Wives
The term "wives" in this context is translated from the Greek word "γυναῖκες" (gynaikes), which refers specifically to married women. In the cultural and historical context of the early church, wives were often seen as the heart of the household, responsible for maintaining the spiritual and moral fabric of the family. This role is not just a social construct but a divine calling, emphasizing the importance of their influence within the family unit.

in the same way
This phrase connects the instruction to wives with the preceding context in 1 Peter 2, where Peter discusses submission to authority and Christ's example of suffering. The Greek phrase "ὁμοίως" (homoios) suggests a continuation of thought, indicating that the submission of wives is part of a broader Christian ethic of humility and service, modeled after Christ Himself.

submit yourselves
The Greek word "ὑποτάσσω" (hypotassō) is used here, which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This is a voluntary act of respect and love, not a forced subjugation. In the biblical context, submission is a mutual and reciprocal relationship, reflecting the order and harmony intended by God in creation.

to your husbands
The term "husbands" is translated from the Greek "ἀνδράσιν" (andrasin), which refers to the male partner in a marriage. In the biblical framework, husbands are called to love their wives sacrificially, as Christ loved the church (Ephesians 5:25). This mutual respect and love create a partnership that mirrors the relationship between Christ and His church.

so that
This phrase introduces the purpose or result of the wives' submission. It is a conjunction that links the action to its intended outcome, emphasizing the transformative power of a godly example.

even if they refuse to believe the word
Here, Peter acknowledges the reality that some husbands may not be believers. The phrase "refuse to believe" is translated from the Greek "ἀπειθοῦσιν" (apeithousin), meaning to disobey or be unpersuaded. This highlights the challenge faced by Christian wives married to non-believers, yet it also underscores the potential for their witness to lead to spiritual transformation.

they will be won over
The Greek word "κερδηθήσονται" (kerdēthēsontai) means to gain or win over. This reflects the hope and possibility that through the godly conduct of their wives, unbelieving husbands might come to faith. It is a testament to the power of living out one's faith authentically and consistently.

without words
This phrase emphasizes the silent yet powerful testimony of a Christian life. The Greek "ἄνευ λόγου" (aneu logou) suggests that actions often speak louder than words, and a life lived in accordance with God's principles can be a compelling witness to the truth of the Gospel.

by the behavior of their wives
The term "behavior" is translated from the Greek "ἀναστροφῆς" (anastrophēs), which refers to conduct or manner of life. This underscores the importance of a consistent, Christ-like lifestyle as a means of evangelism. The conduct of a wife, characterized by love, respect, and integrity, can serve as a powerful testimony to her husband and others around her.

when they see
The phrase "when they see" implies an observation that leads to understanding or realization. In the Greek, the word used is "epopteuō," which means to witness or observe closely. This suggests that the conduct of believers is under scrutiny by others, particularly non-believers. The historical context here is significant, as early Christians were often under the watchful eye of a skeptical society. Their behavior was a testament to their faith, serving as a silent witness to the transformative power of the Gospel. This calls believers to live lives that are visibly different, marked by integrity and authenticity.

your pure
The word "pure" in Greek is "hagnos," which denotes purity in a moral and ethical sense. It reflects a life that is untainted by the corruption of the world, embodying the holiness that God calls His people to. In the conservative Christian perspective, this purity is not just about external actions but also about the heart's intentions. It is a call to live in a way that is set apart, reflecting the character of Christ. Historically, this purity was a radical departure from the moral norms of the Greco-Roman world, where Christians were called to be distinct in their conduct.

and reverent
The term "reverent" translates from the Greek "phobos," which can mean fear or respect. In this context, it refers to a deep respect and awe for God, which influences one's behavior. This reverence is not about being afraid of God but about honoring Him in every aspect of life. It is a recognition of His sovereignty and holiness, leading to a life that seeks to please Him above all else. In the early church, this reverence was a powerful testimony to the surrounding culture, demonstrating a commitment to God that surpassed all earthly allegiances.

demeanor
"Demeanor" refers to one's conduct or behavior, derived from the Greek word "anastrophē," which means manner of life or conduct. This encompasses not just actions but also attitudes and speech. The emphasis here is on a consistent lifestyle that aligns with one's faith. In the historical context of 1 Peter, Christians were often marginalized and persecuted, and their demeanor was a crucial aspect of their witness. A demeanor that reflects Christ's love and humility can break down barriers and open doors for the Gospel. It is a call to live out one's faith in every interaction, demonstrating the reality of Christ's presence in one's life.

Your beauty
The Greek word for "beauty" here is "κόσμος" (kosmos), which often refers to order or arrangement. In this context, it suggests an emphasis on the inner order and character rather than external appearances. The Apostle Peter is encouraging believers to focus on the inner qualities that reflect God's order and design, which are of eternal value.

should not come from
This phrase indicates a directive or instruction. The Greek verb "ἔστω" (estō) implies a continuous state of being. Peter is not merely suggesting but commanding that the source of a woman's beauty should not be external. This reflects a broader biblical principle that true beauty is found in one's character and godliness.

outward adornment
The term "adornment" comes from the Greek "κόσμος" (kosmos), similar to the word for "beauty," emphasizing the external arrangement or decoration. Historically, in the Greco-Roman world, much emphasis was placed on physical appearance and status symbols. Peter's instruction challenges cultural norms by redirecting focus from the external to the internal.

such as braided hair
Braided hair was a common fashion in the ancient world, often associated with wealth and social status. The Greek word "πλέγμα" (plegma) refers to elaborate hairstyles. Peter is not condemning hairstyles per se but is cautioning against allowing such external features to define one's worth or identity.

