World Economy

Dinâmicas da Economia no Século XX
Paulo Roberto de Almeida*
Publicado in:
SILVA, Francisco Carlos Teixeira da (org.). Enciclopédia de Guerras e Revoluções do Século XX - As Grandes Transformações do Mundo Contemporâneo: Conflitos, Cultura e Comportamento (Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 2004. 963p., ISBN 85-352-1406-2)

Resumo: Ensaio sobre as grandes tendências da economia mundial no século XX, com ênfase nas transformações estruturais e institucionais de sua primeira metade, na expansão e crise da economia internacional no pós-II Guerra Mundial e nas características do processo de globalização capitalista do final do século XX e princípios do XXI (discussão sobre as desigualdades estruturais entre países e sociedades). Seções específicas do trabalho são dedicadas ao comércio (do liberalismo ao protecionismo e do multilateralismo ao neo-protecionismo), às finanças internacionais e ao câmbio (do padrão ouro ao padrão ouro-dólar e à flutuação generalizada de moedas) e à estrutura institucional da economia internacional no século XX.
Palavras-chave: economia internacional; organizações econômicas internacionais; comércio mundial; finanças; globalização.

Sumário:
I- As Grandes Tendências da Economia Mundial
II- Transformações Econômicas na Primeira Metade do Século XX
III- Expansão e Crise Econômica no pós-II Guerra Mundial
IV- Tendências do Comércio Mundial: Liberalismo, Protecionismo, Multilateralismo e Neo-Protecionismo
V- Tendências das Finanças Mundiais: Padrão-Ouro, Padrão Ouro-Dólar e Flutuação Generalizada de Moedas
VI- A Globalização Capitalista e as Desigualdades Estruturais
VII- A Estrutura Institucional da Economia Internacional

This paper presents a summary of the international literature published on the benefits of aviation weather services. Aviation operations are highly sensitive to weather conditions. Information on weather conditions helps meteorologists, pilots, navigators, airline companies and businesses to ensure safe flights and save money by reducing some of the stringent requirements related to carrying extra fuel loads. The development of constantly updated flight plans with respect to available weather information regarding changing wind and general weather conditions can enable aircraft to use fuel more efficiently and navigate their planes in safer environments that avoid turbulence and make air flights comfortable to the travelling public. The summary literature presented in this paper illustrates the importance of the work of meteorologists in the production of relevant information and data that are accessible to pilots and navigators. The pooling of meteorological information, data and ...

By 2050 world population could be around 9 billion people - to feed, clothe, transport, employ and educate. With our commitment to a growth-driven world economy that will face inflation, supply endless consumption to everyone, we add a digital device everyday that helps everyone to succeed and prosper. We have reached greatness, no doubt, but our magnificent successes will be matched by the growing Crisis of Success. As we pursue unlimited growth, our endless consumption threatens to warm the climate, overspending of our financial resources, requiring more fresh water than we have, increasing income inequality, diminishing other species and triggering shock waves whenever we are unable to cope with a problem. Billions of people are at the “bottom” of the economy. The middle class is becoming irrelevant in advanced societies. Many no longer believe today’s leaders can improve this, though they are increasing their power and digital devices. Leaders want new options as much as everyone else. Apparently, there is room to dream about a more successful world along with new technology. The big questions are: Can we envision a world where tech helps everyone succeed and prosper? Can that world be designed and built now, without waiting for “the future” to arrive?

The book makes an effort in investigating the present and future developments in the global economy, after the 2008 global financial and economic crisis. The results of the global crisis were devastating and destructive all around the world. The USA economy took significant damage when the crisis went into Europe, and it turned out a foreign debt crisis influencing European economies, including Iceland, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Italy. Consequently, the economic crises gave impetus to social uprisings and protest, and this led to giving populist and nationalist politicians the advantage to take the control of government. President Trump's “First USA Policy,” then, European populist and anti-EU politicians including, Le Pen, Wilders, Salvini, and Nigel Farage attack the post-war global economic order and structures like the European Union to vanish the full benefits and wealth of globalization process. After the crisis, the global economy evolved into protectionism, depending on the coming to power of populist leaders. President Trump entered into a great trade war with the European Union and China, later on. In this frame, the study examines the effects of populism/protectionism, which has upsurged after the 2008 crisis, on the global economy in various dimensions.

