United States of America

One of the main accepted functions of museums is to exhibit things. The organization of exhibitions is an important activity: exhibitions must run to timetable, keep within budget, attract high audience figures and be academically respectable; and the implementation of ...

The biggest producers and exporters of agricultural products have been adopting the genetic engineering in order to improve the factors productivity and the firms profits In the last decade, the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) have established a high divergent regulation on production, distribution and consumption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Apparently, the EU´s complex legislative framework related to GMOs was intend to satisfy the European consumers which are concerned about food safety and whish to make more informed choice about the food they eat. The aim of this paper is to understand the potential motivations behind the different policies on GM products adopted by US and EU.

PurposeThis research investigated wine tourism development and marketing in southwest Michigan, a longtime viticultural, but emerging wine tourism region. The aims involved discovering the motivations, expectations, and successes of Southwest Michigan Wine Trail member wineries in developing horizontal and vertical alliances.Design/methodology/approachSemi‐structured, in‐depth interviews were conducted with individuals in charge of the wineries’ marketing activities (i.e. marketing directors and members of the marketing departments, winery owners). These interviews were recorded and transcribed. Activities fostered through the horizontal and vertical alliances were identified.FindingsAlliances along the Southwest Michigan Wine Trail have furthered the development and marketing of wine tourism. The trail's member wineries have formed strong horizontal relationships, which include joint advertising, promotion, and production. They have also built vertical relationships with tour o...

This issue of Patient Education and Counseling presents the state of the art of patient education in several European countries. It is based on papers presented at a meeting in Paris on the evolution and development of patient education in western, central and eastern Europe (May 1999). Also patient education in the US is presented in this issue. Patient education is defined as all the educational activities directed to patients, including aspects of therapeutic education, health education and clinical health promotion. Five important factors are identified in the development of patient education: (1) research and evidence based standards; (2) the organization of care; (3) training and methodological support; (4) professional values; and (5) acknowledgment, funding and place of patient education in health policy. Several of the discussed common orientations and priorities in the patient education in the reviewed countries are highlighted in this issue. And finally, an example of the possible integrated international practice in patient education in the field of diabetes is described in this issue. Several conclusions are drawn concerning future development of communication in health care within the framework of patient education in Europe. #

German, Scandinavian, and Irish domestic workers were concentrated in the Eastern and Midwestern cities. Irish female immigrants, in particular, were almost exclusively domestics. Diner (1983) posits that in New York virtually every Irish girl during their adolescence spent several years as live-in domestics. In the Southwest, Mexican- American women filled the ranks of domestic service, while in the post-civil war

The field of environmental education faces a process of continuous conceptual reconstruction that is underpinned by the complexity of the social and political changes occurring throughout the world as consequences of environmental crises and the different ...

This article examines representations of Peoples Temple in popular culture through the lens of mimesis, understood as a process of repetition and re-creation of specific elements. This process produces what is understood as a “cult” in popular culture, which is divorced from the complex historical reality of Peoples Temple. Three symbolic strands combine to construct the concept of a “cult”: the power of a charismatic leader, isolation from outside influences, and consuming poison, or “drinking the Kool-Aid.” In popular culture, these symbols are used in order to apportion blame, to learn lessons, and to act as a warning. Peoples Temple was a collective trauma for American culture as well as an individual trauma for survivors. The process of mimesis, therefore, is a way of both memorializing and reinscribing this trauma on a cultural level. Examples from ethnographic research conducted in Sedona, Arizona, are used to illustrate how symbols of Jonestown generated by cultural mimesis continue to be invoked by participants in contemporary minority religions as a way to signal their concern about whether they belong to a cult.

Entanglement records for seabirds and marine mammals were investigated for the period 2001-2005. The entanglement records were extracted from databases maintained by seven organizations operating along the west coast of the United States of America. Their programmes included beach monitoring surveys, rescue and rehabilitation and regional pinniped censuses. Records of 454 entanglements were documented in live animals and in carcasses for 31 bird species and nine marine mammal species. The most frequently entangled species were Common Murres, Western Gulls and California sea lions. The entanglement materials identified were primarily fishing related. Entanglements were recorded every year suggesting that although the incidence level differs annually, entanglement is a persistent problem. It is recommended that each programme records details in standardized categories to determine entanglement material sources. Numbers of entanglements observed during these surveys are likely to be a conservative view of the actual entanglement rate taking place at sea.