or gold jewelry
Gold jewelry, "χρυσίων" (chrysion) in Greek, was a symbol of wealth and status. In the biblical context, gold often represents material wealth and the temptation to rely on earthly treasures. Peter's admonition is a call to prioritize spiritual riches over material ones, echoing Jesus' teachings in the Gospels.

or fine clothes
The phrase "fine clothes" translates from "ἱματίων" (himatiōn), referring to garments that signify luxury or high status. In the historical context, clothing was a significant indicator of one's social position. Peter's message is counter-cultural, urging believers to find their identity and value in Christ rather than in societal status or appearance.

but let your adorning
The Greek word for "adorning" is "kosmos," which often refers to order or arrangement. In this context, it suggests that true beauty is not about external appearances but about the inner order and character. Historically, the early Christian community emphasized inner virtues over outward displays, contrasting with the Greco-Roman culture that often valued physical beauty and elaborate dress.

be the hidden person of the heart
The "hidden person" refers to the inner self, the true essence of a person that is not visible to the outside world. The Greek word "kryptos" means concealed or secret, emphasizing the idea that the most valuable aspects of a person are not seen by the human eye. Biblically, the heart is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. This phrase calls believers to focus on cultivating inner virtues that reflect Christ's character.

with the imperishable beauty
"Imperishable" comes from the Greek "aphthartos," meaning incorruptible or enduring. Unlike physical beauty, which fades over time, the beauty of a godly character is eternal. This aligns with the biblical theme of investing in what is eternal rather than temporal, as seen in Matthew 6:19-21, where Jesus teaches about storing treasures in heaven.

of a gentle and quiet spirit
The word "gentle" is translated from the Greek "praus," which denotes meekness, not weakness, but strength under control. "Quiet" comes from "hesychios," meaning tranquil or peaceful. Together, these qualities reflect a spirit that is calm, composed, and trusting in God. Historically, these virtues were countercultural, as the Greco-Roman world often valued assertiveness and dominance. In a Christian context, these traits are seen as reflections of Christ's own demeanor.

which is of great worth in God’s sight
The phrase "great worth" translates from the Greek "polyteles," indicating something precious or highly valued. This underscores the idea that God values inner character over external appearances. In the biblical narrative, God consistently looks at the heart, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7, where God tells Samuel that He looks at the heart rather than outward appearances. This perspective encourages believers to prioritize spiritual growth and character development, knowing that these are what truly matter to God.

For this is how
This phrase introduces a pattern or example that is being set forth. The Greek word "houtōs" (οὕτως) implies a manner or way of doing something. It suggests that what follows is not merely a suggestion but a model to be emulated. In the context of the early church, this would have been a call to align with a tradition that was both respected and revered.

the holy women of the past
The term "holy" (Greek: "hagios") signifies being set apart for God, emphasizing the sanctity and reverence of these women. "Of the past" refers to the women of the Old Testament, such as Sarah, Rebecca, and others who are often cited as paragons of faith and virtue. These women are not just historical figures but are presented as spiritual ancestors whose lives were marked by a deep trust in God.

adorned themselves
The Greek word "kosmeō" (κοσμέω) is used here, which means to arrange or put in order, often used in the context of personal appearance. However, the emphasis is not on external beauty but on the inner qualities that reflect a heart devoted to God. This adornment is spiritual, characterized by virtues that are pleasing to God.

They put their hope in God
This phrase underscores the foundation of their adornment. The Greek word "elpizō" (ἐλπίζω) means to hope or trust, indicating a confident expectation. These women placed their trust not in worldly securities or appearances but in God Himself. This hope was active and living, shaping their actions and attitudes.

and were submissive to their husbands
The word "submissive" (Greek: "hypotassō," ὑποτάσσω) means to arrange under or to yield. In the biblical context, this is not about inferiority but about a willing and loving deference that reflects the order and harmony God designed for marriage. This submission is rooted in mutual respect and love, mirroring the relationship between Christ and the Church.

just as Sarah obeyed Abraham
The phrase "just as Sarah obeyed Abraham" draws us back to the Old Testament, specifically to the narrative of Sarah and Abraham in Genesis. The Greek word for "obeyed" is "hypakouō," which implies attentive listening and submission. Sarah's obedience is not merely a passive act but a conscious decision to respect and follow Abraham's leadership. In a historical context, Sarah's obedience is significant as it reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Near Eastern societies, where the family unit was central, and the husband often held a leadership role. This phrase encourages Christian wives to emulate Sarah's example of respect and partnership within the marital relationship, aligning with the broader biblical theme of mutual submission and love.

and called him lord
The term "lord" in this context is translated from the Greek word "kyrios," which can mean master or husband. It reflects a title of respect and honor. In Genesis 18:12, Sarah refers to Abraham as "lord," indicating her recognition of his role and authority within their marriage. This is not to suggest a servile relationship but rather one of mutual respect and acknowledgment of roles. In the conservative Christian perspective, this phrase underscores the importance of honoring one's spouse and recognizing the God-given roles within marriage, which are meant to reflect Christ's relationship with the Church.