According to the common idea, " the economic power determines the political power." By this general principle, when we look at the powerful states, we see that these states (countries) have, at the same time, the powerful political effect on the other actors. In this paper, some trade and economic data of Turkey are shown in order to localize its place in the World rankings. By this purpose, this paper argues the fact that Turkey which, being one of the countries belonging G-20, has tried since 1991 to play a big role in its bilateral relations in Caucasia, Central Asia and Middle East (CCAME). However, when the data of international business of Turkey and those of each one of the countries of Central Asia treated in the contents of research are studied, it is seen very clearly that the influence of Turkey in Central Asia is not very dominant or does not create a dominating effect over the economic plan in spite of the existence of the diplomatic effects, visa facilities and the visits based upon the cultural level and mutually testified. Without any doubt, although nobody can deny the existence and the probability of the gradual growth of Turkey's relations in CCAME's countries, Turkey, whose face is turned mainly towards the occident and the large majority of trade made within the European countries, tries to be an influential actor in the determined areas. Naturally, in spite of the celebration of Nawruz with the Turkic World, acting as a Muslim country in Middle East, and accepting the norms of European Union as a European democratic and laicized country in Eu-rope, Turkey presents several identities and makes it a multi-colored actor who can be used in favor of Turkey's interests.

interdependence and mutual interest have often brought the two countries together in the international arena, differences in their political systems and cultural backgrounds and a historic lack of mutual trust have often generated political tensions. It should be noted at the outset that many of the issues that have motivated US economic sanctions against China are politically sensitive and highly controversial. China has consistently denied the allegations on which US sanctions have been based and disputed the rationale for the sanctions. Despite claims in recent years that the two countries are committed to building a constructive and strategic partnership, US economic sanctions against China are likely to persist. This is due to the delicate and fragile nature of their relationship. As Ross (1998) points out, instability arises from such factors as historical legacies, elite and societal ideological differences, interest groups, and domestic economic and political interests. Thus, US economic sanctions against China pose an issue of long-term relevance for both policy and international business research. This study focuses on the economic and business impact of US sanctions against China. The consequences of sanctions are evaluated from both countries' perspectives at both the macro-and the microeconomic levels. At the macroeconomic level, we examine how sanctions have affected trade flows (both exports and imports), investments, employment and overall economic development. At the microeconomic level, we highlight the impact on selected industry sectors. 2. US ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGAINST CHINA US economic sanctions against China can be divided into three major categories: (1) US laws and regulations that apply to China but are not exclusive to China; (2) Multilateral sanctions that the US leads or participates in that apply to China but are not exclusive to China; and (3) US sanctions imposed specifically on China, although such sanctions may not necessarily be unique for China. a. US Trade Laws and Regulations that Apply to Trade with China US trade laws and regulations that affect US-China trade the most are export controls. There are two principal statutes that govern US export controls pertaining to China today: (1) The Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, which controls 'dual-use' items and is administered by the Department of Commerce-these items comprise what is often called the 'Commerce Control List', or CCL; (2) The Arms Export Control Act, which targets munitions items and is administered by the Department of State. These items constitute the 'US Munitions List', or USML. These two statutes govern exports of commercial US ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGAINST CHINA 1049 © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004 communication satellites, high-performance computers, machine tools and other 'dual-use' or high-tech products. b. Multilateral Sanctions The United States has led and joined a number of multilateral arrangements to enforce a uniform export control policy (EAA, 1979). The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls is one such example. Until its dissolution in March 1994, the Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) was the primary multinational export control organisation through which the United States and the other member countries controlled the export of items for security purposes. China was a COCOM-proscribed country among other Communist countries. In September 1996 COCOM was replaced by a new multinational organisation-the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies. The Wassenaar Arrangement maintains a control list of export items similar to the previous COCOM list as it existed in 1993 (US House of Representatives, 1999). Some items in the Wassenaar control list are included in the US Commerce Control List and the remainders are included in the US Munitions List. This agreement, in theory, obligates other member countries to impose the same export controls on China as the United States imposes.

A clear and precise definition of globalisation is crucial to advance contemporary knowledge and policy. When taken to mean intemationalisation, liberalisation, universalisation or westernisation, ideas of globalisation reveal little new. Important novel insight is opened when globalisation is understood as the spread of transplanetary -and in recent times also increasingly supraterritorial -connections between people. That said, this conception needs to be carefully qualified in order to avoid globalist excesses.

This paper aims to identify the main causes of recent trade flows in OECD countries. The specific features of the study include the explicit introduction of R&D and FDI as the two important explanatory variables, unit root tests in the panel data framework and careful treatment of endogeneity. The main findings are that the levels and similarities of market size, domestic R&D stock and inward FDI stock are positively related to the volume of bilateral trade, while the distance between trading countries has a negative impact. These findings lend support to new trade, FDI and economic growth theories.

