Warfare

In the military education field of Angola, it has been found that theoretical studies on the curriculum and its design for the training of professionals are very scarce and incipient. In correspondence with the above, the objective of this article is to present the main arguments that, in the author's opinion, support the role played by the social and educational context in curriculum design for the training of Navy officers in Angola, as well as the The need to ensure that both teachers and teachers are involved in the process of developing the curriculum, from an active participation. The theoretical-methodological conception of curriculum design for the training of naval specialists of the higher level of the Angolan Navy, It is defined as a set of starting ideas, concepts and their representation, which allow explaining the curricular decision-making process, together with an orienting methodological derivation for practice, in accordance with the demands of the Angolan military educational context. For its preparation, different methods were applied such as document analysis, modeling and systematization, and methodological meetings and methodological workshops were held where the participants contributed ideas that enriched the proposal. This theoretical and methodological conception for the design of the curriculum considers the context as the process of adapting the components of the curriculum to the national reality of Angola and local specificities and participation as the element that implies the active collaboration of the teaching leaders and professors.

According to a recent report by Axios, for the first time, the Biden-Harris administration is explicitly threatening to suspend military aid to Israel unless some very specific conditions are met. These conditions amount to “the most wide-ranging and comprehensive list of US demands from Israel since the beginning of the war.”  Is this a game-changer or just an election gimmick?

The advent of advanced sensors has also revolutionized EW. Multi-spectral sensors and software-defined radios provide unparalleled detection and monitoring capabilities, enabling forces to track and neutralize enemy signals with precision. Learn more in Electronic Warfare courses by Tonex.

Another avenue of interpretation, first developed by MacLeod (n.d. and at the Texas Maya Meetings workshops 2000-2004 and in 2003 correspondence with Simon Martin), and supported by Terrence Kaufman (personal communication 2003) connects T78:514 and its derivations to the proto-Mayan transitive root *'ab 'send on an errand,' its proto-Western Mayan reflex *'abt-ej 'trabajar' (g.v.), its Greater Tzeltalan reflexes 'abtej 'trabajar' (i.v.) and 'abt-el 'trabajo,' 'cargo religioso' (t.v. > n.) noted in Tzotzil (Laughlin 1975:2; Laughlin and Haviland 1988:126), an inferred transitive stem *'ab.t-'serve (someone/-thing),' and 'e'tel 'autoridades' in Ch'ol (Kaufman and Justeson 2003:58). 8 These 'work' terms in Tzotzil have a range of meanings from the caretaking obligations of religious cargo-holders in the cofradías to the daily work in the milpa. In addition to Ch'ol 'e'tel (also a general term for 'trabajo/work'), that language has instrumental derivations 'e'tejibäl/'e'tijibäl 'equipment for work' (