You are her children
The phrase "You are her children" is metaphorical, indicating that those who follow Sarah's example of faith and obedience are her spiritual descendants. In the New Testament, being a "child" of someone often implies sharing in their faith and virtues. This concept is rooted in the Jewish understanding of lineage, where spiritual heritage is as significant as biological descent. For Christians, this means that by emulating Sarah's faith and conduct, they become part of a spiritual family that transcends ethnic and cultural boundaries.

if you do what is right
The condition "if you do what is right" emphasizes the importance of righteous living. The Greek word for "right" is "agathopoieō," which means to do good or to act rightly. This aligns with the broader biblical call to live a life that reflects God's righteousness and holiness. In the context of 1 Peter, this involves living in a way that honors God, respects others, and upholds the teachings of Christ. It is a call to active faith, where belief is demonstrated through actions.

and refuse to give way to fear
The phrase "and refuse to give way to fear" is a powerful exhortation to live courageously. The Greek word for "fear" is "phobos," which can mean terror or dread. In the historical context of 1 Peter, early Christians faced persecution and social ostracism, which could easily lead to fear. This phrase encourages believers to stand firm in their faith, trusting in God's sovereignty and protection. It is a reminder that true faith casts out fear, as believers are called to rely on God's strength and promises rather than succumbing to anxiety or intimidation. This message is timeless, encouraging Christians today to live boldly and confidently in their faith, regardless of external circumstances.

Husbands, in the same way
This phrase connects the instructions to husbands with the preceding verses, where Peter addresses wives. The Greek word for "in the same way" (ὁμοίως, homoiōs) suggests a parallel in behavior and attitude. Just as wives are called to a certain conduct, husbands are also called to a Christ-like demeanor, emphasizing mutual respect and love within the marriage relationship.

treat your wives with consideration
The Greek word for "consideration" (γνώσις, gnōsis) implies understanding and knowledge. Husbands are encouraged to live with their wives in an understanding way, recognizing their needs, emotions, and perspectives. This reflects a deep, empathetic engagement, where the husband is attentive and responsive to his wife's well-being.

as a delicate vessel
The term "delicate vessel" (ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει, asthenesterō skeuei) has been interpreted in various ways, often understood as acknowledging the physical differences between men and women. However, it also conveys the idea of preciousness and value. In ancient times, vessels were often made of clay or precious metals, and their worth was not just in their strength but in their purpose and beauty. This metaphor calls husbands to treat their wives with care and respect, recognizing their intrinsic value.

and with honor
The Greek word for "honor" (τιμή, timē) denotes respect, value, and esteem. Husbands are called to honor their wives, acknowledging their worth and treating them with dignity. This aligns with the biblical principle of love and respect within marriage, where both partners are seen as equal in value before God.

as fellow heirs of the gracious gift of life
This phrase emphasizes the spiritual equality of husbands and wives. The term "fellow heirs" (συγκληρονόμοι, synklēronomoi) indicates that both share equally in the inheritance of eternal life through Christ. The "gracious gift of life" underscores the unmerited favor of God, reminding believers that salvation and life are gifts from God, not earned by works. This perspective fosters a sense of unity and shared purpose in marriage.

so that your prayers will not be hindered
The Greek word for "hindered" (ἐγκόπτεσθαι, enkoptesthai) means to be obstructed or cut off. This warning highlights the spiritual consequences of failing to live in harmony and understanding with one's spouse. A lack of consideration and honor in the marital relationship can disrupt one's spiritual life, including the efficacy of prayer. This serves as a sobering reminder of the interconnectedness of our relationships with others and our relationship with God.

Finally
The word "finally" serves as a transition, indicating that Peter is drawing his previous instructions to a conclusion. In Greek, the term is "telos," which implies reaching a goal or an end. This suggests that the exhortations that follow are the culmination of Peter's teachings on Christian conduct, emphasizing their importance in the life of a believer.

all of you
This phrase underscores the inclusivity of Peter's message. The Greek "pantes" means everyone without exception, indicating that these instructions are not just for leaders or a select group but for the entire Christian community. It reflects the communal nature of the early church, where unity and collective responsibility were paramount.

be like-minded
The Greek word "homophrones" is used here, which means to be of one mind or to have unity in thought and purpose. This reflects the early church's emphasis on doctrinal unity and harmony among believers. It is a call to set aside personal differences for the greater good of the community, echoing Paul's teachings in Philippians 2:2.

and sympathetic
The term "sympathetic" comes from the Greek "sympathes," meaning to share in the feelings of others. This reflects the Christian call to empathy and compassion, aligning with the teachings of Jesus to love one's neighbor as oneself. It is a reminder that believers are to support one another emotionally and spiritually.

love as brothers
The phrase "love as brothers" translates from the Greek "philadelphos," which combines "philos" (love) and "adelphos" (brother). This term emphasizes the familial bond among Christians, suggesting that the love shared within the church should mirror the deep, unconditional love found in a family. It is a call to genuine affection and care for one another.

be tender-hearted
The Greek word "eusplagchnos" is used here, which literally means "good-hearted" or "compassionate." This term conveys a deep-seated kindness and mercy that should characterize the interactions among believers. It reflects the heart of Christ, who was moved with compassion for those in need.

and humble
The word "humble" is translated from the Greek "tapeinophron," which means lowly in mind. This is a call to humility, a virtue highly esteemed in Christian teaching. It involves recognizing one's own limitations and valuing others above oneself, as exemplified by Christ in Philippians 2:3-8. Humility is foundational to Christian character, fostering unity and peace within the community.

