Social Judgements

Abstract:  Extensive media coverage of a political issue has been shown to influence, or prime, the criteria used to judge overall performance of political leaders. This political priming effect is traditionally explained with network models of memory, which identify priming intensity and recency as key factors in determining the strength and endurance of a priming effect. However, these two assumptions of network models have not been directly tested in media studies. The potential of priming valence to influence the priming effect also has had little treatment. This experiment evaluated priming intensity, recency, and valence within a typical political priming context. In support of previous psychological findings, priming effects were apparent immediately following positively valenced primes, dissipating quickly thereafter. For negative primes, the influence of the prime on judgment formation was contingent on the individual's political leaning, in that individuals who would likely agree with the message exhibited priming effects and individuals who would likely disagree with the message exhibited little effect. The adequacy of applying associative memory models to political priming studies is discussed.
Citation: Dillman Carpentier, F. R., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, B. (2008). A test of the network model of political priming. Media Psychology, 11, 186-206.

Au regard de la loi Handicap de 2005, la dyslexie est reconnue comme un handicap cognitif. Ce handicap non visible touche environ 6 % d’une classe d’âge. L’origine de la dyslexie est bien identifiée : il s’agit d’un trouble neurobiologique qui produit des difficultés spécifiques d’acquisition de la lecture, alors que les autres capacités d’apprentissage sont intactes. Malgré la connaissance de cette déficience et l’existence d’outils de remédiation, il s’avère qu’une grande partie des enfants dyslexiques est en échec scolaire avec des difficultés généralisées à l’ensemble des apprentissages, sans raison objective puisque l’intelligence de ses enfants est normale et qu’ils ne présentent pas de déficits sensoriels. Le risque avéré est celui d’un rejet et d’une sortie anticipée du système scolaire sans qualification, avec comme conséquences de réelles difficultés d’insertion professionnelle. Ce programme de recherche a pour finalité de contribuer à la compréhension des processus qui font que les jeunes dyslexiques réussissent généralement moins bien que leurs pairs dans le système scolaire. L’objectif est de permettre aux enseignants de mieux accompagner ces enfants tout au long de leur scolarité et d’éviter que des difficultés en lecture ne viennent contaminer l’ensemble des apprentissages et compromettre la poursuite d’études. Pour encourager la réussite et engager les élèves dyslexiques dans un cercle vertueux, nous nous appuierons sur un ensemble de travaux en psychologie qui indiquent que la réussite scolaire n’est pas le pur reflet des compétences d’un enfant mais traduit comment celui-ci pense pouvoir réussir. Mots-clés : dyslexie, évaluation de soi, jugement social, réussite

Quel rapport y a-t-il entre la connaissance sur les gens que l'on peut tirer de la statistique et d'autres informations que, vous et moi, nous mettons à profit dans nos activités quotidiennes faites d'un commerce direct avec d'autres personnes ? Certes, il semble bien que les divers types d'information servent à un même usage, à prévoir des comportements, mais sont-elles pour autant de même nature, l'une pouvant faire bon ménage avec l'autre ? S'interroger sur cette question n'est pas superflu. En dehors d'une utilisation technique des chiffres par des économètres susceptibles de manier un langage ajusté aux variables, la plupart des usages, présentations et commentaires, supposent l'association de tableaux de chiffres à des énoncés qui ne désignent pas le croisement de variables dans une case d'un tableau, ou le coefficient d'une régression, mais qui parlent du comportement d'une personne qualifiée en général par référence à une catégorie statistique (un cadre, un jeune, un habitant de la région parisienne).

Although rater accountability is recognized as a potentially important characteristic of performance rating contexts, due to discrepant findings in the literature, its effect on performance ratings is unclear. This issue was addressed in the present study using meta-analytic methods to synthesize findings across 35 samples. Consistent with expectations, the effect of rater accountability on performance ratings varied as a function of accountability source, such that ratings were substantively influenced by accountability only when raters were held accountable by the ratee versus a superior. This effect was consistent whether accountability was introduced through identification or justification manipulations. Further, we did not detect any evidence suggesting that findings varied as a function of rating direction or study setting. Implications for performance appraisal research and practice are discussed.