Sitting in the living area of this man's extraordinarily beautiful home, I could understand-though not agree-with his sentiments. My friend seemingly had everything: a Ph.D. education, a highpaying job in a scientific field, and a good share of all the luxuries and comforts that come with affluence in America. But still, he had reservations-and fears. "Of course, this could all go up in flames," he said, a sigh in his voice, "if someone in Moscow or Washington decides to plunge the world into nuclear holocaust." The vast majority of people in today's world are much like my friend. They profess to be self-sufficient and that a personal God is an unnecessary contrivance. The wealth and affluence of the commercial, scientific age in which we live provides all of us with goods and conveniences not enjoyed even by the greatest of ancient kings. And science and high technology hold out the promise of far greater things to come. Yet, deep inside the wells of their consciousness, people are alarmed. Even as they fill up their daily lives with electronic pleasures and digital thrills and accumulate more and more goods, most recognize that something is not right in the world. Insecurity is the plague of modern society. Gordon Childe, the British archaeologist, historian, and anthropologist, was one who professed little need for God. His acclaimed 1936 book Man Makes Himself outlined the origin and progress of man and denied the Bible's story of creation. 1 Childe's works are the basis for much of modern scientific thought and are amputee to productively work at home can also be used to ferret out and destroy innocent men and women who defy the dictates of a future Antichrist. Technology in itself is ethically neutral, being neither good nor evil. Used wisely, technology makes our lives easier, helps to free us from debilitating disease, and permits us unparalleled free time. For example, new computer-controlled wheelchairs are a godsend for crippled adults, and advances in biotechnology yield wonderful results to thousands of victims of disease as miracle drugs are formulated using bioengineering techniques. More benefits of technology include the success of the Space Lab, which promises new manufacturing techniques for improved drugs, and the use of surgical lasers in the operating room to heal detached eye retinas, vaporize deadly cancer cells, and blast away obstructions from clogged arteries. These technological advances benefit mankind, and we know that God is involved in their fruits. Furthermore. most scientists and technologists hope that their discoveries will be used to bring good to the world. But due to the workings of Satan, these same technologies become tools-evil tools-in the hands of misguided men and women, malevolent world leaders and eventually, the Antichrist. High technology is preparing the way for the Beast. Ample evidence shows that overdependencc on science and technology fosters the attitude that God is either unnecessary, unreal, or irrelevant. For example, one writer for a major scientific magazine stated that gene-splicing has put "the whole gene pool of our planet...at our disposal," adding that "the key to the living kingdom has been put into our hands." Though such phraseology is perhaps nothing more than hyperbole-words written to make a subject exciting to readers-it does exemplify a certain attitude. This attitude holds that man, not God, is master of creation and that science is at the center of the universe. to recognize the dangers in the current abuses of science and technology.

Tel Icare volant trop près du soleil, certains scientifiques s’aventurent à créer dans leurs laboratoires des agents pathogènes (des microbes ou virus qui vous rendent malade), plus dangereux que ceux existant dans la nature. Tragiquement, une grande partie de ce type de recherche n’est soumise à aucune surveillance nationale ou internationale.

ENG. Between the end of the 14 th century and the beginning of the 15 th century, the Republic of Florence was almost constantly engaged in war. As a result, public debt in a short time increased from 1 million to 3 million florins. The most difficult time for the Republic occurred between the years 1425 and 1433. In this phase, authorities experimented with new forms of taxation to cope with the growing expenses, including the cadaster (Catasto) created in 1427, pursuant to which Florentine citizens were forced to list all their assets in addition to other personal information. Based on the information provided by this document, it has been possible to identify all Florentine citizens who were soldiers at the time. Furthermore, thanks to the data extracted from the accounting records of the Florentine government of 1430, it has been possible to evaluate an interesting change in society: several artisans, of various ages, abandoned their professions to become soldiers. According to the documents, such a choice was seen as a chance to one's economic condition thanks to the considerable wages and good working conditions offered by the Republic compared to those associated with work as artisans.

Provides a multi-scalar synthesis of Nordic Bronze Age economies (1800/1700–500 BCE) that is organized around six sections: an introduction to the Nordic Bronze Age, macro-economic perspectives, defining local communities, economic interaction, conflict and alliances, political formations, and encountering Europe. Despite a unifying material culture, the Bronze Age of Scandinavia was complex and multi- layered with constantly shifting and changing networks of competitors and partners. The social structure in this highly mobile and dynamic macroregional setting was affected by subsistence economies based on agropastoralism, maritime sectors, the production of elaborate metal wealth, trade in a wide range of goods, as well as raiding and warfare. For this reason, the focus of this book is on the integration and interaction of subsistence and political economies in a comparative analyses between different local constellations within the macro-economic setting of prehistoric Europe. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core