Do not repay evil with evil
This phrase emphasizes the Christian ethic of non-retaliation. The Greek word for "evil" is "kakos," which refers to that which is harmful or morally wrong. In the historical context of the early church, Christians often faced persecution and hostility. The instruction here is counter-cultural, urging believers to break the cycle of retribution. Instead of responding in kind, Christians are called to a higher standard, reflecting the teachings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:38-48).

or insult with insult
The Greek word for "insult" is "loidoría," which means abusive or slanderous speech. In a world where honor and shame were significant cultural values, responding to an insult with another insult was a common way to defend one's honor. However, Peter instructs believers to refrain from this natural human reaction. This aligns with Jesus' teaching to turn the other cheek (Matthew 5:39), promoting a spirit of humility and forgiveness.

but with blessing
The Greek word for "blessing" is "eulogia," which means to speak well of or to invoke divine favor upon someone. This radical response to evil and insult is rooted in the Christian understanding of grace. By blessing those who wrong us, believers mirror the character of God, who blesses both the righteous and the unrighteous (Matthew 5:45). This practice not only transforms the believer's heart but also has the potential to transform relationships and communities.

because to this you were called
The phrase "to this you were called" indicates that responding with blessing is not just a suggestion but a divine calling for Christians. The Greek word "kaleō" means to call or invite, suggesting a purposeful and intentional action. This calling is part of the believer's identity in Christ, who Himself exemplified this behavior by forgiving those who crucified Him (Luke 23:34).

so that you may inherit a blessing
The concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in biblical theology, often associated with the promises of God to His people. The Greek word "klēronomeō" means to receive an inheritance. This promise of blessing is both present and future, encompassing the peace and joy found in living according to God's will now, and the eternal reward awaiting believers. This assurance encourages Christians to persevere in doing good, trusting that God is faithful to His promises.

For
This word introduces a reason or explanation, connecting the current verse to the preceding context. In 1 Peter 3, Peter is discussing the conduct of believers, emphasizing harmony, compassion, and humility. The word "For" indicates that what follows is a rationale for the behavior he advocates.

Whoever would love life
The phrase "would love life" suggests a desire for a fulfilling and meaningful existence. In the Greek, the word for "love" (agapao) implies a deep, committed affection. This is not merely about physical survival but about cherishing life as a gift from God, aligning with the biblical view that life is sacred and should be lived in accordance with divine principles.

and see good days
"See good days" refers to experiencing a life filled with blessings and well-being. The Greek word for "good" (agathos) encompasses moral goodness and beneficial outcomes. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of shalom, a state of peace and completeness. The promise of "good days" is contingent upon living in a way that honors God.

must keep his tongue from evil
The phrase "keep his tongue from evil" underscores the importance of self-control in speech. The Greek word for "keep" (pauo) means to stop or restrain. This echoes the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, particularly Proverbs, which frequently warns against the destructive power of the tongue. In a historical context, speech was a primary means of influence and power, making its control vital for a righteous life.

and his lips from deceitful speech
"Deceitful speech" involves lying or misleading others. The Greek word for "deceitful" (dolos) implies trickery or cunning. This admonition aligns with the biblical call to truthfulness, as seen in the Ten Commandments and the teachings of Jesus. In the early Christian community, integrity in communication was essential for maintaining trust and unity among believers.

He must turn from evil
The phrase "turn from evil" is rooted in the Greek word "ekklino," which means to deviate or turn away from a path. In the context of 1 Peter, this is a call to repentance and a conscious decision to reject sin. Historically, the early Christians were often surrounded by pagan practices and moral corruption. This directive emphasizes the need for a deliberate and active choice to abandon sinful behaviors and align oneself with God's will. The act of turning away from evil is not passive but requires vigilance and determination, reflecting a heart transformed by the Holy Spirit.

and do good
The Greek word for "do" here is "poieo," which implies action and creation. "Good" is translated from "agathos," meaning beneficial or virtuous. This phrase calls believers to not only avoid evil but to actively engage in righteous deeds. In the historical context of the early church, doing good was a powerful testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel. Christians were known for their acts of charity, kindness, and justice, which set them apart in a world often characterized by self-interest and moral decay. This call to action is a reminder that faith is demonstrated through works, as echoed in James 2:17.

he must seek peace
The word "seek" comes from the Greek "zeteo," which means to strive for or desire earnestly. "Peace" is translated from "eirene," which encompasses not only the absence of conflict but also the presence of harmony and wholeness. In the scriptural context, peace is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and a reflection of God's kingdom. The early Christians were often persecuted, and seeking peace was both a personal and communal endeavor. It involved fostering reconciliation and unity within the church and with outsiders. This pursuit of peace is a call to embody the peace of Christ, which surpasses all understanding (Philippians 4:7).

and pursue it
The term "pursue" is derived from the Greek "dioko," which means to follow after or chase with intensity. This suggests an active and persistent effort to maintain peace. In the historical context, the early church faced internal and external conflicts, and the pursuit of peace required diligence and perseverance. This phrase underscores the importance of not only desiring peace but also taking concrete steps to achieve and sustain it. It is a call to be peacemakers, as Jesus taught in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:9), reflecting the heart of God who desires reconciliation and unity among His people.