Abortion laws originated in the United Kingdom as early as 1803, but the credit for revolutionizing abortion laws and recognizing the inherent, perhaps inextricable right and liberty of women over their bodies can only be given to the United States - more specifically to the American judiciary. From as early as Roe v. Wade, the American judiciary has been reiterating the inherent right of a woman as a constitutional person, to terminate her pregnancy in the earlier stages and thereafter giving the State a role to play, hence making abortion legal for the first time in the Unites States in 1973. Even though senators and other policy-makers in several, if not all, states of the United States have tried to whittle down the basic premise of Roe v. Wade, it has been emphatically upheld in subsequent cases. After more than thirty years of the pro-abortion movement in the West taking firm root, anti-abortion groups have again taken a radical stand by trying to control abortions through the introduction of the Unborn Child Pain Awareness Bill, 2005 (commonly known as Fetal Pain Legislation) and as many as twenty-three states in the USA have passed it to be an Act, which would require that abortionists disclose to women the reality that killing an unborn baby by abortion causes pain to the child. It would also require that women who were pregnant for more than twenty weeks be given the choice of adopting anesthesia for their fetuses. Interestingly this move by the legislature was said to find its basis in the judgment of Gonzales v. Carhart where the Supreme Court held that the federal legislation banning partial-birth abortion was constitutional on its face. The issue of fetal pain arose amidst the partial-birth abortion debate. Supporters of the federal legislation argued that partial-birth abortion was excruciatingly painful for the fetus and that banning this abortion procedure would further the state’s legitimate interest in protecting the unborn child. Opponents of the federal ban argued that there was no conclusive scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that a fetus is even capable of feeling pain. As a result of this partial-birth abortion controversy, legislations aimed at acknowledging and assuaging fetal pain during abortion came into being.
In India, the debate on abortion laws as embodied in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 has been swirling since the Bombay High Court’s decision in Dr. Nikhil Dattar & Ors. v. Union of India, where the Court by a strict interpretation of the provisions in the statute, refused to give a lady pregnant with a malformed fetus the right to abort since she was already in her twenty-fourth week of pregnancy. Since then there have been urgent calls to amend the statute as long-standing criticisms of the policy have been brought to the forefront again. It has become critical at this juncture to look at the development of abortion law and policies in the West, particularly in the United States, to gauge where India stands at this moment and whether, if at all, India should be inspired by the western counterpoint or should take caution from the developments therein to further its own interests in striking the perfect balance between liberty, autonomy and freedom of the individual on the one hand and the State’s right to interfere, on the other.

Imagine your house gets hit by a tornado, And it just happened 5 hours after you made fun of an old poor man. Now your safe blow to his realm, And you stuck without money food and your stuff that you cared for so much are now all gone and destroyed. He comes back after five years. What do you think you would do? Ask him to help you or hide your face in shame for judging someone you didn't even know. See look here you may look at a book but you must never judge because it reminds me of an ugly duckling, yes maybe ugly at first, But when she/he is able to push that away they have this power they have that they embrace the love for themselves and enjoy that feeling because it makes them feel powerful. It makes me feel happy and warm inside because of only one thing it made them happy and feels beautiful and thinks they can climb the tallest mountain in the world. 'Well of course they are not going to do that but you know if they do they can have their wish because I believe in them I have that figure, guess, hold, imagine, and powerful judge that they can do it and accomplished what they always wanted, And of course everyone gets that feeling for themselves that they just did something that they thought they could never do. Let me fast forward this lesson/seminar, Never judge people for what they look like or what they wear because, we all live on earth we all fart, we each have different color skin, so what's the difference? Nothing, exactly because everyone is the same no matter what you look like because for the person doing the wrong with look ugly on the inside because they don't see one's true beauty in the love in the world. Like my mom always says "let them talk because they don't know what's coming for them. Oh yes, I struggle with being judged every day because of the way I look or the way I smell, or maybe I'm ugly. "UMM". I really don't think so I just see in the person's eyes they have once been broken. Like at the beginning of my talk, Would yo ask the old man for help or not, I mean I would because I would have already seen what it did to me made me ugly and poor and having other people looking at me weird, And I'm wondering why. Well, it's because the ugly is showing and your poor. If I were poor I would have given up but I would try to be better for myself, And yes this also happens in relationships, Of course, all the time. The women get jealous because she thinks he's cheating "blah blah blah" and she is the one looking brain-dead because she just assumed something without proof and a reason to even have to conversation. 
TO BE CONTINUED...
#this-was-an-inspiration
I always had trouble with (PSA) most of my life because of the way I was living and the way I was raised. Behind that, there is a lot of history known there. I just want to make a change in the way people look at others. Of course, they are nervous, not just the fact that there is a lot of people or judgment. The reason why people even get this way is that they don't see the bigger picture in their minds. When they are so much bigger than that, And make a change with not just the people around them but the whole world.