The weaponization of artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming the logic of today's conflicts: in fact, the integration of Ai into the decision activities of military commands is leading to a change in decision-making processes. Whereas until a few years ago, mission command was supported by human capabilities, qualities, feelings, judgements and values, such as leadership, troop motivation, mutual trust, clear understanding of commanders' orders, threat assessment, timeliness of decisions, today Aiposes new challenges to traditional decision-making models and to the leadership of the chains of command, by supporting human decision-making capability (also made up of instinct and intuition) with predictive models and algorithms capable of taking control of the situation without the need for human intervention, enabling fast understanding of scenarios and the processing of quick and effective decisions. It is still too early to talk about replacing humans with Ai agents on the battlefield, but the fast advances in artificial intelligence and the increased use of autonomous weapon systems (Laws), combined with the fears raised by much of the scientific community (including the Ai creators themselves), suggest worrying prospects that lead to a crucial question: could a human army ever rely on the command of a machine? This paper will present a possible alternative to the risks of the advent of technological singularity in the military: in the context of the debate on human enhancement, it will describe the development of a new model of human-machine relationship, which does not subject the human being to the control of Ai, but offers a new cooperative framework, in which the human factor does not disappear completely behind the artificial decisions of a machine. As part of an evolutionary analysis of military command models, the transition to a different logic of Ai-assisted military command will be described, which requires the practice of collaborative network command and a governance framework of ‘cyborg ethics’ able to ensure meaningful human control and accountability in conducting military operations, incorporating military rules and doctrines into the Ai reasoning process with the aim of creating a truly adaptive system, in order to reduce the risks of intrinsic Ai instability in warfare scenarios.

We present the results of strontium isotope analysis conducted on human individuals recovered at the Huaca 20 sector of the Maranga Complex; a Late Lima settlement of the Lower Rimac Valley that flourished during the Middle Horizon Epoch 1 (600–800 CE). Our aim is to evaluate the diversity of the Huaca 20 population through an integrated approach that combines contextual analysis of burials’ associations, the bioarchaeological characterization of the buried individuals and the acquisition of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr compositions of individuals’ tooth enamel to explore early-life values and probable geographic origins. Our results reveal a scenario of a mainly local population with a minority of foreign individuals that suggest mobility consistent with post marital residential patterns. The lack of correlation between individual’s origins and a diversity of burial practices and associations (as for example, foreign umber ware ceramics) suggests that mobility might have occurred as a continuous phenomenon, which resulted in a cosmopolitan population, generated under regional interactions that occurred beyond elite control.

Cette article vise à présenter la solution capable de mettre fin à la guerre entre la Russie et l'Ukraine, nécessaire compte tenu de l'escalade du conflit entre ces deux pays et entre la Russie et les États-Unis et leurs alliés européens, qui utilisent l'OTAN (nord Organisation du Traité Atlantique), une alliance militaire occidentale, en soutien à l’Ukraine, ce qui pourrait entraîner le déclenchement de la Troisième Guerre mondiale. Pour identifier la ou les solutions qui contribueront à mettre un terme à la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine, il est nécessaire d’éliminer les causes fondamentales de cette guerre. Les premières tentatives de célébrer la paix entre les gouvernements de la Russie et de l'Ukraine au début de la guerre ont échoué et on observe une augmentation des effusions de sang de la part des soldats des deux côtés et de la population civile ukrainienne, une augmentation du nombre de réfugiés et la destruction des territoires ukrainiens. infrastructures par les bombardements russes. La tentative initiale de conclure la paix entre la Russie et l'Ukraine n'a pas produit de progrès, car ceux qui devraient la négocier seraient les gouvernements des États-Unis et de la Russie, car seuls ces gouvernements auraient la capacité d'éliminer les causes de la guerre, à savoir empêcher l'OTAN de s'approcher des frontières de la Russie, arrêter la vente d'armes par l'industrie d'armement nord-américaine à l'Ukraine et aux pays membres de l'OTAN et répondre au désir de l'Ukraine d'adhérer à l'Union européenne. Il est urgent de conclure un accord de paix entre les États-Unis et la Russie pour mettre fin à la guerre en Ukraine, car la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine pourrait évoluer vers un conflit qui s’étendrait à l’Europe et au monde, se transformant en une Troisième Guerre mondiale.

Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) have become essential tools in naval operations, gaining attention due to their use as kamikaze drones in the war in Ukraine (Singh, 2024). USVs offer a cost-effective alternative to traditional weapons systems, enabling precise attacks while minimizing human risk. In Ukraine, USVs have been used to establish a Sea Denial capability, targeting Russian warships in secure ports, which the Russian Federation is having trouble countering since these inexpensive, hard-to-detect platforms present significant challenges to defense systems (Sutton, 2024). These USVs can be used to attack Russian Federation warships where they would theoretically be most protected—within ports. All this without risking human lives, using a relatively cheap platform that is difficult to detect and defend against. Faced with this new reality of the tactical use of USVs, improving their autonomous navigation capabilities in an enemy port and, in the worst case, a completely unknown one is essential. Figure 1 illustrates a frame captured during an actual operation where a Ukrainian USV attacked a ship from the Russian Federation.

to discuss the symbolic effects of the publication on written press of institutional rites related to the courses promoted by the Brazilian Federal District's Schools of Nursing during the Second World War. exploratory and documentary study, whose sources were treated by historical method. one noticed, in the news reports analyzed, that the Brazilian Estado Novo has used nurses images to divulge within the society the woman's acting altruistic model in service to the country, through the systematic diffusion by the press of her honorable acting during the war, what assured the amplification of the visibility and acknowledgment of the Nursing profession in that context. the diffusion by press of emergency nurses graduations magnified their apparition in public spaces, occasion on which the institutional rite was strategically used to transmit to the society the urgency of the new profession, in order to support the political causes in vigor in the country.

The purpose is to determine the con igurations of self-preservation and recovery practices typical for representatives of different age subcultures under martial law. Methods. The sample included 169 civilians of Ukraine. Data collection was carried out in March-May 2022. The key research method was an online narrative on the topic "My life during the war". The data were processed using descriptive, interpretive analysis, and descriptive statistics. Practices were coded according to the focus of efforts to overcome negative emotional states. Results. Representatives of different age subcultures turned to the following selfrecovery practices:

State authorities in antiquity and even now, who aspire to dom- inate foreign enemies and their own people, work through intimida- tion, including the threats of killing, torture, mutilation, execution, incarceration, and forced labour. The book reviewed in this article provides a detailed overview of the abovementioned methods in Egypt during the New Kingdom. The sources are texts in tombs, papyri, temple walls, and displays of war scenes in relief with the king as the foremost of the victorious warriors. Another theme in the book is how to deal with evildoers. The illustrations depicted in the netherworld guidebooks in the Royal Tombs of the New King- dom may provide some insight into this subject. A different presen- tation of the osteological evidence, obtained in Egypt and Nubia, however, would have improved coherence with the abovementioned sources.

Целта на настоящата работа е да проучи изграждането и дейността на Доброволната организация за съдействие на отбраната - Михайловград (ДОСО-Михайловград) през периода 1951 - 1969 г. В настоящата статия ще проследим появата, развитието и популяризирането на военните спортове сред населението на Михайловградски окръг, изграждането на първичните организации, агитационно-просветната дейност, материално-техническата база, обучението на членовете, организирането на първенства, наградите, военните учения, задължителната военна подготовка след 1962 г., сформирането на бойни групи на територията на града и закриването на ДОСО - Михайловград

Existence is deeply spiritual, mystical and occult. In this essay, we seek to illuminate the true secret doctrine of the Aryan race and the cause of all Holy Wars in world history. For existence is a battle between the forces of light and the principalities of darkness. To be victorious in this battle is the Aryan quest, which has been ongoing since we first incarnated into the temporal/physical world. We present the myths, lore and legend, which inform our understanding of metaphysics and ontology and the existential call to fight on the right side of history. In recent times, the traditional values of Aryan cultures have been under attack by subversive forces seeking to cast mankind into confusion and chaos.  We seek to redeem world history and the history of the Aryan race by presenting a new view on the occult war, that still to this day captivates the world. We do so by presenting the ultimate truth of ontology, namely the three ontological, existential dimensions of which reality is made: the ether, the physical world and “the other side”. Furthermore, we present the truth of the ontological distinction between good and evil, which we explain by presenting the two competing forces of the cosmos. Since the advent of modernity, it has been common to deny this existential, occult war and the ontological distinction of good and evil, but this reality of the occult war doesn't disappear by being denied by the enemies of the Aryan race. Today, reality and ontology is almost being turned upside-down and we seek to reawaken the forces of light, so that we may together defeat the sinister conspiracy of the people of Shambala, which we describe. We hope all good people will take note of what we present here, for as Aryans we have exclusive knowledge of the ultimate truth of reality. The knowledge, we present, is gained from first-hand experience with the mystical, occult reality and transcendental meditations upon the Vedas, an aspect of the collective consciousness of the Aryan race.