For the eyes of the Lord
The phrase "the eyes of the Lord" is a powerful anthropomorphism, attributing human characteristics to God to convey His omniscience and watchfulness. In the Greek, "ophthalmoi" (eyes) signifies not just physical sight but a deep, penetrating awareness. This reflects the biblical truth that God is all-seeing and all-knowing, as seen in Proverbs 15:3, "The eyes of the LORD are in every place, keeping watch on the evil and the good." This is a comforting assurance for believers, knowing that God is intimately aware of their lives and circumstances.

are on the righteous
The term "righteous" (Greek: "dikaios") refers to those who are in right standing with God, not by their own merit but through faith in Jesus Christ. This righteousness is both imputed and imparted, meaning believers are declared righteous through Christ's sacrifice and are also called to live righteously. The historical context of Peter's letter, written to Christians facing persecution, underscores the encouragement that God is attentive to those who strive to live according to His will.

and His ears are inclined to their prayer
The imagery of God's ears being "inclined" (Greek: "eisakouei") suggests an active, attentive listening. This is not a passive hearing but a readiness to respond. In the ancient Near Eastern context, gods were often seen as distant and unapproachable, but the God of Israel is depicted as personal and relational. This assurance is echoed in Psalm 34:15, reinforcing the idea that God is eager to hear the prayers of His people, especially in times of distress.

But the face of the Lord
"Face" (Greek: "prosopon") in biblical terms often signifies presence and favor. However, when turned against someone, it indicates disfavor and judgment. The "face of the Lord" being against someone is a serious matter, as it implies divine opposition. This is a sobering reminder of God's holiness and justice, as seen in passages like Leviticus 20:6, where God sets His face against those who turn to other gods.

is against those who do evil
"Evil" (Greek: "kakopoios") refers to actions that are morally wrong and contrary to God's nature. The historical context of Peter's audience, who were surrounded by pagan practices and persecution, highlights the stark contrast between the righteous and the wicked. This phrase serves as both a warning and a call to repentance, emphasizing that God's justice will ultimately prevail. It aligns with the broader biblical narrative that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6).

Who will harm you
This phrase invites reflection on the nature of divine protection and the assurance of God's sovereignty over the lives of believers. The Greek word for "harm" here is "κακώσων" (kakoson), which implies doing evil or inflicting injury. Historically, early Christians faced persecution, yet Peter encourages them to consider the ultimate powerlessness of their persecutors in the face of God's overarching plan. This rhetorical question suggests that, while physical harm may occur, spiritual harm is under God's control, and He is the ultimate protector of the soul.

if you are zealous
The word "zealous" is translated from the Greek "ζηλωταί" (zelotai), which conveys a fervent and enthusiastic commitment. In the context of early Christianity, zeal was a defining characteristic of the apostles and early believers, who were passionate about spreading the Gospel despite opposition. This zeal is not merely emotional but is rooted in a deep conviction and dedication to living out the teachings of Christ. Historically, zeal was also associated with the Jewish Zealots, who were fervent in their resistance to Roman rule, but Peter redirects this concept towards a spiritual zeal for goodness.

for what is good
The phrase "what is good" is derived from the Greek "τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ" (tou agathou), which refers to moral excellence and virtuous conduct. In the biblical context, "good" is not subjective but is defined by God's standards as revealed through Scripture. The early church was called to be a light in a dark world, exemplifying the goodness of God through their actions and character. This goodness is a reflection of God's nature and is a powerful testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel. Historically, the Christian commitment to good works, charity, and moral integrity set them apart in the Roman world and often protected them from harm, as their lives bore witness to a higher calling.

But even if you should suffer for what is right
This phrase acknowledges the reality of suffering for righteousness, a theme prevalent throughout the New Testament. The Greek word for "suffer" is "πάσχω" (paschō), which implies enduring hardship or pain. Historically, early Christians faced persecution for their faith, often at the hands of both Jewish and Roman authorities. This suffering is not without purpose; it aligns believers with Christ, who also suffered unjustly. The phrase "for what is right" emphasizes the moral and ethical standards that Christians are called to uphold, even in the face of adversity. It is a call to maintain integrity and righteousness, reflecting the character of Christ.

you are blessed
The Greek word for "blessed" is "μακάριος" (makarios), which conveys a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity, often associated with divine favor. This blessing is not necessarily material but is a profound sense of joy and peace that comes from being in right standing with God. In the context of suffering, this blessing is counterintuitive; it suggests that enduring hardship for righteousness' sake is a mark of God's approval and presence. Historically, this assurance would have been a source of great comfort to early Christians who faced persecution, reminding them that their suffering was not in vain.

'Do not fear their threats; do not be frightened.'
This quotation echoes Isaiah 8:12, where the prophet Isaiah encourages the Israelites not to fear the conspiracies and threats of their enemies. The Greek word for "fear" is "φοβέομαι" (phobeomai), which means to be afraid or terrified. The repetition of the command not to fear underscores the importance of trusting in God's sovereignty and protection. In a historical context, early Christians were often threatened with imprisonment, torture, or death. This exhortation serves as a reminder that their ultimate allegiance is to God, who is greater than any earthly power. The phrase "do not be frightened" further emphasizes the call to courage and faith, encouraging believers to stand firm in their convictions despite external pressures.

But in your hearts
The phrase "in your hearts" emphasizes the internal, personal nature of faith. In the Greek, "kardia" refers not just to the physical heart but to the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. This suggests that the sanctification of Christ is not merely an external act but a deep, internal commitment. Historically, the heart has been seen as the seat of moral and spiritual life, indicating that this sanctification is foundational to one's entire being.

sanctify Christ as Lord
The term "sanctify" comes from the Greek "hagiazō," meaning to set apart as holy or to consecrate. This implies a deliberate and reverent acknowledgment of Christ's divine authority and lordship over one's life. In a historical context, early Christians faced persecution for their faith, and this call to sanctify Christ as Lord was a radical declaration of allegiance to Jesus above all earthly powers. It is a call to prioritize Christ's teachings and presence in every aspect of life.