This paper sets out to develop an improved framework for examining critical junctures. This a priori framework is a significant improvement over existing critical juncture frameworks that lack any predictive element. It is an advance for historical institutionalism in particular, and political science in general. After the new framework is set out in detail here, it is tested. The framework is used to examine a number of potential critical junctures in macroeconomic policy, drawn from Ireland, Sweden, Britain, and America in the latter half of the twentieth century.

There is a need for effective prevention programmes aimed at reducing risk behaviour among South African adolescents. HealthWise South Africa is a school-based programme designed to reduce sexual and substance use risk behaviour, and promote positive use of leisure time among high-school learners (students). Based on successful programmes in the United States of America, HealthWise was developed for use in South Africa and pilot tested in four South African high schools. We carried out a process evaluation to establish the fidelity of implementation and make sure HealthWise was culturally relevant. Data sources comprised focus groups with educators and learners, lesson evaluations and observations, and interviews with school principals. Qualitative analysis of data highlighted pertinent cultural and contextual factors and identified areas for mod-ifying HealthWise in order to promote better programme-consumer fit. These areas centred on time, language, and leisure. We noted a dynamic tension between the educators' desire to adhere to plan, and to make adaptations in accordance with learners' needs and the context. Ultimately, researchers need to find a balance between fidelity of implementation and programme adaptation to obtain effective programmes that are culturally acceptable to local consumers.

IZVLEČEK Prispevek obravnava kako so države zaveznice (ZDA, Velika Britanija in Sovjetska zveza) v času druge svetovne vojne prevzgajale vojne ujetnike. Prikazuje načine prevzgo-je ter tudi načrte s prevzgojenimi ujetniki ob povratku v domovino. Uvodni del služi pred-vsem seznanitvi bralca s problematiko ideološke prevzgoje, nato pa avtorica, na podlagi dostopnih arhivskih virov, prikaže kakšen odnos so do tega vprašanja imele jugoslovan-ske oblasti ter kateremu sistemu so se najbolj približale. Ključne besede: prevzgoja, vojni ujetniki, ideologija, ideološka kontaminacija, ideološka dekontaminacija, druga svetovna vojna, Jugoslavija, Sovjetska zveza, Velika Britanija, ZDA RIEDUCAZIONE DEI PRIGIONIERI DI GUERRA TEDESCHI IN JUGOSLAVIA DURANTE LA SECONDA GUERRA MONDIALE SINTESI L'articolo tratta la questione di rieducazione dei prigionieri di guerra durante la seconda guerra mondiale, alla quale hanno fatto ricorso i paesi alleati (USA, Gran Bre-tagna e Unione Sovietica). Presenta i modi di rieducazione e i piani di ritorno in patria dei prigionieri rieducati. La parte introduttiva serve principalmente per far conoscere al lettore il problema della rieducazione ideologica. A seguire l'autrice, sulla base delle disponibili fonti archivistiche, presenta l'atteggiamento verso la questione da parte delle autorità jugoslave e a quale sistema esse si sono avvicinate. Parole chiave: rieducazione, prigionieri di guerra, ideologia, contaminazione ideologica, decontaminazione ideologica, seconda guerra mondiale, Jugoslavia, Unione Sovietica, Gran Bretagna, USA

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to analyse job ads as relatively accessible indicators of the knowledge, skills and competencies required of librarians by employers. It then uses a framework provided by the literature on professional jurisdiction to examine what may be trends and shaping factors for the Library and Information Studies (LIS) profession with regard to jurisdiction in a changing information landscape. Design/methodology/approach–Job ads were examined in two separate studies; one comparing job ads in Australia and ...

Background Ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, hinders livestock production in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where it is endemic. Tick microbiomes remain largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to explore the R. microplus microbiome by applying the bacterial 16S tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) technique to characterize its bacterial diversity. Pyrosequencing was performed on adult males and females, eggs, and gut and ovary tissues from adult females derived from samples of R. microplus collected during outbreaks in southern Texas. Results Raw data from bTEFAP were screened and trimmed based upon quality scores and binned into individual sample collections. Bacteria identified to the species level include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus sciuri, Serr...

This study investigated the-relative and interactive effects of manifest needs and managerial power bases as explanatory variables of psychological climate. Previously validated measures of the constructs were completed by 420 full-time employees in the United States of America. Using the dimensions of psychological climate as the dependent variables denoting managerial effectiveness, stepwise multiple regression analyses with the managerial power bases as explanatory variables indicated the amount of explained variance in dimensions of psychological climate ranged from two percent for autonomy to 52 percent for trust. Hierarchical multiple regression involved analyzing possible interactions of the managerial power bases with the manifest needs of the subjects. Results indicated four of the dimensions of psychological climate were affected by the interaction of the supervisor power bases and manifest needs of the subordinate. The influence of managers on the psychological climate was discussed.