This paper develops and applies a new evaluative approach to local entrepreneurial ecosystems, as configural narratives. We examine how configurations of local entrepreneurial ecosystem attributes, as evaluated by local experts, support or hinder the emergence of new and innovative firms. Drawing on sociology of place, we present a novel configurational comparative analysis of local experts’ evaluation of their ecosystems in Chile. Our proposed approach to entrepreneurial ecosystems helps us uncover two counterintuitive findings and so elaborate on interferences that have not yet been addressed through conventional concepts, methods and data. First, we reveal three distinct ecosystem types explaining different local levels of new firm activity: Active self-propelled, Indulged and Passive self-absorbed. The internal composition of these types change when only innovative and high growth firms are taken into consideration. Second, we show why, when seen as configural narratives, ecosystem attributes that have been assumed necessary play only a peripheral role. Our study demonstrates a split picture against seemingly similar outcomes and homogenous local contexts, contributing to the advancement of entrepreneurial ecosystem theory, observation and assessment.

Abstract: This study investigated the effect mainstream music featuring sexually suggestive lyrics may have on judgments of potential romantic partners. Respondents listened to either sexually provocative or innocuous music. Thereafter, respondents were presented with online personal advertisements featuring ambiguously described target individuals. Respondents rated each individual first on a series of personality and sexual appeal characteristics and later on overall attraction. Results indicated that sexually provocative lyrics acted as a prime, in that respondents who listened to sexually charged music evaluated the target individuals with a heavier emphasis on sexual appeal, in comparison to respondents listening to nonsexual songs. Implications regarding comprehension of lyrics, song familiarity, and Internet chat room behaviors are discussed.
Citation: Dillman Carpentier, F., Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Blumhoff*, A. (2007). Naughty versus nice: Suggestive pop music influences on perceptions of potential romantic partners. Media Psychology, 9, 1-17.

Our society is living in a tight corset. It is the corset of judgment. We judge continuously, be it consciously or unconsciously. We are in fact trained to judge. It starts in school and continues at work. We learn to judge, because we have grown up in a judgment system and consider it to be normal. But have you ever asked yourself, how it would be to not judge anymore, nothing and nobody?

The one or the other might pause here and say „Wait, this is not possible. There are things, which are right and others that are wrong”. Well, this is exactly the interesting point. Who actually defines the judgment system against which we measure ourselves and others? Have you ever questioned this judgment system or did you – as most of the people – simply adopt it saying “well that’s how it is.”?

To go beyond the symptoms, addressing how a person defines meaning, purpose, and a life well lived are the primary goals of existential psychology, not simply identifying and reducing the symptomatology of mental illnesses, addictions, relationship issues, and other psychological issues. It is believed that symptoms can be reduced while unhappiness and discontent remain, often causing symptoms to reappear, exacerbate, and become harder to manage in the future; analogous to putting a bandage over an infected wound. Hence, it is important to remove proverbial bandages to find meaning to one's existence. And, although the primary goal with Positive Psychology is embracing meaning and living happily, the challenge with both, existential psychology and positive psychology, however, is arriving to enlightenment on the other side of cultural diversity and multiculturalism. This is disquieting to the extent cultural diversity is inferiorized to something we acquire such as depression or schizophrenia. This inferiorization of cultural diversity lends itself to a pathologization of the preeminence of one's personage, particularly with those whose diverse characteristics are more pronounced than those of the mainstream as in people of color, or other marginalized groups.