The coronavirus outbreak, Covid-19, began in December 31, 2019 in Wuhan, China and quite quickly was spread in 212 countries and territories around the world. In Albania the first cases of Covid-19 were confirmed in March 2020. Covid -19 pandemic emergency has transformed into a worldwide financial emergency, putting in danger the wellbeing, occupations and salaries of millions of individuals around the planet. Coronavirus devastatingly affects the monetary security and prosperity of families. Since March 2020, the world economy has shed more than 13.3 million positions – 55% of them lost by ladies – setting off broad joblessness and sharp decreases in family incomes. Albania has been hit by two crushing stuns with hardly a pause in between: The November 2019 earth quake and the Covid-19 pandemic in spring 2020 that has frozen huge pieces of the economy. These stuns rule ongoing financial turns of events and the close term viewpoint for the economy. The main objective of this study ...

The world is at shock by the attack of the corona virus within the last few weeks in China killing hundreds of people and became an epidemic through the world and created a sparkling chill through the global economy. The virus now rampaging in China can be more fatal and damaging.

Problem: The manufacturing of printed circuit board (PCB) has been popularly developed, which demands quality and being effective in increasing customers' satisfaction, decreasing costs, reducing defects and profitable warranty. However, practical experiences in the process of using statistic quality method-to be particularly significant in the manufacturing of PCB have shown over 60% of all circuit failures relating to the printing process which is the most critical step in PCB manufacturing. Approach: The aims of this research are to apply the Six-Sigma DMAIC to reduce the defects and improve the quality of PCB. At the beginning steps, process capability analysis (PCA) is employed to inspect and analyze the current printing operations. Afterwards, Taguchi method is applied to design experiments, analyze the significant factors and determine the optimum settings. Results: Taguchi is the core statistical tools for Six Sigma improvement and attaining a higher Six Sigma level, so by applying the optimal settings, the printing process can also be improved.

A popular view is that international terrorism is on the increase, that it is religiously motivated and that it has important adverse consequences. This paper investigates this view. It examines the empirical evidence on the causes of international terrorism from the late 1960s to the early 2000s and discovers that, while religion has had a part to play, explanations based on economics and politics appear to be consistent with the facts. Terrorists come from relatively poor and undemocratic countries and commit attacks in relatively rich and democratic ones. The paper then examines the micro, macro and global economic effects of international terrorism from both a theoretical and empirical angle, and discovers that the negative effect on domestic aggregate demand is temporary and the effect on aggregate supply insignificant. Finally, the paper explores policies to deal with international terrorism and demonstrates that this is complex. Analogies with conventional crime may be unhelpful.

This paper seeks to quantify the extent to which Turkey has a comparative advantage in the tomato, olive oil, and fruit juice industries and how this has changed over the period 1995-2005 in the EU market. To study Turkey's competitiveness and its progress two widely used indexes are calculated: the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and the comparative export performance (CEP) index. In addition, import demand functions of the EU are estimated for rival countries. Using regression analysis we hypothesize that if Turkey is a competitor for these countries, its price will have a statistically significant effect on export demand functions. Both index and regression results indicate that Turkey has a strikingly high comparative advantage in the fruit juice and olive oil markets in the EU but this is not the case in the tomato market. JEL Classification Codes: Q10, Q17, F14.

Issues concerning purchasing on-line, the medium of transaction via on-line or Internet, e-payment mode are among new challenges that require Islamic scholars and researchers to broaden the scope of definition of Shariah compliance e-commerce transaction. As Malaysia is heading towards e-commerce and purchasing on-line has no longer a new trend; the challenges arise for solution in accordance with Shariah principles. This paper will propose a model that comprises several components namely, the core Shariah component itself, sound technological means and regulatory body that supports e-commerce transactions.

In our days the demand for sea transport is in great importance. The commodities that are transported have many differences on the type and on the groups that they divided into.

Below there will be a presentation of the demand in our days for the sea transport and how this demand can be examined as a direct or not. The below project is separated into four (4), in my opinion, chapters and each one has divided into sub-chapters, so as to be understood that all the chapters are connected each other. The terms that examined in my project are all linked to the today's and tomorrow's phase of the shipping market and are all updated. However, it is well mentioned that the structure of the shipping market hasn't changed more, since their first steps after the World War II, when the demand for sea transport was in her maximum level. Since then, the commodities are traded in almost the same rhythm with differences in the types of goods and the number of the consumers, which now is more.

Begging from the first chapter, I make a presentation of the nature of transport demand. It is a part that cannot be examined correctly, if we neglect the fact that it is very important and vital term in our daily life. Of course, we have to consider the factors that affect the product's service, which are all connected each other and these are the price, the speed, the reliability and the security. They are also important the factors that determine the demand for the specific product. These are the tastes of the consumers, the number of consumers, the consumers' incomes, the prices of the related goods and finally the expectations of the consumers about future prices and incomes. In this part of presentation, I have to say that all the factors are not same and they are factors that can be settled as direct and indirect. The direct ones, are the speed, the safety, the reliability and the freight market. On the other hand, the indirect are all the factors that affect the demand or supply in the product's market.