Durante la conquista carolingia de los territorios de la marca Hispanica (que se desarrolló fundamentalmente entre los años 778 y 811), se documenta la participación de diversos miembros de las élites autóctonas en acciones militares junto con los ejércitos carolingios. No obstante, estas campañas estuvieron, por lo general, bajo la dirección directa de integrantes de la familia carolingia o de miembros de la reicharistokratie franca. Las fuentes reflejan una notable diversidad tanto en las características de las operaciones militares en el noreste peninsular como en el origen social y familiar de las élites que intervinieron en ellas. Del mismo modo, los incentivos para su participación y recompensas que se les otorgaron también muestran una significativa variedad, manifestándose una clara distinción entre los tipos de privilegios concedidos a los aristócratas francos y los recibidos por parte de las élites locales.

“The world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes (Benjamin Disraeli)”. In this essay, the Aryan elite of Denmark, Scandinavia and Germany, organized in The International Defense-force of Aryans (IDA), reveals the current occult, techno-war, that in the wake of the Second World War is ravaging the world – the Third World War. The war is occult, for it is first and foremost a spiritual war, fought in regards to faith and epistemics. But the principalities of darkness have build psychotronic Tesla-weapons, targeting the divine Aryan race, attacking our spiritual energies. It is a “silent war with quiet weapons”. We explain how this is and the background for the current occult war, that we seek to redeem in favor of all good people. We are not experts on physics, so the essay is also a call to our allies for support in resisting and defeating Skynet, which has engulfed and darkened the world for many years now. But we will take up the task of resisting this nefarious conspiracy, for what is going on in the world today is not to be accepted and has to be ended. The essay is a first step in bringing awareness to the true situation of the post-modern world. We hope the essay will be an inspiration for good people to contribute to the great cause.

Domestic and international investigations and prosecutions for state crimes face a variety of difficulties and obstructions, in their efforts to secure credible and pertinent evidence. In particular the acquisition of classified information, (with)held by state security services, is a daunting task, in view of the powerful position of such services, which are often themselves intimately involved in state criminality.

This type of evidence is often of crucial importance in criminal proceedings against high-ranking state officials, carrying senior responsibility for serious crimes, in the absence of more conventional forensic evidence or reliable witnesses. However, too often state officials evade criminal responsibility by concealing or destroying records containing evidence against them which is in the possession of the state security services, reinforcing the perception that those in governmental office are above the law.

This study discusses the key factors underlying the (lack of) access to and use of records emanating from state security services in proceedings against the perpetrators of state crimes. It explains the problems associated with accessing state security archives and records collections, and navigating their sometimes impenetrable structures. In addition it explores the use of classified information in court, which as a rule is regulated by legislation favourable to the state executive, whose very officials are under scrutiny. Case examples, featuring investigations and prosecutions for a range of state crimes -from war crimes and genocide to political murders and extraordinary renditions - are examined to highlight the key aspects of such problems and how national and international prosecutors have attempted to address them.

