Social History of Credit

The data mining its main process is to collect, extract and store the valuable information and now-a-days it's done by many enterprises actively. In advanced analytics, Predictive analytics is the one of the branch which is mainly used to make predictions about future events which are unknown. Predictive analytics which uses various techniques from machine learning, statistics, data mining, modeling, and artificial intelligence for analyzing the current data and to make predictions about future. The two main objectives of predictive analytics are Regression and Classification. It is composed of various analytical and statistical techniques used for developing models which predicts the future occurrence, probabilities or events. Predictive analytics deals with both continuous changes and discontinuous changes. It provides a predictive score for each individual (healthcare patient, product SKU, customer, component, machine, or other organizational unit, etc.) to determine, or influence the organizational processes which pertain across huge numbers of individuals, like in fraud detection, manufacturing, credit risk assessment, marketing, and government operations including law enforcement.

The data mining its main process is to collect, extract and store the valuable information and now-a-days it's done by many enterprises actively. In advanced analytics, Predictive analytics is the one of the branch which is mainly used to make predictions about future events which are unknown. Predictive analytics which uses various techniques from machine learning, statistics, data mining, modeling, and artificial intelligence for analyzing the current data and to make predictions about future. The two main objectives of predictive analytics are Regression and Classification. It is composed of various analytical and statistical techniques used for developing models which predicts the future occurrence, probabilities or events. Predictive analytics deals with both continuous changes and discontinuous changes. It provides a predictive score for each individual (healthcare patient, product SKU, customer, component, machine, or other organizational unit, etc.) to determine, or influence the organizational processes which pertain across huge numbers of individuals, like in fraud detection, manufacturing, credit risk assessment, marketing, and government operations including law enforcement.

Resumo
A presente tese tem como foco o mercado privado e não institucional de crédito na cidade do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 1820 a 1860. Através de uma análise de jornais, livros de notas, ações de execução de dívidas, penhoras judiciais e registros de letras, buscou-se traçar um quadro que evidência a complementaridade entre os diferentes instrumentos de crédito em circulação na praça carioca durante o período. Embora a cidade não tenha contado com um sistema bancário entre os anos de 1829 até 1838, isto não impediu um acentuado crescimento demográfico e comercial. Este incremento nas atividades econômicas geraram forte demanda por capitais que foi suprida por um incentivo estatal que visava direcionar a poupança e capitais privados ao mercado, criando com isso um amplo e complexo mercado privado de crédito cujo um importante pilar de sustentação foi a presença de uma relação interligada e circular entre crédito e propriedade privada. A cidade contava na época com um aquecido mercado de penhor e de segunda mão que foi capaz de absorver e impulsionar este movimento cíclico entre crédito e propriedade. Dentro deste quadro, a escravidão teve um papel de destaque e as penhoras judiciais indicam que a propriedade escrava garantiu o pagamento de dívidas, servindo não apenas como lastro, mas também como importante propulsor à circulação de crédito durante a primeira metade do século XIX na cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

Abstract
This dissertation investigates the private and non-institutional credit markets in the city of Rio de Janeiro between the years of 1820 to 1860. Based on a research and analysis of newspaper, notary books, debt ligation cases, judicial attachments and bills of exchange registries, this study seeks to build the background of the city´s credit market, one in which becomes evident a strong complementarity between the different credit titles in circulation in the city at the time. Even though Rio has had no banking system between 1829 and 1838, the city experienced a sharp demographic and commercial boom during these period. Such increase in the city’s economic activity was responsible for a striking rise in the demand for investment capital and such demand was met by a coordinated state effort that striven to allocate and redirect private savings towards the market. Such movement was responsible for the emergence of a vast and complex private credit market in which one of its cornerstones was the presence of an intertwined relationship between credit and private property. At that time, the city had a thriving pawning and second-hand goods market that was able to accommodate and foster this circular dynamics observed between private property and credit. This created a background where slaves had an important role and judicial attachments of slave property as means of securing debts served an important function, both as a safeguard and propeller for credit circulation during the first half of the nineteenth century in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

This report is the result of a collaboration between CGAP and J.P. Morgan. CGAP is solely responsible for the printing and distribution of this Occasional Paper. CGAP is not affiliated with J.P. Morgan. Our objective is to provide benchmarks for valuation of microfinance equity, both private and publicly listed. Our analysis is based on two datasets: a sample of 144 private equity transactions, which represents the largest such dataset gathered to date, and data on 10 publicly traded micro finance institutions (MFIs) and low-income consumer lenders. 1

The data mining its main process is to collect, extract and store the valuable information and now-a-days it's done by many enterprises actively. In advanced analytics, Predictive analytics is the one of the branch which is mainly used to make predictions about future events which are unknown. Predictive analytics which uses various techniques from machine learning, statistics, data mining, modeling, and artificial intelligence for analyzing the current data and to make predictions about future. The two main objectives of predictive analytics are Regression and Classification. It is composed of various analytical and statistical techniques used for developing models which predicts the future occurrence, probabilities or events. Predictive analytics deals with both continuous changes and discontinuous changes. It provides a predictive score for each individual (healthcare patient, product SKU, customer, component, machine, or other organizational unit, etc.) to determine, or influence the organizational processes which pertain across huge numbers of individuals, like in fraud detection, manufacturing, credit risk assessment, marketing, and government operations including law enforcement.

