Abraham, the recipient of God's covenant, is recognized by surrounding leaders as a man of significance. This interaction is a testament to the fulfillment of God's promise to make Abraham's name great (Genesis 12:2).

God is with you
This acknowledgment by Abimelech and Phicol is profound. The Hebrew word for God here is "אֱלֹהִים" (Elohim), a term that denotes power and majesty. Their recognition of God's presence with Abraham is a testament to the visible and tangible blessings that accompany those who walk in covenant with God. It serves as a reminder that God's presence is the ultimate source of success and favor.

in all that you do
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of God's blessing upon Abraham. The Hebrew word for "all" is "כֹּל" (kol), indicating totality. It suggests that every aspect of Abraham's life and endeavors is under divine favor. This is an encouragement to believers that when God is with us, His blessing permeates every area of our lives, guiding and prospering our paths.

Now, therefore, swear to me here before God
This phrase begins with a call for a solemn oath, invoking the presence of God as a witness. The Hebrew word for "swear" is "שָׁבַע" (shaba), which implies making a binding promise. In ancient Near Eastern culture, oaths were serious commitments, often sealed in the presence of a deity to ensure accountability. The invocation "before God" underscores the gravity of the promise, recognizing God's omnipresence and ultimate authority as a witness to human covenants.

that you will not deal falsely with me
The phrase "deal falsely" translates from the Hebrew "תִּשְׁקֹר" (tishkor), meaning to deceive or act unfaithfully. This reflects a concern for integrity and honesty in relationships. In the context of Abraham's dealings with Abimelech, it highlights the importance of trust and truthfulness, foundational values in Biblical ethics. The historical backdrop involves previous interactions where deception had occurred, emphasizing the need for a renewed commitment to honesty.

or my children or my descendants
This phrase extends the request for honesty beyond the immediate parties to future generations. The Hebrew words "בְּנִי" (beni) for "children" and "נִין" (nin) for "descendants" indicate a long-term perspective, emphasizing the enduring nature of the covenant. In the Biblical narrative, this reflects the patriarchal concern for legacy and the continuity of relationships across generations, a theme prevalent throughout the Scriptures.

Show to me and the land where you reside as a foreigner
Here, the phrase "the land where you reside as a foreigner" uses the Hebrew "גָּר" (ger), meaning sojourner or temporary resident. This acknowledges Abraham's status as a non-native in the land, highlighting themes of hospitality and mutual respect. The request for kindness in this context is a call for equitable treatment and recognition of shared humanity, resonating with the Biblical principle of loving the stranger (Leviticus 19:34).

the same kindness that I have shown to you
The word "kindness" is translated from the Hebrew "חֶסֶד" (chesed), a rich term denoting steadfast love, mercy, and loyalty. It is a central concept in the Old Testament, often used to describe God's covenantal love for His people. In this context, it reflects the reciprocal nature of human relationships, where past acts of goodwill form the basis for future expectations. This appeal to mutual kindness underscores the Biblical ideal of living in harmony and faithfulness with others, mirroring God's own faithfulness to His covenant.

And Abraham replied
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, showcasing Abraham's response to a request made by Abimelech. The Hebrew root for "replied" is עָנָה (anah), which means to answer or respond. This indicates a dialogue, a mutual communication between two parties. Abraham, as the patriarch and a man of faith, is engaging in a covenantal dialogue, reflecting the importance of communication and agreement in relationships. Historically, this interaction underscores the significance of verbal agreements in ancient Near Eastern cultures, where spoken words held immense power and were often as binding as written contracts.

I will swear it
The act of swearing an oath in ancient times was a solemn and sacred commitment. The Hebrew word for "swear" is שָׁבַע (shaba), which is closely related to the word for seven, שֶׁבַע (sheva), symbolizing completeness and perfection. This connection suggests that swearing an oath was seen as a complete and binding act. In the context of Genesis 21, Abraham's willingness to swear an oath to Abimelech signifies his integrity and commitment to peace and truth. From a scriptural perspective, this act of swearing is not merely a formality but a profound expression of trust and fidelity, reflecting the covenantal nature of God's promises to Abraham. It serves as a reminder of the importance of keeping one's word and the spiritual weight that oaths carried in biblical times.