This paper examines the anti-money laundering systems of Australia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA), the extent to which they have implemented the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations, and how compliance with these recommendations is affected by local cultural and economic factors. The paper makes use of FATF evaluation reports to compare the countries' compliance; it examines some of the underlying cultural considerations and culturespecific ethical issues that affect the extent of compliance, and how cultural and ethical considerations may affect good governance. The findings indicate that the UK and the USA are the most advanced with regards to their compliance with the FATF recommendations and Australia and the UAE less so. The UAE is in particular found to be least compliant. We relate this finding to previous work on how a country's legal and financial systems develop in line with its religion, culture and socio-economic situation, and examine how such local factors have affected the UAE's financial and anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) systems. This research will be of interest to policy-makers and government agencies involved in addressing money laundering and its successful detection and prosecution.

Adolescence can be an extremely stressful time for all concerned. When this period is then compounded by the development of cancer, formidable and seemingly insurmountable problems may be perceived. Cancer in adolescence is relatively uncommon, with an annual incidence rate in western populations of approximately 150-200 per million. Five-year survival of patients diagnosed around 1990 exceeded 70% in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (USA), and adolescents with cancer are likely to remain fertile. Further advances in therapeutic modalities are creating a generation of adolescents and young adults with cancer who can now aspire to the same sexual and reproductive activities as their healthy peers. This then raises the issue of avoidance of undesired pregnancy during and after treatment. This article aims to address the contraceptive needs of adolescents and young adults undergoing treatment for cancer.

Cet article porte sur les anthropologues « embarqués » dans l’armée américaine en Afghanistan et en Irak, afin d’aider les militaires à mieux comprendre les cultures locales. Ces anthropologues embarqués ont engendré une vive polémique au sein de l’anthropologie américaine, polémique dont l’article analyse les termes et les enjeux en s’intéressant aussi bien aux arguments des partisans qu’à ceux des détracteurs. L’article replace en outre les débats autour de la mobilisation des anthropologues au service de l’armée et du renseignement dans l’histoire complexe des rapports de l’anthropologie avec les pouvoirs politiques.

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Purpose -To assess the role of leader-member exchange (LMX) in affecting voluntary turnover in a high turnover work context. Design/methodology/approach -Following consideration of traditional predictors of employee turnover, how LMX is related to voluntary turnover is examined among 207 over-the-road truck drivers using a telephone survey. Findings -Leader member exchange is found to be nonlinearly related to turnover such that turnover is lowest when LMX is moderate (i.e. both "bad" and "good" LMX are associated with higher levels of turnover). Research limitations/implications -Findings indicate that LMX and other antecedents should be examined for nonlinear relationships to turnover. This research may help to bridge the gap between turnover research and that associated with supervision and leadership. Practical implications -These study results suggest that unrealistic expectations should not be formed regarding the power of any single factor (e.g. LMX) to reduce turnover. Originality/value -This paper suggests that nonlinear relationships between antecedents of turnover and turnover receive fuller consideration.

…It was first proposed in May 2019 by Chairman Eric Schmidt, head of National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI), a subcommittee of the Department of Defense, to adopt China’s model in the use of AI for mass surveillance and data collection. The vision of this project is meant to ‘strengthen the US economy by implementing AI as a means to compete against China.’ The main issue with this proposal is that it would require the U.S. to adopt a Communist model of draconian measures in order to install new infrastructure. We have seen this occur in the last three months here in the United States. but under different circumstances— COVID-19….

Party pills were initially marketed as 'herbal highs' due to the structural similarity to piperidine , which is a constituent of the piperine alkaloid ) of the black pepper (Piper nigrum) plant. However, piperazine is a non-herbal synthetic chemical. Piperazine derivatives are constituents of a variety of Abstract N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) is the active ingredient in recreational 'party' or 'p.e.p.' pills, which are used to provide a stimulant, euphoric effect akin to that of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy'). BZP predominantly affects dopamine neurotransmission in a similar fashion to known 'drugs of abuse', such as methamphetamine and cocaine, which strongly suggests BZP has abuse liability. BZP is illegal in many countries including the United States of America and Australia, yet it remains legal in the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand. There has been little research, to date, on the neurological consequences of high dose or chronic exposure of BZP. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the information currently available on BZP and suggest a need for further research into the mechanisms of action, long-term effects and potentially addictive properties of BZP.