Continuing my presentation, in the second chapter I am doing a report about the commodities that are traded by sea and their groups. This is a very extensive chapter, due to the fact that they exist, and so they are traded, many types of many commodities. These are divided into some groups so as to be easily accessed and examined each time. So, the commodities that are traded are collected from the Agricultural family, the Metal industry group, the forest products, the energy sector and other manufacturers and industrial materials. In today's shipping market, they are traded many types and many groups of different commodities. From bulk grain to ores and minerals. All these types of goods have not a common type of transportation and stowage, and that's why they are not available in the same time and price from other products. This division created the need for being categorized in bulk cargo and general cargo. Another type of goods being transported is the dangerous goods. In this category they belong specific commodities, which are all identified and selected from the IMO (International Maritime Organization), and divided into nine (9) classes depending on the dangerous level they belong to. The IMO also makes frequent revisions in the classes and in the types of stowage and handling with care of these goods.

In the third chapter, I make a review to the world economy in connection to the demand for sea transport. The aim of this chapter is to locate and explain the main terms that compose the meaning of demand. These are all connected and co-exist in the world economy. Terms like the freight rate market, the types of freight that exist, the Parcel Size Distribution Function (PSDF) are all relevant to the understanding of the demand for sea transport. In the presentation of the PSDF, there is also a sub-chapter explaining the purpose of this function, which is important too, including the factors that affect the shape of the PSDF.

Ending, in the fourth chapter, I selected to present all the costs that compose the transportation of the commodities demanded, from one place to another. The expenses arising from the transport of the goods, can be examined and divided into two main parts. The maritime transport costs and the overland transport costs. In the first case, the costs are al the expenses demanded for the safely transportation of the goods by sea. This include wages for the crew, fuel consumption, indemnity charges, perils, fees and port dues, operating costs, repairs and maintenance costs. The second part of costs are the overland costs and they are the expenses from the time the goods leave the ship till the time they arrive in the final destination, which is the consumers. In this case, we find costs for the warehouses, wages for the workmen, expenses arising from the operation of the railway or any other transport system the port has, the use of FLTs and many others.

Globalization is, nowadays, a concept heard and discussed all over the world. The internet has been a crucial element in the spread of the globalizing effects as well as the action of it itself. It’s intended in this paper, divided into three parts – «What is globalization?», «Brief History of the internet» and «The internet and globalization» –, to expose the Dynamics of the role of the internet in the globalization process and its effects worldwide.
//
Globalização é, hoje em dia, um termo ouvido e discutido em todos os cantos do mundo. A internet tem sido um elemento crucial na propagação dos efeitos globalizadores, assim como na própria ação. Pretende-se neste trabalho, dividido em três partes - «O que é a globalização?», «Breve História da internet» e «A internet e a globalização», expor o papel dinamizador da internet no processo de globalização e os seus efeitos a nível mundial.

The event of the United Kingdom, a great power of the world, leaving the EU is gaining the attention of the public. The people of this country have voted to choose the path that they think is best for their country, but there are many unanimous views that Brexit increases the risks for the global economy. At the same time, many EU member states as well as business partners suffer from certain effects. Understanding the magnitude of the problem, the article addresses the Brexit concept, thereby evaluating and analyzing its negative impacts on the global economy with the possible economic and financial implications brought about by Brexit.

Global integration of China and India has had quite different effects on the structural pattern of their economic growth. Manufacturing became the engine of economic growth in the former whereas the latter thrived due to the rapid growth of services sector. The implications of their present patterns of growth seem to be very favourable for long-term development. However, employment effects of their integration into the global economy are quite similar, and are evident in fast growth of labour, migration of skilled labour force to developed countries, decline of employment in formal sector and slow growth of regular wage employment. In this context, sustainability of the fast economic growth of China and India depends largely on the extent to which they are able to generate a process for steady expansion of regular wage employment and productivity of low skilled labour force.