But when Abraham
The phrase "But when Abraham" introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting Abraham's proactive role. Abraham, the patriarch, is a central figure in Genesis, known for his faith and covenant with God. The Hebrew name "Abraham" means "father of many," reflecting his God-given promise to be the progenitor of many nations. This moment underscores Abraham's leadership and responsibility in protecting his family's resources.

complained to Abimelech
The act of complaining here is significant. The Hebrew root for "complained" can also mean to contend or strive, indicating a formal grievance. Abraham approaches Abimelech, the Philistine king, with a legitimate concern. Abimelech, whose name means "my father is king," represents a foreign authority. This interaction between Abraham and Abimelech is a testament to the diplomatic relations and the pursuit of justice and fairness in ancient times.

about a well
Wells were vital in the ancient Near East, symbolizing life, sustenance, and prosperity. Water was a precious resource, and wells were often sources of conflict. The well in question is not just a physical resource but a symbol of God's provision and blessing to Abraham. It represents the sustenance necessary for Abraham's family and flocks, highlighting the importance of God's promises being fulfilled in tangible ways.

that Abimelech’s servants
The mention of "Abimelech’s servants" indicates a potential misuse of authority or misunderstanding. Servants, acting on behalf of their master, often carried out tasks that could lead to disputes. This phrase suggests a conflict between Abraham's divine right to the land and the human authority represented by Abimelech's servants. It reflects the ongoing tension between God's people and the surrounding nations.

had seized
The word "seized" implies an act of force or unauthorized taking. In the Hebrew context, this action is a breach of trust and hospitality, which were highly valued in ancient cultures. The seizure of the well by Abimelech's servants is not just a personal affront to Abraham but a challenge to the covenantal promise of land and blessing. This act necessitates a resolution to restore peace and justice, aligning with God's overarching plan for Abraham and his descendants.

I do not know
This phrase reflects Abimelech's immediate response to Abraham's complaint about a well that had been seized. The Hebrew root for "know" is "yada," which implies not just awareness but an intimate understanding or relationship. Abimelech's claim of ignorance suggests a genuine lack of involvement or knowledge, highlighting the importance of communication and transparency in relationships. In a broader spiritual sense, it reminds believers of the necessity to seek understanding and clarity in their walk with God and others.

who has done this thing
The phrase indicates an action that has been committed, in this case, the seizure of a well. The Hebrew word for "thing" is "dabar," which can mean word, matter, or thing. This reflects the seriousness of the situation, as wells were vital for survival in the arid climate of the ancient Near East. Historically, wells were often sources of conflict, symbolizing life and sustenance. Spiritually, this can be seen as a call to protect and cherish the spiritual resources God provides.

Abimelech replied
Abimelech's response is crucial in the narrative. His name, meaning "my father is king," suggests a position of authority and responsibility. His reply shows a willingness to address the issue directly, which is a model for leadership and conflict resolution. In a spiritual context, it encourages believers to respond to challenges with integrity and openness.

You did not tell me
This part of the verse underscores the importance of communication. Abimelech points out that he was not informed of the issue, which suggests that misunderstandings can arise from a lack of dialogue. The Hebrew culture placed a high value on verbal agreements and communication, and this serves as a reminder of the power of words in building or breaking relationships. Spiritually, it emphasizes the need for honest communication with God and others.

I have not heard about it until today
This phrase indicates the timing of Abimelech's awareness of the problem. The Hebrew word for "heard" is "shama," which means to hear, listen, or obey. It suggests that Abimelech is open to resolving the issue now that he is aware of it. Historically, this reflects the immediacy with which disputes needed to be addressed in ancient times to maintain peace and order. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that God hears our concerns and is ready to act when we bring them to Him.

So Abraham
The name "Abraham" is derived from the Hebrew "Avraham," meaning "father of many." This name change from Abram to Abraham signifies God's promise to make him a father of many nations (Genesis 17:5). Abraham is a central figure in the Bible, known for his faith and obedience to God. His actions in this verse reflect his role as a patriarch and a man of integrity, willing to establish peace and mutual respect with his neighbors.

brought sheep and cattle
The act of bringing "sheep and cattle" is significant in the ancient Near Eastern context. Livestock was a primary measure of wealth and a means of sustenance. By offering these animals, Abraham demonstrates generosity and a willingness to invest in a peaceful relationship. This gesture is not merely transactional but symbolic of goodwill and the desire for lasting harmony.

and gave them to Abimelech
Abimelech, whose name means "my father is king," was a Philistine king. The giving of livestock to Abimelech signifies a gesture of reconciliation and respect. In the cultural context, such gifts were often used to seal agreements and demonstrate sincerity. Abraham's actions here reflect a commitment to peaceful coexistence and the importance of maintaining good relations with neighboring peoples.