Validity of a clinical test can be defined as the extent to which the test actually assesses what it is intended to assess. In order to investigate the validity of manual physical assessment of the spine, it is therefore essential to establish what physical therapists intend to assess when they are applying these tests.

There is a sense in which all Marxist literature, and indeed all literature on Marxism, is a series of footnotes to this endlessly controversial insight Marx developed: that the ideological superstructure is the direct result (in Easton and Guddat's translation of The German Ideology: 1967:414) of the material base. This has become known as a kind of reductionism because, to some extent, the richness of all human sociocultural phenomena, including all political and other 'super' structures, are thought to be reducible to economic wealth. In this analysis, who owns the wealth owns the prevalent ideologies we almost all take, mistakenly, to be self-supporting, and self-justifying. Epigrammatically, the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class. Brosio grapples with reductionism right through his book, which is written from within the Marxist tradition of political economy. He is pessimistic about the prospect of democracy ever making much impact on education in capitalist societies like that of the United States of America: indeed, he assumes democracy and capitalism are 'conflicting imperatives', with schooling caught in the tension between these imperatives. Because of the hegemonic nature of capitalism (that is, that the ruling ideas are those of the wealthy, ruling class), and its pervasive and ubiquitous expression through the principal organs of society and the State, Brosio believes this tension is unbalanced-the scales are tipped well and truly against democracy and in favour of capitalism. Hence his pessimism. But notice the illogicality of Brosio's position. On the one hand, as a Marxist, he must agree that some version of the 'reductionist' thesis is viable, on pain of denying the explanatory force of class analysis. His book relies throughout on the continued existence of some form of populist polity as the historically-hallowed agents of radical political change, even if this polity is not the traditional 'working class' narrowly conceived. Put briefly, he recognises, and tries to avoid, the futility of an economic determinism that can only endorse political quiescence. However, on the other hand, and also as a Marxist, he clearly assumes even in the very title of the book, that 'radical democracy' is sufficiently ideologically distinct from the hegemonic ideological superstructure supported by capitalist economics, to make it a conflictual relationship. Brosio is caught between a rock and a hard place. In assuming an ideological polarisation (between democracy and capitalism), he sets up some extraordinarily demanding expectations of social and political change. He is fully entitled to

Purpose -To assess the role of leader-member exchange (LMX) in affecting voluntary turnover in a high turnover work context. Design/methodology/approach -Following consideration of traditional predictors of employee turnover, how LMX is related to voluntary turnover is examined among 207 over-the-road truck drivers using a telephone survey. Findings -Leader member exchange is found to be nonlinearly related to turnover such that turnover is lowest when LMX is moderate (i.e. both "bad" and "good" LMX are associated with higher levels of turnover). Research limitations/implications -Findings indicate that LMX and other antecedents should be examined for nonlinear relationships to turnover. This research may help to bridge the gap between turnover research and that associated with supervision and leadership. Practical implications -These study results suggest that unrealistic expectations should not be formed regarding the power of any single factor (e.g. LMX) to reduce turnover. Originality/value -This paper suggests that nonlinear relationships between antecedents of turnover and turnover receive fuller consideration.

The United States of America would seem to be an excellent location for using pollen data in forensic applications. The vegetation within the region is highly diverse ranging from areas of Arctic tundra to some of the most inhospitable deserts anywhere in the Western Hemisphere. The highly varied ecology, great plant diversity, thousands of vegetational microhabitats, and extensive published pollen records for the region provide an ideal setting for these types of analyses. This diversity, often characterized in most locations by unique combinations of pollen types, makes the use of forensic pollen a reliable technique that can often be used to associate individuals with a unique crime scene or geographical region. Nevertheless, forensic pollen studies in the United States of America are currently one of the most highly under utilized techniques available to assist in solving criminal and civil cases. During the past century there has been a very limited attempt to use pollen evidence in either criminal or civil cases, for a variety of reasons, including a lack of available information about the technique, a very limited number of specialists trained to do forensic pollen work, and an almost total absence of academic centers able to train needed specialists or forensic facilities able, or willing, to fund research in this area. Hopefully, this paucity of use will change if certain steps are taken to encourage the routine collection and use of pollen evidence in both criminal and civil cases. #