İxtisas : Dövlət və Bələdiyyə idarəetməsi Fənn: Dünya İqtisadiyyatı Müəllim: Zamin Babaşov Mövzu: Cənubi Koreya Hazırladı: Salehov Həsən Cənubi Koreya Respublikası (대한민국 / 大韓民國 ) Şərqi Asiyada Koreya yarımadasıda yerləşən dövlətdir. Yarımadanın cənub hissəsində yerləşən Koreya Respublikasının sərhəd qonşuları Çin, Yaponiya və Şimali Koreyadır. Sahəsi 100 032 kvadrat kilometr, əhalisi 50 milyondan çoxdur. Paytaxtı Seul şəhəridir. Koreya Respublikası on altı inzibati dairədən ibarət prezident respublikasıdır. Hakimiyyət həm hüquqi, həm də faktiki baxımdan üç qol arasında -icraedici, məhkəmə və qanunverici hakimiyyətləri -bölünüb. Yerli hakimiyyət orqanları yarımmüstəqildirlər, onların da icraedici və qanunverici funksiyaları var. Yüksək həyat səviyyəsi ilə tanınan ölkələr sırasındadır. Asiyada dördüncü ən böyük iqtisadiyyata malik olan bu ölkə "Böyük 20-lər" (G20) qrupunun üzvüdür. 1948-ci ildə qəbul olunmuş konstitusiyaya sonrakı illərdə bəzi dəyişikliklər edilib. 1980-ci illərə kimi bir neçə hərbi diktatura hakimiyyətini sinaqdan keçirmiş Koreya Respublikası hazırda müvəffəqiyyətlə liberal demokratiyanı inkişaf etdirməkdədir, 188-dən çox ölkə ilə diplomatik əlaqə saxlayır. Tarixi Arxeoloji tapıntılar Koreya Yarımadasının Alt Paleolit çağında insanlar tərəfindən iqamət edildiyini göstərir. Koreya tarixi e.ə. 2333-cü ildə Gojoseon'un əfsanəvi Dan-gun tərəfindən qurulmasıyla başlayır. Silla altında e.ə. 668 də Koreyadakı Üç Krallığının birləşməsindən sonra Koreya bir dövlət olaraq Goryeo xanədanından və Joseon xanədanından var olmağa davam etdi, ta ki 1910'a, Koreya İmperatorluğu Yaponiya tərəfindən ilhaq edilənə qədər. Koreya II. Dünya Döyüşünün ardından Sovet və ABŞ-ın hərbi güclərindən qurtuluşu və işğalından sonra, Şimali Koreya və Cənubi Koreyaya bölündü. Cənubi Koreya ikinci bir demokratiya olaraq 1948-ci ildə quruldu.25 İyun 1950-ci ildə Cənubi Koreya, Şimali Koreyanın hərbi qüvvələri tərəfindən işğala məruz qaldı, iki Koreya arasında çıxan döyüş çətin bir atəşkəs sonrasında dayandı və iki ölkə arasındakı sərhəd bu günlərdə ən çox gücləndirilmiş mövqelərdən biridir.

В учебнике охвачены как научные проблемы международной экономической интеграции, путем изучения сущности, видов, форм, и теории региональной экономической интеграции (РЭИ), так и их практические вопросы, охватывающие современные тенденции развития РЭИ, подходы к оценке и их мониторингу, а также правила ВТО в отношении РЭИ. 


Каждая глава настоящего учебника для удобства освоения имеет одинаковое внутреннее строение. Она открывается списком основных учебных вопросов, после чего следует изложение их существа, которое завершается кратким выводом, перечнем вопросов и заданий для семинарского занятия, а также тестовыми вопросами.  Изложенные вопросы и задания для семинарского занятия предполагают дискуссионные обсуждения и сопоставление различных точек зрения.


Учебник состоит из 7 разделов, которые в свою очередь разбиты на 15 глав, охватывающих весь спектр отношений регулируемых международной экономической интеграцией. Таким образом, общий объем учебника составляет 278 страниц, в котором использованы ссылки на 34 русскоязычных и 135 англоязычных авторов и материалов.


Несмотря на то, что настоящий учебник составлен полностью исходя из современного состояния региональных интеграционных процессов в разных странах, он описывает также и исторические этапы их развития. В процессе работы, также были широко использованы обширные источники актуальных статистических данных по состоянию на 2018-2019 гг.


Учебник предназначен для студентов, изучающих учебную дисциплину «Международная экономическая интеграция» и обучающихся по направлению подготовки: «Мировая экономика» (квалификация (степень) «бакалавр» и «магистр»).

ARMENIAN TRADE CAPITAL AS WORLD-ECONOMY
and the Challenges of the Industrial Era

Smbat Kh. Hovhannisyan

Key words – Armenian merchants, Armenian Trade Capital, New Julfa, Fernand Braudel, Global History, Time's Rhythms, World-Economy, Challenges of Civilizations.