and the two men
The phrase "the two men" emphasizes the personal nature of this covenant. It is not just a political or economic agreement but a personal commitment between two leaders. This highlights the importance of personal integrity and trust in relationships, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

made a covenant
The Hebrew word for "covenant" is "berit," which implies a solemn and binding agreement. Covenants in the Bible are significant, often involving promises and commitments before God. This covenant between Abraham and Abimelech is a precursor to the many covenants God makes with His people, underscoring the importance of faithfulness and mutual respect. It serves as a reminder of the power of agreements made in good faith and the divine expectation of honoring one's word.

Abraham
The name "Abraham" is derived from the Hebrew "Avraham," meaning "father of a multitude." This name was given by God as a covenant promise that Abraham would be the father of many nations (Genesis 17:5). Abraham is a central figure in the Bible, known for his faith and obedience to God. His actions often serve as a model for faithfulness and trust in God's promises. In this context, Abraham's actions are part of a covenantal agreement, reflecting his role as a patriarch and a man of integrity.

set apart
The phrase "set apart" is significant in biblical terms, often indicating something that is consecrated or dedicated for a specific purpose. In Hebrew, the concept of setting apart is closely related to holiness, which means to be distinct or separate for God's use. Here, Abraham's act of setting apart the lambs signifies a deliberate and meaningful gesture, likely indicating a formal agreement or covenant. It underscores the importance of intentionality and purpose in our actions, especially in matters of faith and relationships.

seven
The number "seven" in the Bible often symbolizes completeness or perfection, as seen in the creation week where God rested on the seventh day. In this context, the use of seven ewe lambs may indicate the completeness or fullness of the covenant being established. It reflects the idea that God's covenants are whole and perfect, and that human agreements should strive to reflect this divine completeness.

ewe lambs
"Ewe lambs" are young female sheep, and in biblical times, they were considered valuable livestock. The choice of ewe lambs for this covenantal act may symbolize innocence, purity, and the potential for future growth and prosperity. In a broader spiritual sense, it can remind believers of the sacrificial system and the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

from the flock
The phrase "from the flock" indicates that these lambs were selected from a larger group, emphasizing the idea of choice and selection. In biblical narratives, the flock often represents God's people, and the act of choosing from the flock can symbolize God's selection of individuals for specific purposes. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to call and set apart those whom He chooses for His divine purposes.

and Abimelech asked Abraham
The name "Abimelech" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "my father is king." This title was often used for Philistine kings, suggesting a position of authority and respect. Abimelech's interaction with Abraham highlights the diplomatic relationships between the patriarchs and surrounding nations. Abraham, whose name means "father of many," is a central figure in God's covenantal promises. This encounter underscores the importance of communication and understanding between God's chosen people and the world around them.

What is the meaning
The phrase "What is the meaning" indicates a quest for understanding and clarity. In the Hebrew context, questions often serve as a means to reveal deeper truths or to establish covenants. Abimelech's inquiry reflects a desire to comprehend Abraham's actions, which is crucial in maintaining peace and mutual respect. This moment invites readers to consider the significance of seeking understanding in our own relationships and the importance of clear communication in fulfilling God's purposes.

of these seven ewe lambs
The "seven ewe lambs" are significant both numerically and symbolically. The number seven in Hebrew culture often represents completeness or perfection, as seen in the creation narrative. Ewe lambs, being young female sheep, symbolize innocence, purity, and the potential for future growth and prosperity. Abraham's offering of these lambs is a gesture of goodwill and a tangible sign of his commitment to the covenant with Abimelech. This act serves as a reminder of the importance of integrity and generosity in our dealings with others.

you have set apart by themselves
The act of setting apart the lambs "by themselves" signifies a deliberate and intentional action. In Hebrew, the concept of setting apart is closely related to holiness and consecration. Abraham's separation of the lambs indicates a special purpose, distinguishing them from the rest of the flock. This mirrors the biblical theme of God's people being set apart for His purposes. It challenges believers to consider how they are called to live distinctively in the world, dedicated to God's service and His covenantal promises.

He replied
This phrase indicates a response, suggesting a dialogue or negotiation. In the context of Genesis 21, Abraham is speaking to Abimelech. The Hebrew root for "replied" is "עָנָה" (anah), which can mean to answer or respond. This implies a thoughtful and deliberate communication, highlighting the importance of the covenant being established.