Always be prepared
"Always" indicates a continuous state of readiness, while "be prepared" translates from the Greek "hetoimos," meaning to be ready or equipped. This suggests a proactive approach to faith, where believers are encouraged to be constantly ready to articulate their beliefs. In the early church, this readiness was crucial as Christians often faced challenges and questions about their faith in a predominantly pagan society.

to give a defense
The word "defense" is from the Greek "apologia," which refers to a reasoned argument or explanation. This is the root of the term "apologetics," the discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Historically, this was vital for early Christians who needed to explain and justify their faith amidst skepticism and persecution.

to everyone who asks you
This phrase underscores the universal scope of the Christian witness. "Everyone" implies no discrimination in sharing the faith, reflecting the inclusive nature of the Gospel. The early church was marked by its outreach to diverse groups, and this call to readiness to share with "everyone" reflects the missionary zeal that characterized the spread of Christianity.

the reason for the hope that is in you
"Reason" comes from the Greek "logos," meaning word, reason, or principle. "Hope" is "elpis," denoting a confident expectation. This hope is not a vague wish but a firm assurance rooted in the resurrection of Christ and the promises of God. In the historical context of suffering and persecution, this hope was a powerful testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel.

But respond with gentleness and respect
"Gentleness" translates from "prautēs," indicating humility and meekness, while "respect" is from "phobos," often meaning reverence or awe. This instruction highlights the manner in which believers are to engage with others—marked by humility and a respectful demeanor. In a world often characterized by hostility and division, this approach reflects the character of Christ and the transformative nature of His teachings. Historically, this gentle and respectful witness was a stark contrast to the often harsh and combative discourse of the time, serving as a powerful testament to the love and grace of God.

keeping a clear conscience
The phrase "keeping a clear conscience" emphasizes the importance of maintaining moral integrity and purity of heart. The Greek word for "conscience" is "syneidēsis," which refers to an internal awareness of moral or ethical standards. In the context of early Christianity, maintaining a clear conscience was crucial for believers facing persecution and false accusations. A clear conscience before God and man serves as a powerful testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel. It reflects a life lived in accordance with God's commandments and the teachings of Jesus Christ, providing inner peace and confidence in the face of external challenges.

so that those who slander you
The phrase "so that those who slander you" acknowledges the reality of opposition and false accusations that Christians may face. The Greek word for "slander" is "katalaleō," meaning to speak against or defame. In the historical context of 1 Peter, early Christians were often misunderstood and maligned by their contemporaries. This phrase serves as a reminder that living a godly life does not exempt believers from criticism or hostility. However, it also implies that the conduct of Christians should be so exemplary that any accusations against them would be unfounded and ultimately discredit the accusers.

may be put to shame
The phrase "may be put to shame" suggests a reversal of roles where the accusers, rather than the accused, are disgraced. The Greek word "kataischunō" means to dishonor or humiliate. In a biblical sense, this shame is not merely about personal embarrassment but a recognition of the truth and righteousness of the believer's conduct. The idea is that the integrity and good works of Christians will eventually reveal the baselessness of the slander, leading to the accusers' own discredit. This reflects a broader biblical principle that God vindicates His people and that truth ultimately prevails over falsehood.

by your good behavior
The phrase "by your good behavior" underscores the importance of living a life that reflects the teachings of Christ. The Greek word for "behavior" is "anastrophē," which refers to one's conduct or way of life. This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe the ethical and moral standards expected of believers. In the context of 1 Peter, "good behavior" is not just about avoiding wrongdoing but actively doing good, demonstrating love, kindness, and integrity. Such behavior serves as a powerful witness to the transformative power of the Gospel and can lead others to glorify God.

in Christ
The phrase "in Christ" is central to understanding the source and motivation for the believer's conduct. The Greek preposition "en" denotes a position or state of being, indicating that the believer's identity and actions are rooted in their relationship with Jesus Christ. This union with Christ is foundational to the Christian life, providing the strength and guidance needed to live righteously. It is through Christ that believers receive the grace and power to maintain a clear conscience and exhibit good behavior. This phrase also highlights the communal aspect of the Christian faith, as believers are united with Christ and with one another in their pursuit of holiness and witness to the world.

For it is better
The phrase "for it is better" suggests a comparison and a choice between two paths. The Greek word used here is "κρεῖττον" (kreitton), which implies a more advantageous or beneficial option. In the context of Christian suffering, this phrase encourages believers to choose the path of righteousness, even when it leads to suffering. Historically, early Christians faced persecution, and this exhortation would have been a source of comfort and guidance, reminding them that their suffering had a purpose and was preferable to the consequences of sin.

if it is God’s will
This phrase acknowledges the sovereignty of God in the lives of believers. The Greek word "θέλημα" (thelēma) refers to God's will or desire. This highlights the Christian belief that nothing happens outside of God's divine plan. The early church understood suffering as part of God's will, a concept that provided them with strength and hope. It reassures believers that their trials are not random but are allowed by God for a greater purpose, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of trusting in God's plan.

to suffer for doing good
"Suffer for doing good" emphasizes the noble and righteous path of enduring hardship for the sake of righteousness. The Greek word "πάσχειν" (paschein) means to suffer or endure pain. This suffering is not in vain but is a testament to one's faith and commitment to Christ. Historically, Christians were often misunderstood and maligned, yet their steadfastness in doing good, despite persecution, served as a powerful witness to their faith. This phrase encourages believers to remain steadfast in their good works, trusting that their suffering is meaningful.

than for doing evil
The contrast "than for doing evil" serves as a moral and ethical guideline for Christians. The Greek word "κακοποιεῖν" (kakopoiein) means to do evil or harm. This part of the verse underscores the futility and negative consequences of suffering due to one's own wrongdoing. It serves as a warning and a call to live a life of integrity and righteousness. In the historical context, this would have been a reminder to the early church to maintain their moral standards, even under pressure, as suffering for wrongdoing brings no glory to God and no benefit to the believer.