This article discusses issues of Armenian trade capital in the context of Fernand Braudel’s theory of civilizations. While this topic was subject to a great deal of research, most researchers have discuss primarily political and economic aspects of trade capital. New approaches provide the opportunity to discuss the topic from the point of view of theory of civilizations.  One of these is the comparative method aiming at studying issues of Armenian history in the context of global history.   
On the bases of works of French Annales School and particularly of Fernand Braudel’s theory, one can discuss activities of Armenian merchants in global dimensions. The same applies to Armenian international commerce, which flourished in the 16th-18th centuries.  In this paper, I discuss the problem in a broad context of the industrial civilization and rely on Braudel’s theory of global history, which is based on three fundamental (temporal and axiological) algorithms of history: political, economic, and civilizational. They set up the essence and rhythm of global history.
For this purpose, I suggest consider the network of Armenian merchants as a “world-economy,” which was characterized by the following components: a/ A definite geographic space and boundaries of communication, that transform even if slowly; b/ Existence of a center such as a leading city (or cities); c/ Hierarchical structure.
The emerging system also served the purpose of recovering Armenian statehood by facilitating the move from a pre-Industrial society to an Industrial one. However, the successful completion of this mission was possible only through a adequate response to the civilizational challenges of the time. Among these, the three most important responses were: 1) moving from caravan and land commerce to an “oceanic” environment in accordance with the most up to date technologies of trade and economy; b) learning to use he newest banking technologies and discovery of new means of capital development; c) efforts of restoring national statehood on solid grounds in order to instigate the formation of the modern national state for the Armenians.
As further developments showed, Armenian merchants neither managed to drop the burden of tradition nor make sufficient radical transformations to their activities to adapt to new environment. Efforts to restore statehood did not bring about the anticipated result and no Armenian state was established.

Aggiornamento gennaio  2022….. oltre lo lasciamo all’Immaginazione Intuitiva
Postfazione: iniziamo dalla fine, poi -chi lo desidera- potrà approfondire, valutare, giudicare. Questo documento, redatto a partire dall 2021,  è stato scritto non tanto per i contemporanei, quanto per i posteri. E’ un contributo per la Storia, quando si analizzeranno gli eventi da un’ottica distaccata dalle passioni profane e dai condizionamenti di vario ordine del momento.
I contemporanei potranno utilizzarlo come esercizio di libero arbitrio basato sulla verifica puntuale dei dati e delle fonti citate.
Due sole certezze, a due anni dallo scatenamento di questa ‘strana’ pandemia annunciata’:
Non abbiamo ancora certezza e prove definitive, verificabili  ed inoppugnabili, di ‘dove e come’ il covid-19 abbia avuto l’effettiva genesi e le cause di essa.
Non abbiamo ancora certezza e prove definitive dell’esistenza di una ‘cura’ efficace, risolutiva, condivisibile che rispetti il comandamento fondamentale: ‘primum non nocere’.

Covid-19, Delta, Omicron, (πεῖ, ῥῶ, σῖγμα…. Ὦμέγα?). Green-pass (?) And Freedom.
Beyond Orwell… Great Reset and New World Order: A Disturbing Future?
Afterword: let's start from the end, then - whoever wishes - will be able to deepen, evaluate, judge. This document, drawn up in 2021, was written not so much for contemporaries as for posterity. It is a contribution to history, when events are analyzed from a perspective detached from the profane passions and conditioning of various orders of the moment.
Contemporaries will be able to use it as an exercise of free will based on the timely verification of the data and sources cited.
Only two certainties, two years after the unleashing of this' strange 'pandemic announced':
We still do not have certainty and definitive, verifiable and incontrovertible proofs of 'where and how' covid-19 had its actual genesis and causes.
We still do not have certainty and definitive proofs of the existence of an effective, decisive, shareable 'cure' that respects the fundamental commandment: 'primum non nocere'.

Covid-19, Delta, Omicron, (πεῖ, ῥῶ, …. Ὦμέγα?). Green-pass (?) Et Liberté.
Au-delà d'Orwell Grande réinitialisation et nouvel ordre mondial : un avenir inquiétant ?
Postface : commençons par la fin, puis - qui voudra - pourra approfondir, évaluer, juger. Ce document, rédigé en 2021, a été écrit moins pour les contemporains que pour la postérité. C'est une contribution à l'histoire, lorsque les événements sont analysés dans une perspective détachée des passions et des conditionnements profanes des divers ordres du moment.
Les contemporains pourront l'utiliser comme un exercice de libre arbitre basé sur la vérification en temps opportun des données et des sources citées.
Seulement deux certitudes, deux ans après le déclenchement de cette 'étrange' pandémie annoncée' :
Nous n'avons toujours pas de certitude et de preuves définitives, vérifiables et incontestables de « où et comment » covid-19 a eu sa genèse et ses causes réelles.
Nous n'avons toujours pas de certitudes et de preuves définitives de l'existence d'une « cure » efficace, décisive, partageable qui respecte le commandement fondamental : « primum non nocere ».