You are to accept
The act of acceptance here is significant. The Hebrew word "לָקַח" (laqach) means to take or receive. This is not merely a passive acceptance but an active agreement to the terms being set forth. It underscores the mutual understanding and agreement between Abraham and Abimelech, reflecting the seriousness of the covenant.

the seven ewe lambs
The number seven in the Bible often symbolizes completeness or perfection. The Hebrew word for seven is "שֶׁבַע" (sheva). The use of seven ewe lambs signifies a complete and perfect offering, emphasizing the sincerity and commitment of Abraham in this covenant. Ewe lambs, being valuable livestock, represent a significant gift, indicating the importance of the well and the agreement.

from my hand
This phrase indicates a personal and direct transaction. The Hebrew "יָד" (yad) for hand often symbolizes power, possession, or responsibility. By giving the lambs from his hand, Abraham is personally ensuring the sincerity and authenticity of the covenant. It reflects a personal investment and responsibility in the agreement.

as my witness
The concept of a witness in Hebrew, "עֵד" (ed), is crucial in legal and covenantal contexts. A witness serves as a testimony to the truth and validity of an agreement. Here, the seven ewe lambs serve as a tangible witness to the covenant, ensuring that both parties remember and honor the agreement.

that I dug this well
Wells were vital in the ancient Near East, symbolizing life, sustenance, and prosperity. The act of digging a well, "חָפַר" (chaphar) in Hebrew, signifies effort, ownership, and provision. By stating "that I dug this well," Abraham is asserting his rightful claim and the labor invested in creating a source of life-giving water. This well becomes a symbol of God's provision and Abraham's faithfulness.

So that place
The phrase "so that place" refers to a specific location that holds significant historical and spiritual importance. In the Hebrew context, the word for "place" is "מָקוֹם" (maqom), which often denotes a site of divine encounter or covenant. This highlights the importance of physical locations in the biblical narrative, where God’s promises and human actions intersect. Theologically, it reminds us that God often uses specific places to fulfill His purposes and establish His covenants.

was called
The act of naming in the Bible is deeply significant, often reflecting the character or destiny of a person or place. The Hebrew verb "קָרָא" (qara) means "to call" or "to name," indicating an authoritative declaration. In this context, naming the place Beersheba signifies a formal recognition of the events that transpired there, embedding the location with historical and spiritual meaning. It underscores the power of words and names in shaping identity and memory.

Beersheba
Beersheba, from the Hebrew "בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע" (Be'er Sheva), translates to "Well of the Oath" or "Well of Seven." This dual meaning reflects both the oath made between Abraham and Abimelech and the seven ewe lambs that Abraham set apart as a witness. Beersheba becomes a symbol of peace and covenant, a place where disputes are resolved through mutual agreement. Historically, Beersheba is a significant city in the southern part of Israel, often seen as the southern boundary of the Promised Land, emphasizing its role as a landmark of God’s promises.

because it was there
This phrase emphasizes the specific location where the events occurred, reinforcing the idea that God’s actions in history are tied to real places and times. The Hebrew word "שָׁם" (sham) means "there," pointing to the tangible reality of God’s interventions in human affairs. It serves as a reminder that God’s covenants and promises are not abstract but are grounded in the physical world.

that the two of them
The "two of them" refers to Abraham and Abimelech, representing a moment of reconciliation and agreement between two leaders. This phrase highlights the importance of relationships and diplomacy in the biblical narrative. It underscores the biblical principle of living peaceably with others and the value of making covenants to ensure harmony and mutual respect.

swore an oath
The act of swearing an oath, "נִשְׁבְּעוּ" (nishbe'u) in Hebrew, is a solemn promise or commitment made before God. In ancient Near Eastern culture, oaths were binding and sacred, often invoking divine witnesses. This oath between Abraham and Abimelech signifies a formal and binding agreement, reflecting the seriousness with which God’s people are to approach promises and covenants. It serves as a reminder of the faithfulness required in our commitments, both to God and to others.