For Christ also suffered
The phrase "For Christ also suffered" connects the suffering of Christ to the broader theme of suffering in the Christian life. The Greek word for "suffered" is "ἔπαθεν" (epathen), which implies enduring pain or hardship. This suffering is not just physical but encompasses the totality of Christ's sacrificial experience. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which foretold the suffering servant. Christ's suffering is a model for believers, demonstrating that suffering can have a redemptive purpose.

for sins once for all
The phrase "for sins once for all" emphasizes the completeness and sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice. The Greek term "ἅπαξ" (hapax) means "once" or "once for all," indicating that Christ's sacrificial act was definitive and unrepeatable. This contrasts with the repeated sacrifices of the Old Testament, as described in Hebrews 10:10, which were a shadow of the ultimate sacrifice of Christ. Theologically, this underscores the finality of Christ's atonement, providing eternal redemption for those who believe.

the righteous for the unrighteous
Here, "the righteous for the unrighteous" highlights the substitutionary nature of Christ's atonement. The Greek word "δίκαιος" (dikaios) means "righteous" or "just," referring to Christ's sinless nature. In contrast, "ἀδίκων" (adikon) means "unrighteous" or "wicked," describing humanity's sinful state. This substitutionary atonement is central to the gospel message, where the sinless Christ took upon Himself the sins of the world, as seen in 2 Corinthians 5:21. It is a profound demonstration of God's love and justice.

to bring you to God
The purpose of Christ's suffering is "to bring you to God." The Greek word "προσαγάγω" (prosagagō) means "to bring" or "to lead," indicating a movement towards reconciliation and relationship. This phrase encapsulates the heart of the gospel: restoring the broken relationship between humanity and God. Through Christ's sacrifice, believers are granted access to God, as emphasized in Ephesians 2:18, where both Jews and Gentiles are brought near through Christ.

He was put to death in the body
The phrase "He was put to death in the body" refers to the physical death of Christ. The Greek word "θανατωθείς" (thanatōtheis) means "put to death" or "killed," underscoring the reality of Christ's crucifixion. This historical event is central to Christian faith, as it fulfills the prophecies of a suffering Messiah and demonstrates the extent of God's love for humanity. The physical death of Christ is a testament to His full humanity and His willingness to endure the ultimate sacrifice.

but made alive in the Spirit
Finally, "but made alive in the Spirit" speaks to the resurrection and the power of the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "ζῳοποιηθείς" (zōopoiētheis) means "made alive" or "quickened," indicating the transformative power of the resurrection. This phrase highlights the victory of Christ over death and His exaltation by the Spirit. Theologically, it assures believers of their future resurrection and the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit, as seen in Romans 8:11. It is a promise of new life and eternal hope for all who are in Christ.

in which
This phrase connects the preceding context, specifically referring to the spiritual state or condition through which Christ acted. The Greek phrase "ἐν ᾧ" (en hō) suggests a state of being or a condition. In the broader context of 1 Peter, this refers to the spiritual realm or condition following Christ's resurrection, emphasizing His divine authority and power over all realms.

He also went
The Greek word "πορευθεὶς" (poreutheis) is used here, indicating a purposeful journey or mission. This suggests that Christ's actions were intentional and deliberate. Historically, this has been interpreted to mean that after His crucifixion and before His resurrection, Christ made a specific journey to accomplish a divine purpose, underscoring His sovereignty and the fulfillment of His redemptive work.

and preached
The term "ἐκήρυξεν" (ekēryxen) is derived from the Greek word for "herald" or "proclaim." This is not merely a casual conversation but an authoritative declaration. In the context of 1 Peter, it implies that Christ proclaimed victory and the fulfillment of God's plan. This proclamation is seen as a message of triumph over sin and death, reinforcing the hope and assurance of salvation for believers.

to the spirits
The word "πνεύμασιν" (pneumasin) refers to non-corporeal beings, often interpreted as either fallen angels or the souls of the deceased. Theologically, this has been a point of much debate, but within a conservative Christian perspective, it is often seen as Christ addressing those who were disobedient in the days of Noah, as mentioned in the following verses. This highlights the comprehensive scope of Christ's redemptive work.

in prison
The Greek term "φυλακῇ" (phylakē) denotes a place of confinement or holding. This is not a physical prison but a spiritual state of captivity. In the context of 1 Peter, it suggests a temporary state where these spirits awaited the final judgment. This imagery reinforces the concept of Christ's authority over all spiritual realms and His power to liberate and redeem.

who disobeyed long ago
This phrase refers to those who lived in the time before the flood, specifically the generation that was characterized by widespread wickedness and rebellion against God. The Greek word for "disobeyed" is "ἀπειθέω" (apeitheō), which implies a willful refusal to be persuaded or to comply with divine instruction. This disobedience highlights the moral decay and spiritual blindness prevalent in that era, serving as a warning to future generations about the consequences of turning away from God.