La formación de identidades individuales y colectivas, la configuración de espacios políticos y la estructuración de ideologías y órdenes so- ciales están mediadas por fenómenos de circulación. En el caso de los estudios consagrados a la Guerra Fría, la noción de “circulación”, es decir, el movimiento puntual o permanente de actores que atraviesan fronteras geo- gráficas, lingüísticas y culturales, ha dado lugar a trabajos que reinterpretan las más diversas modalidades transnacionales de difusión y apropiación de ideas. Los temas son variados e incluyen el desplazamiento de individuos que transportaron concepciones del mundo y prácticas derivadas del liberalismo y del socialismo, la acción de grupos inspirados en ideologías conservadoras de matriz corporativista y nacionalsocialista, y en fin, el impacto de los métodos y los objetivos de las guerrillas asiáticas y latinoamericanas en el mundo de la descolonización. Los cuatro artículos reunidos en este dossier demuestran que las bases sociopolíticas, ideológicas y materiales de los actores de la Guerra Fría en América Latina se construyeron en contacto permanente con escenarios de circulación global de individuos y proyectos. Los autores proponen diversas interpretaciones sobre las formas en que América Latina participó de movimientos de conjunto más amplios, que no se originaron en los polos dominantes del conflicto Este-Oeste, sino que surgieron en aquello que la historiografía tradicional ha solido considerar como los “espacios periféricos del conflicto”.

The evolution of cyber warfare has muddled the distinction between civilians and combatants, presenting a profound challenge to international humanitarian law (IHL). As conflicts spill over into the digital domain, involving civilians in cyber operations raises complex legal issues. Unlike in conventional warfare, where delineating combatants from non-combatants is more explicit, the complexities of cyberspace pose unique challenges for existing IHL frameworks. This article delves into these emerging challenges, highlighting the legal ramifications of civilian cyberattack involvement and emphasizing the critical need for creative legal solutions. The proliferation of anonymous, decentralized cyber operations undermines the application of the principle of distinction, complicating efforts to safeguard non-combatants and ensure accountability. To address these challenges, the article advocates for establishing new legal standards, including a revised concept of direct cyber engagement that elucidates the roles of civilians and combatants in the digital battlefield. Furthermore, it emphasizes the imperative of setting up specialized international courts or bodies to adjudicate cyber-related cases, essential for ensuring accountability in cyberattacks. The article also underscores the crucial role of enhanced international cooperation in this process. Specialized legal frameworks and international cooperation are vital for upholding the humanitarian principles integral to IHL while adapting to the evolving nature of modern warfare. In conclusion, the increase in civilian participation in cyberattacks uncovers a crucial gap in current legal protections, demanding swift and decisive action to maintain the principles of humanitarian law in the digital age. Keywords: Cyber warfare; Legal Challenges; Civilian Involvement.

Indian 10 Division operational failure in CHHAMB 3rd and 4th December 1971
https://youtu.be/styXnrT1uvg?si=_fU0epWf1XtwS9vq



Indian 10 Division operational failure in CHHAMB 3rd and 4th December 1971
December 1971
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28000.90881
Agha H Amin

Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbors and Rivals is more than just a history of wars; it opens new windows and challenges some of the most common views regarding Roman-Persian relations. By emphasizing Iranian sources, Beate Dignas and Engelbert Winter avoid reconstructing historical events from a Roman point of view and instead present a balanced outlook free of common anti-oriental prejudices. Their work covers a wide range of topics and explains how the Romans and Persians despite many wars attempted to secure their national interests via channels of negotiations and complex diplomacy. The Roman-Persian rivalry seems “modern” in many respects and this character of their relation is nicely demonstrated in this book.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are clinically grouped by severity: mild, moderate and severe. Mild TBI (the least severe form) is synonymous with concussion and is typically caused by blunt non-penetrating head trauma. The trauma causes stretching and tearing of axons, which leads to diffuse axonal injury. the beststudied pathogenetic mechanism of this disorder. However, mild TBI is defined on clinical grounds and no well-validated imaging or fluid biomarkers to determine the presence of neuronal damage in patients with mild TBI is available. Most patients with mild TBI will recover quickly, but others report persistent symptoms, called post-concussive syndrome, the underlying pathophysiology of which is largely unknown. Repeated concussive and subconcussive head injuries have been linked to the neurodegenerative condition chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which has been reported post-mortem in contact sports athletes and soldiers exposed to blasts. Insights from severe injuries and CTE plausibly shed light on the underlying cellular and Molecular processes involved in mild TBI. MRI techniques and blood tests for axonal proteins to identify and grade axonal injury, in addition to PET for tau pathology, show promise as tools to explore CTE Mpathophysiology in longitudinal clinical studies, and might be developed into diagnostic tools for CTE. Given that CTE is attributed to repeated head trauma, prevention might be possible through rule changes by sports.