La vicenda del ramo mantovano dei Norsa viene qui parzialmente ripercorsa per il periodo intercorrente tra il  XIV e il XV secolo. Essa  si snoda, come quella di molti altri nuclei mosaici, a partire dai primi spostamenti dall’Italia centrale verso il Nord della Penisola: da Ancona a Rimini, a Padova, a Mantova, a Ferrara ed oltre. Analogamente a quanto verificatosi per molti protagonisti dell’ebraismo nazionale l’occasione del suo insediamento nei vari proto-stati italiani era costituita dall’esercizio della mercanzia e della fenerazione, dove quest’ultima costituiva la carta legittimante dell’insediamento di nuclei israeliti all’interno della società cristiana. L’attività dei molti banchi di cui i vari membri della famiglia furono titolari, o soci, sono in qualche modo espressione del loro rilievo economico e sociale, almeno se dobbiamo  giudicare dalla qualità dei proprietari, dalle loro relazioni con la società politica cristiana  e dal valore dei pegni che gestirono. I documenti di archivio mantovani (ma si potrebbero citare anche quelli ferraresi) indicano con chiarezza che il gruppo riuscì a gestire politicamente ‘amicizie asimmetriche’ e, appunto, a creare solidi e durevoli legami con il potere costituito. Il tardo Quattrocento tuttavia li vede in un momento di difficoltà. Daniele di Leone, trasferitosi nella capitale gonzaghesca, acquistò una casa da una cristiana da cui abrase un’immagine  che ne ornava  un muro esterno. Incorse pertanto nell’ira - tardiva - di Francesco Gonzaga che prima si propose di multarlo, e poi confiscò l’edificio. Al suo posto fece costruire una chiesa, a celebrazione della vittoria di Fornovo.  All’interno un quadro del Mantegna, ora di proprietà del Louvre, lo ritrae inginocchiato accanto alla Vergine e a due santi guerrieri.  L’episodio oggetto, già nell’Ottocento,  di un’accurata analisi documentaria, è stato successivamente collocato al cuore di due famosi saggi da Michele Luzzati e da Salvatore Settis. Il presente contributo, che utilizza fonti conservate  presso gli archivi di Mantova e di Padova,  si conclude con la analisi di alcuni episodi, in apparenza epifenomeni, che vorrebbero contribuire a gettare un altro  poco  di luce sulla vicenda e sui suoi protagonisti

The chapter deals with the development and growing regulations of the credit markets in Europe and to a lesser extent in the Ottoman Middle East at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. The aim was to achieve a more efficient financing of long-distance international trade.

This chapter analyses how merchants and political institutions cope with failures and defaults that compromise credit relationships in an early modern trading center. Focussing on the structure of financing business and trade in Venice and on the legal framework that protects creditors, the essay links the widespread form of trading company (the temporary partnership) to the large recourse to arbitration procedures for solving disputes, and to the lesser efficiency of institutional and legal frameworks traditionally securing credit rights in Venice. ‘Credit, Defaults and Institutions in Early Modern Venice’ concludes with the hypothesis that the changing commercial environment and the spread of temporary societies reduce the protective strenght of Venetian institutions and increase instability in financing international trade.

In recent decades, international
historiography has made a great effort to
understand the role played by private credit
in medieval and modern economies. The
viewpoints analysed by historians include
the study of legal, social and economic
aspects of credit. In this respect, seizing
on the social and economic situation in
Castile at the end of the Middle Ages,
this paper aims to set forth some keys to
understanding private credit in the Crown
of Castile. The combined analysis of the
theoretical bases of credit, its application
and its impact on the development of
social ties constitutes a fi eld of research
with great potential.
Keywords: credit; debt; litigation; fi nan- cial history; crown of Castile.

The proposed paper presents the orphan funds in the Danube vilayet during the 1860s and 1870s. The religious foundation on which these institutions were based is presented. A great attention is paid to the social practices for orphan care which were typical to the representatives of all religious groups in the Ottoman Balkan provinces. In the 1850s, the Ottoman Empire became much more active in the social sphere and consequently these practices were placed under the control of the state. The capitals of the orphan funds in the province are examined and analyzed. An analysis of their management has been made. The amount of the loans is indicated – based on the available information about the orphan fund in the city of Tran. Some important comparisons with the capitals and practices of the “common benefit” funds (another Ottoman credit institution) are made. The paper also offers significant observations and analyzes on interest rates in the Ottoman Empire during that period.