Purpose -This paper aims to examine some of the factors associated with the decision to participate in the promotion process for female police officers in a Midwestern police agency. Design/methodology/approach -Face-to-face, structured interviews were conducted in the spring of 2006 with most (74 percent) of the female police officers employed by a Midwestern, municipal police agency. Findings -The authors identified several organizational and personal factors that impact on female police officers' decision to participate in the promotion process. This study also uncovers a factor that has not been addressed in previous research: how being married to fellow police officers (or part of a "cop couple") can restrict the upward mobility of female police officers. Research limitations/implications -Data for this study were collected from one municipal police agency in the Midwest; therefore, the research findings may not be generalizable to small or very large police agencies. In addition, the female officers in this police agency comprise a relatively high percentage of sworn positions (15 percent) compared to the national average of 12.6 percent; therefore, the experiences of the women in this department may not be representative of other female police officers working in agencies where women comprise either more or less than 15 percent of all sworn positions. Another limitation of this study is that the sample size is small. This is a limitation that most researchers will encounter when they choose to study female police officers, as there are so few women who work in American police agencies. Practical implications -By identifying the barriers that female officers face when deciding to go through the promotion process, the authors were able to provide several administrative changes that could be made to encourage more female officers to participate in the promotion process. Originality/value -There is very limited published research on the promotion of female police officers. This study uncovers a factor that has not been addressed in previous research: how being married to fellow police officers can restrict the upward mobility of female police officers, thus resulting in a "marriage tax" for female police officers.

George Bernard Shaw's observation that the United States of America and Great Britain are "two nations divided by a common language" is as pertinent today as when it was made in1887. This juxtaposition has many other manifestations one of which is the delivery of health care education. It has been established in the United States of America that the preferred pedagogy is critical thinking, exponents of this educational module include Dr. Martin Luther King who suggested that, the function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically . . . The complete education gives one not only power of concentration but worthy objectives upon which to concentrate (King,1948). This is further supported by the Yale professor, William Sumner, who enthuses that education in the critical faculty is the only education of which it can be truly said that it makes good citizens (Sumner, 1943).

Teen Court (TC) is a juvenile diversion program designed to prevent the formal processing of first-time juvenile offenders within the juvenile justice system. TC instead utilizes informal processing and sanctions in order to prevent future offending. Despite its widespread popularity throughout the United States of America, little rigorous research has been conducted on the effectiveness of the TC model for reducing recidivism. Using an experimental design, this study examined the effectiveness of TC in reducing recidivism and improving the attitudes and opinions of juvenile offenders in comparison with a control group of youth who were formally processed. Self-reported delinquency was higher for those youth who participated in TC. TC youth were also found to have significantly lower scores on a scale of belief in conventional rules than had youth who were processed in the Department of Juveniles Services. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Mighty America, who brought a human to the Moon, has the right to be proud of his great son John F. Kennedy, who became for America what the god Apollo was for Hellas. The Heaven has sent us bright signs to prove this. // Могучая Америка, доставившая человека на Луну, вправе гордиться своим великим сыном Джоном Кеннеди, ставшим для Америки тем, чем был бог Аполлон для Эллады. Небо послало нам яркие знаки, подтверждающие это.

The profession of counseling psychology in the United States of America has evolved and developed over the last six decades. The current article provides a brief historical overview and highlights counseling psychology's emergence in the US with particular attention to the influences surrounding the birth of counseling psychology in the 1950s. A review of major developments in counseling psychology in

Purpose -The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of how satisfaction, quality, and value affect repurchase and positive word-of-mouth in a business-to-business (B2B) setting. Most previous studies in this area apply to business-to-consumer (B2C) situations. Design/methodology/approach -A survey of 382 users of freight services was undertaken in the USA. An exploratory pilot study was undertaken to gain a better understanding of these users and to test the research instrument. Structural equation modeling was used to test the constructs. Findings -The results showing the best-fit model identified a number of relationships that were unexpected. These are discussed in detail. Practical implications -Managers have a model, survey instrument and methodology that service firms can use to establish what they are doing right or wrong to retain customers. Managers are also given guidelines on how to increase customer satisfaction in B2B services. Originality/value -This paper deals with these constructs in a B2B service environment.