The chapter focuses on how the use of AWS affects the conduct of the war in tactical, operational, and strategic terms. The purpose is to identify and properly frame the implications of such weapons systems not only on the battlefield but also about broader issues like the arms race, deterrence, and stability in the international order. In terms of structure, the chapter first tackles the definitional debate and approaches the types of autonomy in modern weapons systems. A common understanding of AWS is still lacking in both the scientific and policy circles. The following two sections review the advantages and challenges that such weapons systems pose to military practitioners and policymakers. Building on the above, the final section discusses the potential impact of AWS on the international system and stresses the likelihood of unintended escalation and the need for arms control or international regulations in the development and deployment of AWS. The chapter ends with the conclusions that summarize the main points discussed and highlight the need for policy development in this area. The research is based on a thorough literature review of scholarly articles, books, reports, and relevant publications that explore the strategic implications of autonomous weapons. Additionally, real-world examples and case studies where autonomous weapons have been deployed or tested are used to support the arguments and provide practical insights.

The close similarities between the highly ostentatious burials that have come to light at different sites of the northern Aegean, especially at Aigai, Archontiko, and Sindos, have been the subject of debate in recent research. A few years ago, I demonstrated that the appearance of such burials at these sites formed part of a broader funerary change that occurred around 570 BCE. I further argued that this funerary change was closely intertwined with the sociopolitical transformation that the local communities underwent after the first Macedonian expansion to the east of the Axios River. Since this interpretation has met with objections, in this paper, I review the extant evidence, and I address the main counterarguments. Beginning from the later date that most scholars accept for the conquest of the region east of the Axios, I stress that this date has been assumed on the basis of literary sources that offer no conclusive information on the matter. Given the complexities involved in the interpretation of funerary evidence from a sociopolitical perspective, I also clarify the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of my approach. Moving to the evidence itself, I then examine burials from the core area of the Temenid kingdom before and after 570 BCE. On the basis of this comparative analysis, I suggest that the funerary change must have followed the coalescence, probably for the first time, of the different communities of Lower Macedonia into a single regional polity. Through an additional comparative analysis of the evidence from the two sides of the Axios, I show that beginning from ca. 570 BCE, the funerary remains from the two regions attest to the same religious beliefs, the same cultural values and the same economic and sociopolitical structures. Relying on the one hand, on post-colonial approaches of cross-cultural interactions and, on the other hand, on the funerary evidence from Greek colonies in the north, from Thracian sites and the Ohrid region, I argue that the funerary remains from the two sides of the Axios could not possibly belong to two ethnically different populations that were organized under separate polities. Finally, I address the question of the identity of the population of the region east of the Axios after its Macedonian conquest. I maintain that while the pre-existing communities must have been incorporated into the kingdom, there can be little doubt that Macedonians also settled this region. Résumé Les fortes similitudes entre les tombes ostentatoires qui ont été mises au jour dans différents sites de l'Égée du Nord, notamment à Aigai, Archontiko et Sindos, ont suscité un débat dans la recherche récente. Il y a quelques années, j'ai démontré que l'apparition de telles sépultures sur ces sites s'est produite dans le cadre d'un changement plus large des pratiques funéraires, qui s'est manifesté vers 570 av. J.-C. J'ai également soutenu que ce changement funéraire fut lié à la transformation sociopolitique des communautés locales, après la première expansion macédonienne à l'est du fleuve Axios. Puisque, entre-temps, cette interprétation a soulevé des objections, dans cet article j'examine de nouveau les données disponibles et j'aborde les principaux contre-arguments. Partant de la chronologie plus tardive que la plupart des spécialistes acceptent pour la conquête de la région à l'est de l'Axios, je souligne que les sources écrites, sur la base desquelles cette chronologie a été retenue, n'offrent aucune information concluante à ce sujet. Étant donné la complexité de l'interprétation des données funéraires d'un point de vue sociopolitique, je précise aussi les fondements théoriques et méthodologiques de mon approche. Ensuite, je me concentre sur les données archéologiques et j'examine les pratiques funéraires dans le noyau du royaume téménide avant et après 570 av. J.-C. Sur la base de cette analyse comparative, je suggère que le changement funéraire doit avoir suivi l'unification, probablement pour la première fois, des différentes communautés de la Basse Macédoine sous une seule entité politique. Grâce à une analyse comparative supplémentaire des données provenant des deux côtés de l'Axios, je montre que, à partir d'environ 570 av. J.-C., les pratiques funéraires des deux régions témoignent des mêmes croyances religieuses, des mêmes valeurs culturelles et des mêmes structures économiques et sociopolitiques. En m'appuyant d'une part sur les approches postcoloniales des interactions interculturelles et d'autre part sur les données funéraires qui proviennent des colonies grecques du nord, des sites thraces et de la région d'Ohrid, je soutiens que les restes funéraires des deux côtés de l'Axios ne pouvaient pas appartenir à deux populations ethniquement différentes qui auraient été organisées sous des entités politiques distinctes. Enfin, j'aborde la question de l'identité de la population de la région à l'est de l'Axios