Covid-19, Delta, Omicron, (πεῖ, ῥῶ, σῖγμα…. Ὦμέγα?). Green-pass (?) Y Libertad.
Más allá de Orwell ... Gran reinicio y nuevo orden mundial: ¿un futuro inquietante?Epílogo: empecemos por el final, entonces, quien quiera, podrá profundizar, evaluar, juzgar. Este documento, elaborado en 2021, no fue escrito tanto para los contemporáneos como para la posteridad. Es un aporte a la historia, cuando los hechos se analizan desde una perspectiva desvinculada de las pasiones profanas y condicionamientos de diversos órdenes del momento.
Los contemporáneos podrán utilizarlo como un ejercicio de libre albedrío basado en la verificación oportuna de los datos y fuentes citadas.
Solo dos certezas, dos años después del desencadenamiento de esta 'extraña' pandemia anunciada ':
Todavía no tenemos certeza y pruebas definitivas, verificables e incontrovertibles de 'dónde y cómo' covid-19 tuvo su génesis y causas reales.
Aún no tenemos certezas y pruebas definitivas de la existencia de una 'cura' eficaz, decisiva, compartible que respete el mandamiento fundamental: 'primum non nocere'.

Актуальность. В статье рассмотрены информационно-коммуникационные технологии как фактор политического, экономического и технологического влияния на мировое развитие. ИКТ предоставляют колоссальные возможности для научно-технологического развития, с одной стороны, через ускорение процессов получения результатов научных изысканий, на которые ранее требовались десятилетия и огромные инвестиционные ресурсы, а с другой – за счет расширения возможностей по обмену научно-технологической информацией. ИКТ стали основной причиной ускорения процессов имитации технологий, методов, товаров, смены приоритетов НИОКР от стремления получать новые фундаментальные знания, создавать новые базисные технологии и радикальные инновации к формированию системы, нацеленной на появление большого числа незначительных
инноваций на цикличной основе. ИКТ стали важнейшим источником накопления мирового технологического капитала. С 1980 по 2018 г. общее число заявок на выдачу патентов в сфере ИКТ составило почти 22,4% мирового объема заявок на выдачу патентов. Совокупное число заявок на выдачу патентов в сфере ИКТ в 1980–2018 гг. превысило 13,3 млн. ИКТ трансформируют целые отрасли экономики, позволяют получать значимый эффект с точки зрения эффективности функционирования предприятий и формировать новые рынки, предоставили дополнительные возможности для экономических агентов по доступу к инвестиционным ресурсам для развития или запуска новых проектов.
Цель исследования. Оценка влияния процессов развития ИКТ на мировое социально-экономическое и научно-технологическое развитие на долгосрочную перспективу.
Задачи исследования. Формирование базы знаний о развитии мирового технологического капитала, выявление и анализ ключевых процессов, особенностей, моделей и факторов развития
ИКТ в долгосрочном периоде, анализ влияния научно-технологического прогресса в сфере ИКТ, развитие технологического и человеческого капитала.
Результаты исследования. Исследование позволило выявить несколько важных тенденций мирового технологического развития в сфере ИКТ, которые могут быть использованы при формировании национальных стратегий и программ долгосрочного социально-экономического развития, программ поддержки развития ИКТ. Результаты исследования дают понимание о преимуществах ИКТ для развития национальных экономик, какие угрозы и риски связаны с применением ИКТ.

Relevance. The article considers information and communication technologies as a factor of political, economic and technological influence on world development. ICTs provide enormous opportunities
for scientific and technological development, on the one hand, by accelerating the processes of obtaining the results of scientific research, which previously required decades and huge investment resources, and on the other-by expanding opportunities for the exchange of scientific
and technological information. ICTs have become the main reason for accelerating the processes imitation of technologies, methods, goods, the processes of changing R&D priorities from the desire to acquire new fundamental knowledge and create new basic technologies and radical innovation to implement improving and pseudo-innovations.
ICTs have become the most important source of global technological capital accumulation. From 1980 to 2018, the total number of patent applications in the field of ICT amounted to almost 22,4% of the global volume of patent applications. The total number of patent applications
in the field of ICT in the period 1980–2018 exceeded 13,3 million. ICTs transform entire sectors of the economy, allow us to obtain a significant effect in terms of the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises and form new markets, provided additional opportunities for economic agents to access investment resources for the development or launch
of new projects.
The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of ICT development processes on the global socio-economic, scientific and technological development in the long term.
The objectives of the research are to form a knowledge base on the development of global technological capital, identify and analyze key processes, features, models and factors of ICT development in the long term, analyze the impact of scientific and technological progress in the field of ICT, the development of technological and human capital.
The results of the study. The study revealed several important trends in the global technological development in the field of ICT, which can be used in the formation of national strategies and programs for long-term socio-economic development, programs to support the development of ICT. The results of the study provide an understanding of the advantages
of ICT for the development of national economies, what threat.