So they made a covenant
The phrase "made a covenant" is rooted in the Hebrew word "karath," which means "to cut." This reflects the ancient practice of cutting animals in two and passing between the pieces to signify a binding agreement. Covenants in the biblical context are solemn and sacred, often involving God as a witness. This act at Beersheba signifies a formal and serious agreement between Abraham and Abimelech, highlighting the importance of peace and mutual respect in relationships.

at Beersheba
Beersheba, meaning "well of the oath" or "well of seven," is a significant location in biblical history. It becomes a central place for the patriarchs, symbolizing God's provision and faithfulness. Archaeological evidence suggests Beersheba was a well-established settlement, underscoring its importance as a site of sustenance and survival in the arid Negev region. The naming of Beersheba here marks it as a place of divine encounter and human agreement.

and Abimelech
Abimelech, meaning "my father is king," is a title rather than a personal name, often used for Philistine rulers. His presence in this narrative indicates the political and social interactions between the patriarchs and surrounding nations. Abimelech's willingness to enter into a covenant with Abraham shows a recognition of Abraham's growing influence and the need for peaceful coexistence.

and Phicol the commander of his army
Phicol, whose name means "strong," represents the military strength and authority of Abimelech's rule. His inclusion in the covenant-making process emphasizes the seriousness of the agreement and the desire for security and stability. It reflects the practice of involving military leaders in political treaties to ensure enforcement and protection.

got up and returned
The act of getting up and returning signifies the completion of the covenant process and the return to normalcy. It indicates a successful negotiation and the establishment of peace. This movement also symbolizes the transition from conflict to harmony, a theme prevalent throughout the biblical narrative.

to the land of the Philistines
The Philistines were a significant people group in the ancient Near East, often depicted as adversaries of Israel. Their land, located along the coastal regions of Canaan, was strategically important. This reference situates the narrative within a broader geopolitical context, highlighting the interactions between God's chosen people and the surrounding nations. The peaceful return to Philistine territory underscores the effectiveness of the covenant in maintaining regional stability.

And there
This phrase indicates a specific location, which is Beersheba, where Abraham had just made a covenant with Abimelech. The significance of "there" is rooted in the idea of sacred space, a place where God’s presence is acknowledged and worshiped. In the ancient Near Eastern context, establishing a place of worship was a declaration of divine ownership and blessing over the land.

he called
The act of calling on the name of the LORD signifies an intentional and public act of worship and prayer. In Hebrew, the word "called" (קָרָא, qara) implies a proclamation or a declaration. Abraham’s calling is an act of faith, acknowledging God’s sovereignty and inviting His presence into his life and the land.

on the name of the LORD
The "name of the LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) is a profound expression of God’s character and essence. In the Hebrew tradition, a name is not merely an identifier but a reflection of one’s nature and authority. By invoking the name of Yahweh, Abraham is recognizing God’s covenantal faithfulness and His supreme authority over all creation.

the Eternal God
The Hebrew term used here is "El Olam" (אֵל עוֹלָם), which translates to "the Everlasting God." This title emphasizes God’s timeless nature and His unchanging presence throughout history. In a world where human leaders and kingdoms rise and fall, the Eternal God remains constant, offering assurance and stability to those who trust in Him. Abraham’s use of this title reflects his understanding of God’s eternal promises and His enduring relationship with His people.

And Abraham
The name "Abraham" is derived from the Hebrew "Avraham," meaning "father of many." This name change from Abram to Abraham in Genesis 17:5 signifies God's covenant promise that Abraham would be the father of many nations. Abraham is a central patriarchal figure in the Bible, representing faith and obedience to God. His life is a testament to the journey of faith, marked by trials, promises, and divine encounters.

resided
The Hebrew word used here is "gur," which means to sojourn or dwell temporarily. This indicates that Abraham's stay in the land of the Philistines was not permanent, reflecting the transient nature of his life as a nomad. This temporary dwelling underscores the theme of faith and trust in God's promises, as Abraham lived in a land that was not yet his inheritance.

in the land of the Philistines
The Philistines were a group of people who lived in the coastal region of Canaan. Archaeological evidence suggests they were part of the Sea Peoples who settled in the area during the 12th century BC. The Philistines are often depicted as adversaries of Israel in the Bible, yet here, Abraham finds a place to reside among them. This highlights the complexity of relationships in the ancient Near East and God's providence in providing for Abraham even among potential adversaries.

for a long time
The phrase "for a long time" suggests an extended period, though the exact duration is not specified. This indicates a season of stability and peace in Abraham's life, despite being in a foreign land. It reflects God's faithfulness in sustaining Abraham and fulfilling His promises over time. This period allowed Abraham to grow in faith and prepare for the future fulfillment of God's covenant promises.