Existing scholarship in Ottoman studies often portrays the tribes in the Ottoman-Iranian borderlands as isolated troublemakers in an area characterized by turbulence and banditry, disrupting relations between empires and straining diplomatic ties. This study argues that this perspective underestimates the tribes' interconnectedness with imperial policymaking, particularly how nomadic mobility was instrumentalized as a military asset by both states. Empires frequently militarized and empowered these tribes to align them with their interests, accommodating their cross-border movements and utilizing them as raiders. To illustrate the hegemonic relationship between wars of 1578-1590 and 1821-1823, periods wherein tribes were overtly enlisted as auxiliary forces alongside regular armies. Raiding emerged as one of the central tactics in also reveals how petty raids endured as a means of micro-level territorial assertion among tribes amidst ongoing rivalries between empires, with tribes often functioning as proxies backed by local authorities. The turbulent, nomadic nature of these tribes cannot be attributed solely to their inherent traits, as it is apparent that imperial policies facilitated their role as raiders.

Gen AI is the message - L'Intelligenza Artificiale estensione umana per un nuovo Villaggio Globale In questo studio, l'autore tenta di dare una definizione dell'Intelligenza Artificiale (IA) come estensione delle capacità umane, ricorrendo alle metafore di Marshall McLuhan pubblicate in Understanding Media: The Extension of Man (1964). Come i media, che amplificano le capacità cognitive, l'IA facilita la comprensione e l'organizzazione della conoscenza, rimodellando la società attraverso l'uso di algoritmi avanzati. L'autore analizza l'impatto su diversi settori, dalla politica all'emergere di nuove dinamiche economiche, sollevando interrogativi sull'equità e la governance, dall'istruzione alla sicurezza e alla privacy, fino ai conflitti militari, sottolineando i rischi etici nel nuovo "Villaggio Globale".

In this study, the author attempts to define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an extension of human capabilities, drawing on the metaphors of Marshall McLuhan published in Understanding Media: The Extension of Man (1964). Like media, which amplify cognitive abilities, AI facilitates the understanding and organization of knowledge, reshaping society through the use of advanced algorithms. The author analyzes the impact on various sectors, from politics to the emergence of new economic dynamics, raising questions about equity and governance, from education to security and privacy, to military conflicts, emphasizing the ethical risks in the new “Global Village”.