Книга посвящена вопросам энергетической и транспортно-логистической безопасности Армении в условиях наблюдающихся геополитических трансформаций на Южном Кавказе. Особое внимание уделено проблемам диверсификации энергетической и транспортнологистической систем Армении в контексте вызовов интеграции в международные коммуникационные коридоры. Выявлены основные тенденции и проблемы указанных систем с определением наиболее эффективных методов повышения их безопасности и обеспечения эффективности функционирования. Книга предназначена для научных работников, специалистов в области национальной безопасности, мировой политики, международных отношений, занимающихся проблемами энергетической и транспортно-логистической безопасности, а также для всех тех, кто интересуется данной проблематикой.

В статье проводится сравнительный анализ внешнеторгового связи Азербайджана с миром, со
странами СНГ и Россией. Но несмотря на это, что экономические отношения Азербайджана со странами
СНГ, в том числе с Россией не являются прочными, структура экспорта Азербайджана в страны СНГ, в том
числе в Россию и импорт из СНГ устойчивы и конкурентоспособны. На основе SWOT анализа сделаны выводы,
что торговые связи Азербайджана со странами, входящими в Евразийский Экономический Союз не будут
ослаблены и в будущем, и даже будут расширены перспективы вступления Азербайджана в Евразийский
Экономический Союз.
Ключевые слова: СНГ, импорт, экспорт, экономическое отношение, Евразийский Экономический
Союз

The Enlightenment and the colonization had far-reaching impacts on the education systems of the entire world.  The African continent is no exception to this dramatic influence, although Africa received the benefits of the Enlightenment secondhand through the colonization.  Prior to colonization by Europeans, African education systems were verbal tribal education systems designed to impart vocational and religious knowledge ultimately preparing individuals for initiation into the various African societies.

The pre-colonial education practices in Africa varied widely from oral traditions passed down from fathers to their children by the San of the Kalahari to more organized and complex education systems of the Poro society in western Africa and everywhere in between.  Many of the societies in Africa had rites of passage that children would go through after completing puberty that imparted knowledge and status by means of customs and examples.  Participation in these rituals was a statement that children had learned the philosophical and vocational lessons from their elders and that the children were ready to participate in society (2009).
One notable exception to these educational traditions were the areas of Africa the embraced Islam in eastern and western Africa.  These areas learned the use of Arabic script to study the Qur’an in support of their religious practice and created Qur’anic schools.  Qur’anic schools focused on teaching the lessons of the Qur’an.  Many were simple outdoor gatherings where teachers taught students in the open air.  Qur’anic schools facilitated contact for students with Arabic nations and young boys with strong potential to act as leaders were given the opportunity to attend Arabian higher education institutions to obtain advanced degrees (Education, 2009).

This paper discusses these issues and how they affect these peoples in the modern age and the global economy.

Merchant banking services strengthen the economic development of a country as they acts as sources of funds and information for corporations. Considering the way the Indian economy is growing, the role of merchant banking services in India is indispensable. These financial institutes also act as corporate advisory bodies to help corporations rightly get involved in various financial activities. The need of merchant banking services in India arises from the fact that high level industrialization is taking place in the country. Some of the PSBs have formed their fully owned subsidiaries for this purpose. Analysis of merchant banking business of some PSBs clearly indicates that the merchant banking activities of the banks are showing declining trend especially after 1993-94 due to depressed capital market conditions and subdued activity in primary market.

Metals and Engineering Corporation (METEC) is a
Government owned industrial enterprise established under the
laws of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia /FDRE/ by
the decree of the council of ministers.
METEC was established at the initiation of the late Prime
Minister, Melees Sinai, who envisioned the company to be a major
tool for industrialization and transformation to take the country to
middle-income status The late Prime Minister, Melees Sinai, put
forward the establishment of the Corporation as one of the major
tools for industrialization intending to transform Ethiopia into a
middle -income country. When Metes was established a decade
ago with a registered capital of 10 billion Br, it incorporated 15
military and civilian industries. One of the industries was later
dissolved.
This case study critically chronicles the ascendancy and
apparent decline of a business congl omerate, Metals and
Engineering Corporation (METEC), in post -1991 Ethiopia.
Informed by ‘developmental state’ ideology, the political elites
managed to create METEC, entrusting it to the military for their
use in leading the industrialization of the countr y. With a sober
analysis of the conglomerate’s engagement in mega-projects in
the context of civil–military relations, this article shows that the
‘developmental role’ of METEC has been characterized by
extreme delays in projects, with symptoms of financial
embezzlement which have led the party -state to reconsider the
military’s role in the economy. The article relies primarily on
documents, informal discussions and media content analysis.
Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed announced the
government has cancelled the contract awarded to Metals and
Engineering Corporation (METEC) related to the 6,450-MW
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD).
Multiple news agencies are reporting that METEC lost the
contract due to numerous days in completion. The company was
the contractor for the electromechanical and hydraulic steel
structure work on the project.