[English below]

L’accesso al credito e le relazioni di potere che si articolavano intorno ad esso sono uno degli aspetti cardine delle società italiana tra tardo medioevo e prima età moderna. Le diverse modalità (lecite, illecite, dubbie) di procurarsi denaro si intrecciavano infatti con questioni legate alla sfera economica, politica, giuridica e religiosa. Ricostruire la storia del credito permette quindi di comprendere meglio la società dell’epoca. Indagando tanto il terreno delle elaborazioni teoriche quanto quello delle attuazioni concrete, il presente volume fornisce un ampio quadro del dibattito e delle maggiori acquisizioni storiografiche riguardo al credito e ai Monti di Pietà. Rifiutando schematiche semplificazioni, il volume indaga i molteplici protagonisti di vicende che coinvolsero teologi e giuristi, banchieri ebrei e cristiani, mercanti, predicatori e magistrature cittadine. Declinato secondo forme diverse di progettualità sociale, lo sviluppo del mercato del credito rispondeva a una diffusa necessità di denaro. E intorno alla richiesta di credito si giocava – allora come oggi – una parte significativa del grado di appartenenza riconosciuto o negato ai membri di una comunità politica.

English abstract:
Credit and Monti di Pietà in the Medieval and Early Modern Period: A Historiographical Assessment
Access to credit and the power relations around it were key aspects of Italian society between the late medieval and early modern period. Obtaining money (through legal, illegal, and “ambiguous” means) was deeply intertwined with broader issues concerning the economic, political, legal, and religious spheres. Tracing the history of credit therefore allows better understand the society of the time. By exploring theoretical disputes as well as concrete practices, this volume provides an overarching assessment of the historiographic debate and its main results about credit and the Monte di Pietà (an innovative form of Christian public banking). By refusing simplistic schematization, the book investigates the many protagonists of an history that involved theologians and jurists, Jewish and Christian bankers, merchants, preachers, and civic authorities. Developed along the lines of different and competing projects of society, the market of credit responded to a widespread need to access money. Then as now, a significant degree of the level of inclusion or exclusion experienced by different members of a political community was shaped by and around the demand for credit.

Crise conjoncturelle, crise structurelle, crise systémique ? Ces mots et les interrogations qu’ils portent reviennent sans cesse pour caractériser la situation actuelle des pays où le développement industriel est ancien. Pour les médiévistes, ils font écho à ceux si souvent utilisés pour caractériser, à une autre échelle de temps, séculaire, la fin de la période médiévale. Crise du féodalisme? Crise malthusienne renvoyant aux angoisses actuelles d’une population mondiale impossible à nourrir ? Le jeu des comparaisons va jusqu’aux dettes de l’État que les rois tentaient de résoudre par les remuements monétaires. Pour expliquer la fin de la croissance médiévale et la genèse de cette « crise » aux environs de 1300, divers modèles ont été naguère proposés, qui généralisaient des situations régionales appartenant à l’Europe septentrionale ou moyenne.
Mais plus récemment une autre histoire a été écrite, celle d’un monde transformé, voire bouleversé, par l’intensification des échanges. Autour de la Méditerranée, la richesse nouvelle des écritures notariales et judiciaires permet de scruter en détail, non plus seulement les villes brillantes qui avaient jusqu’ici focalisé l’attention, mais aussi les campagnes et ces nombreuses bourgades qui se sont multipliées aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles et constituent, aux environs de 1300, un dense réseau portant en profondeur la généralisation de l’échange.
Prenant la suite des travaux qui ont renouvelé l’histoire des disettes et mis en lumière leur lien avec l’urbanisation de l’Europe, ce volume fait ressortir une histoire complexe des campagnes méditerranéennes. Loin de subir la croissance démographique et le prélèvement seigneurial, nombre de ruraux ont innové, diversifiant leurs activités productives vers une agriculture et un artisanat ouverts sur les échanges, en une dynamique qu’accompagnait la multiplication des foires et des marchés. Le crédit et le service du prince ont offert à certains de nouvelles voies d’enrichissement, tandis que d’autres étaient à la peine. Une société plus différenciée qu’on ne le pensait a vu le jour.

The “less-developed” interior of early modern Europe, especially the rural economy, is often regarded as financially comatose. This article investigates this view using a rich data set of marriage and death inventories for seventeenth-century Germany. It first analyzes the characteristics of debts, examining borrowing purposes, familial links, communal ties, and documentary instruments. It then explores how borrowing varied with gender, age, marital status, occupation, date, and asset portfolio.