Hiking, horse riding and mountain biking are popular in protected areas in Australia and the United States of America. To help inform the often contentious deliberations about use of protected areas for these three types of activities, we review recreation ecology research in both countries. Many impacts on vegetation, soils and trails are similar for the three activities, although there can be differences in severity. Impacts include damage to existing trails, soil erosion, compaction and nutrification, changes in hydrology, trail widening, exposure of roots, rocks and bedrock. There can be damage to plants including reduction in vegetation height and biomass, changes in species composition, creation of informal trails and the spread of weeds and plant pathogens. Due to differences in evolutionary history, impacts on soil and vegetation can be greater in Australia than in the USA. There are specific social and biophysical impacts of horses such as those associated with manure and urine, grazing and the construction and use of tethering yards and fences. Mountain bike specific impacts include soil and vegetation damage from skidding and the construction of unauthorised trails, jumps, bridges and other trail technical features. There are gaps in the current research that should be filled by additional research: (1) on horse and mountain bike impacts to complement those on hiking. The methods used need to reflect patterns of actual usage and be suitable for robust statistical analysis; (2) that directly compares types and severity of impacts among activities; and (3) on the potential for each activity to contribute to the spread of weeds and plant pathogens. Additional research will assist managers and users of protected areas in understanding the relative impacts of these activities, and better ways to manage them. It may not quell the debates among users, managers and conservationists, but it will help put it on a more scientific footing.

It is clear that probabilistic risk assessment or probabilistic safety assessment is embedded in the safety culture of the nuclear power industry, worldwide. Risk assessment applications are in transition in the sense that the regulatory apparatus is not yet in place, at least in the United States of America (USA), to fully support a risk-based licensing process. There is progress on the regulatory front, but it is tedious and not without its frustrations. Currently, the strategy in the USA is a “risk-informed” approach that tends to be “business as usual”, but while you're at it, “do a risk assessment”. The result is added burden (and costs) at a time of increased competition in the power field as a result of deregulation. There is hope in that some steps are finally being taken to modify the regulations to allow risk assessment to be more of a part of the licensing process. For example, the regulations having to do with maintenance, plant changes, and technical specifications have been modified to allow insights from risk assessment to be part of the basis for licensing amendments. On the matter of standards there is strong support that is scientifically based and addresses such issues as health effects and environmental impacts. There appears to be less support for standards on such matters as definition of terms, methodology, and data requirements.

En este artículo pasamos revista a la historia de la política lingüística en los Estados Unidos y analizamos críticamente las diferentes opciones escolares que se ofrecen a estudiantes con una lengua materna distinta al inglés. Proponemos, a modo de conclusión, algunas líneas de actuación para el futuro de cara a conseguir un programa de educación bilingüe que funcione de verdad.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore and identify the causes of the failure of the Larkin Company (Buffalo, NY), once one of the nation's largest mail-order houses in the decades surrounding 1900. Design/methodology/approach -Borrowing conceptual frameworks from both recent management and historical scholarship on organizational failure that integrates exogenous and endogenous factors, this study employs traditional historical methods to explain the causes of Larkin's failure. The main primary sources include the Larkin Company records, government documents, personal papers, trade journals, and other primary sources. Findings -Begun as a modest soap manufacturer by John D. Larkin, in Buffalo, in 1875, the Larkin Company grew to become one of the largest mail-order houses in the USA in the decades surrounding 1900 owing to its innovative direct marketing practices, called the "factory-to-family" plan, that relied on unpaid women to distribute its products. In 1918, anticipating the chain store boom, Larkin established two grocery store chains (other retail ventures followed). The company regularly lost money in these ventures and, combined with a shrinking mail-order economy, struggled during the 1920s and 1930s, and eventually liquidated in 1941-1942. A number of exogenous and endogenous factors, acting alone and in various combinations, proved too challenging to second-and third-generation family members who ran the company after 1926. Originality/value -This research paper tries to understand the decline of an important progressive firm during the interwar period. Whereas Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward were able to make the transition from mail order to stores, Larkin Company failed to navigate this transition successfully. It also adds to the small but important literature in management and business history on organizational failure and may serve as a cautionary tale for family businesses.

This article offers an overview of the main language education policies aimed at addressing the needs of immigrant background students currently implemented in Spain's multilingual schools. In particular, the article examines the politics of segregation of language immersion programs for newcomers in the Spanish State, as well as their relationship with other language learning programs implemented as part of European initiatives to promote the use of Global English. This study is based on long-term ethnographic research conducted in different schools in Madrid. Adopting a comparative perspective, we also discuss different language programs in U.S. public schools: e.g., English as a Second Language (ESL) programs, bilingual education initiatives, Transitional and Dual Immersion programs. We examine how different educational policies for English language learners in the U.S. might be able to inform Spanish language education policies, forcing us to rethink the current school integration of immigrant origin students in Spain. We conclude with a critical discussion of the lessons we can draw from both cases.