Entry in Salvador Jimenez Murguia (ed.), Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, pp. 614-616.
Released in 1957, 12 Angry Men is a drama film with elements of “noir”. Adapted from a homonymous teleplay by Reginald Rose (1954), the script was written and co-produced by Rose himself and directed by debuting Sidney Lumet.

The study uses a factorial survey design to  examine what factors in the life situation of a family respondents take into account when they appraise whether the family is poor or not. Respondents primarily rely on an income-based conception of poverty and deprivations are ascribed far less weight than income.

Human-robot interaction (HRI) research requires new techniques for understanding the social dynamics that occur at the interface between humans and robots. Prior work has focused on incorporating the social cues and social signals distinc-tion from the field of social signal processing and complementing this with recent advances in understanding human social cognition that specify two primary types of cognitive processes. A related account, stemming from Social Judgment Theory (SJT), specifies a Lens Model for which cues can be interpreted as well as the task conditions that would induce either of the types of cognitive processes. Surprisingly, SJT-based research has not yet examined the social cue and signal relationship. We argue it provides an ideal path forward for such research and we integrate these related disciplines of study to provide a theoretically derived account that can be useful for both the design of human-human and HRI experiments focused on social interaction dynamics.

We form our lives through the making decisions in our lifetime. Thus decisions have a significant place in our life. As a result of this, thanks to decisions, we are able to set our goals concerning our lives. Decision making is a cognitive process that leads to election among other different choices. Decision making includes analyzing choices at hand and the process of propounding determination. Decision making is a subfield of cognitive psychology that researches determining and choosing other options derive from one's moral principles and priorities. In sum, decision making is about one's process of deciding and choosing the best option concerning in other alternatives. Decision making has two significant approaches that mentioned normative and descriptive theories. Normative theory is defined as the ideal decision such as " What we should do? ". On the other hand, descriptive theory is described as one's decision making substantially as in " What we are doing? " Nevertheless, during the process of deciding on a particular matter, a theory of utility is concerned. Utility is a significant notion of decision making. Jeremy Benham who was a British philosopher, created the concept of utilitarianism. Utility enables to gratify one's needs or desires. It's derived from finite processes with regards to specifying personal needs, contentment, fulfillment or gratification concerning the value of money. In short, utility is a

This book explores the answers to fundamental questions about the human mind and human behaviour with the help of two ancient texts. The first is Oedipus Rex (Oedipus Tyrannus) by Sophocles, written in the 5th century BCE. The second is human DNA, with its origins around 4 billion years ago, and continuously revised by chance and evolution. With Sophocles as a guide, the authors take a journey into the Genomic era, an age marked by ever expanding insights into the human genome. Over the course of this journey, the book explores themes of free will, fate, and chance; prediction, misinterpretation, and the burden that comes with knowledge of the future; self-fulfilling and self-defeating prophecies; the forces that contribute to similarities and differences among people; roots and lineage; and the judgement of oneself and others.

Using Oedipus Rex as its lens, this novel work provides an engaging overview of behavioural genetics that demonstrates its relevance across the humanities and the social and life sciences. It will appeal in particular to students and scholars of genetics, education, psychology, sociology, and law.

Children ranging from 3 to 5 years were introduced to two anthropomorphic robots that provided them with information about unfamiliar animals. Children treated the robots as interlocutors. They supplied information to the robots and retained what the robots told them. Children also treated the robots as informants from whom they could seek information. Consistent with studies of children's early sensitivity to an interlocutor's non-verbal signals, children were especially attentive and receptive to whichever robot displayed the greater non-verbal contingency. Such selective information seeking is consistent with recent findings showing that although young children learn from others, they are selective with respect to the informants that they question or endorse.

We investigated the neural substrate of moral decision making processes of Koreans and Americans. Korean participants showed significantly more brain activity in the right putamen and right superior frontal gyrus in the moral-personal condition, and in the right postcentral sulcus in the moral-impersonal condition. American participants showed a significantly higher degree of activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex in the moral-personal condition, and in the right medial frontal gyrus in the moral-impersonal condition. These findings support the ideas of the interaction between cultural environment, education and brain development that have been recently proposed in cultural and educational psychology.