when God waited patiently
The patience of God is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, demonstrating His longsuffering nature and desire for repentance rather than judgment. The Greek word "μακροθυμία" (makrothymia) is used here, indicating a long-suffering endurance. This patience is not passive but active, as God provides opportunities for repentance and salvation. It underscores His merciful character, even in the face of human rebellion.

in the days of Noah
This phrase situates the narrative in a specific historical context, referring to the time period described in Genesis 6-9. Noah is a pivotal figure, known for his righteousness and obedience amidst a corrupt generation. The "days of Noah" symbolize a time of impending judgment but also of divine grace, as God provided a means of salvation through the ark. This period serves as a typological foreshadowing of the final judgment and the salvation offered through Christ.

while the ark was being built
The construction of the ark was a tangible expression of faith and obedience. The Greek word for "ark" is "κιβωτός" (kibōtos), which denotes a vessel or chest. The building of the ark, as described in Genesis, was a lengthy process, during which Noah preached righteousness (2 Peter 2:5). This period was marked by both divine patience and human perseverance, illustrating the partnership between God’s provision and human response.

In the ark a few people, only eight souls
The specificity of "eight souls" emphasizes the remnant theme prevalent in Scripture. The Greek word for "souls" is "ψυχαί" (psychai), referring to the entirety of a person. This small number highlights the scarcity of righteousness in Noah's time and serves as a reminder of the narrow path to salvation. It underscores the importance of faith and obedience in the face of widespread unbelief.

were saved through water
The phrase "saved through water" is rich with typological significance. The Greek word "διὰ" (dia) indicates the means by which salvation was accomplished. Water, which brought judgment upon the earth, simultaneously became the means of deliverance for Noah and his family. This duality prefigures Christian baptism, where water symbolizes both death to sin and new life in Christ (Romans 6:4). It serves as a powerful reminder of God’s ability to use elements of judgment as instruments of salvation.

And this water
The phrase "this water" refers back to the floodwaters in the time of Noah, as mentioned in the preceding verses. In the Greek, the word for water is "hydōr," which is a common term for water but here symbolizes a deeper spiritual truth. The floodwaters were both a means of judgment and salvation—judgment for the wicked and salvation for Noah and his family. This duality is crucial in understanding the typology of baptism as both a cleansing and a saving act.

symbolizes the baptism
The Greek word for "symbolizes" is "antitupos," meaning a corresponding type or figure. Baptism is not merely a ritualistic act but a profound spiritual reality that corresponds to the salvation experienced by Noah. It is a type of the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which believers participate in through faith. This typology underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

that now saves you also
The phrase emphasizes the present and active role of baptism in the believer's salvation. The Greek word "sōzō" for "saves" indicates deliverance and preservation. In a conservative Christian perspective, this does not imply that the act of baptism itself is salvific apart from faith, but rather that it is an outward expression of an inward grace, a means by which God imparts His saving grace to the believer.

not the removal of dirt from the body
This clarifies that baptism is not a mere physical cleansing. The Greek word "apothesis" for "removal" suggests a putting away or laying aside. The act of baptism transcends the physical act of washing; it is not about external purification but an internal transformation. This distinction is vital in understanding the sacramental nature of baptism as more than a ritualistic practice.

but the pledge of a clear conscience toward God
The word "pledge" in Greek is "eperōtēma," which can mean a response or appeal. This indicates that baptism is an appeal to God for a good conscience, a sincere commitment to live in accordance with His will. The "clear conscience" signifies a state of being free from guilt and shame, made possible through the atoning work of Christ. This highlights the relational aspect of baptism as a covenantal act between the believer and God.

It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ
The phrase underscores the foundational Christian belief that salvation is made possible through the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek word "anastasis" for "resurrection" signifies a rising up, a new life. Baptism is efficacious because it unites the believer with Christ in His death and resurrection, symbolizing the believer's own death to sin and new life in Christ. This is the cornerstone of Christian hope and the assurance of eternal life.

who has gone into heaven
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, emphasizing His ascension. The Greek word for "gone" is "poreuomai," which implies a purposeful journey. This is not merely a physical relocation but a triumphant return to His divine realm. The ascension signifies the completion of His earthly mission and His exaltation. Historically, the ascension is a pivotal event, marking the transition from Jesus' earthly ministry to His heavenly intercession. It assures believers of His ongoing work and presence in the heavenly realm.

and is at the right hand of God
The "right hand" is a position of honor and authority. In ancient cultures, sitting at the right hand of a king signified power and privilege. The Greek word "dexios" is used here, symbolizing Jesus' supreme authority and His role as the mediator between God and humanity. This imagery is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where the right hand signifies strength and favor. Scripturally, this position fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 110:1, affirming Jesus' divine authority and His role in the divine plan of salvation.

with angels, authorities, and powers
This phrase encompasses all spiritual beings and forces. The Greek terms "angelos" (angels), "exousia" (authorities), and "dynamis" (powers) indicate a hierarchy of spiritual entities. In the biblical context, these terms reflect the various ranks of both heavenly and fallen beings. The mention of these entities highlights the comprehensive scope of Christ's dominion. Historically, this would reassure early Christians of Christ's supremacy over all spiritual forces, a crucial encouragement amidst persecution and spiritual warfare.

subject to Him
The Greek word "hypotasso" means to arrange under or to subordinate. This word conveys the complete submission of all spiritual beings to Christ's authority. It underscores the totality of His victory over sin, death, and all spiritual adversaries. This subjection is not merely a future hope but a present reality, affirming the believer's confidence in Christ's ultimate control over all creation. This truth is foundational for Christian faith, providing assurance of Christ's sovereign rule and the eventual fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.