The data mining its main process is to collect, extract and store the valuable information and now-a-days it's done by many enterprises actively. In advanced analytics, Predictive analytics is the one of the branch which is mainly used to make predictions about future events which are unknown. Predictive analytics which uses various techniques from machine learning, statistics, data mining, modeling, and artificial intelligence for analyzing the current data and to make predictions about future. The two main objectives of predictive analytics are Regression and Classification. It is composed of various analytical and statistical techniques used for developing models which predicts the future occurrence, probabilities or events. Predictive analytics deals with both continuous changes and discontinuous changes. It provides a predictive score for each individual (healthcare patient, product SKU, customer, component, machine, or other organizational unit, etc.) to determine, or influence the organizational processes which pertain across huge numbers of individuals, like in fraud detection, manufacturing, credit risk assessment, marketing, and government operations including law enforcement.

El presente trabajo indaga el papel que los desembolsos de la Real Caja de Buenos Aires tenían sobre la actividad económica de la comarca durante el siglo XVII, identificando la incidencia que dichos flujos de recursos fiscales tuvieron sobre los actores más influyentes en el mercado local. Para ello, se sigue la hipótesis según la cual los flujos de valores de origen fiscal (o gasto público) incidían, aunque desigualmente, en el desenvolvimiento económico de los actores. Para dilucidar el problema, se ponen en contacto dos universos: el de la interacción económica entre particulares (vislumbrado en la red de escrituras notariales) y el de los desembolsos de la Real Caja de Buenos Aires. Un básico indicador reticular pareciera expresar la incidencia del segundo universo sobre el primero: la centralidad de intermediación detentada por los actores en la interacción económica. En este sentido, el artículo no pretende avanzar sobre el "impacto económico del gasto público", la composición ni la tipología del gasto público en Buenos Aires durante el siglo XVII, como tampoco ahonda en las singularidades de la economía de transacciones interpersonales sobre la que se efectúa el análisis, en la medida en que estos aspectos fueron abordados en otros trabajos debidamente referidos.

This paper deals with the role of the public spending in the economic activity, identifying the incidence that the fiscal disbursement had on the performance of the most influential actors in the local market. The hypothesis proposed is that the economic performance of the actors was affected, unequally, by the flows of resources of fiscal origin. To address this hypothesis, two universes are put in contact: the economic interaction between individuals, and the disbursements of the Royal Treasury of Buenos Aires. A basic indicator expresses the incidence of the second universe on the first one: the betweenness centrality held by the actors in the economic interaction. This article does not deal with the " economic impact of the public spending " , neither with the typology of the public expenditures, nor does it explain the singularities of the interpersonal transactions economy over wich the analysis is carried out, in the extent that those topics have been addressed in different papers, properly referred.

This paper follows the enslaved woman Teofila from captivity to freedom in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. To become a free woman, Teofila had to navigate the complex private credit networks of the West African community of the Brazilian capital city. With limited banking activity, the Cariocas relied on one another for their financial needs, making for a highly convivial credit market that reflected and reinforced the vast inequalities of Brazilian slave society. While following Teofila through the courts of Rio de Janeiro, this paper will demonstrate that one of the cornerstones of the city’s credit market was the presence of an intertwined relationship between credit and private property. The commerce in human beings like Teofila produced thousands of negotiable titles, with slavery working as a propeller for credit circulation and one of its pillars – slave property was the primary collateral for unpaid debts.

We analyze the relationship between underwriting standards and low-income homeownership rates using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The survey respondents are a nationally representative sample of Americans mostly 40-48 years of age as of the most recent wave of the survey in 2004. Past research has identified credit impairment, wealth constraints, and income constraints as finance-related barriers to homeownership. Using a model of tenure choice, we find that absent all three constraints, the homeownership rate of low-income households in our sample would increase from 52.5 to 59.3 percent. Approximately half of this differential is attributable to households with impaired credit and those with 'thin-file status,' the lack of a substantial credit history.

This essay partakes in the dialogue between history, anthropology, and
social theory on the topic of debt as a social relation. Drawing on sources from nineteenth-century Switzerland, it examines everyday routines of debt collection in liberalism by taking the seized collateral object to the center of historical analysis. It is shown how the attached goods in a debtor’s household became an object of knowledge for nineteenth-century framers of law as well as for ordinary debtors. I make use of anthropological theory in order to describe the legal techniques of delineating and extracting collateral, and show how these legal techniques implied specific knowledge practices. I then look at two borderline cases of collateralization: the pawning of mobile goods and the imprisonment of insolvent debtors. Overall, on an epistemological level, debt collection appears as a double movement: it provided basic tools to untangle property relationships, yet all the while it created new, unpredictable complications. Thus debt collection was a distinctive arena in which the uneasy conceptual relationship between people and things in nineteenth-century liberalism unfolded. From this conceptual node I propose a historical epistemology of the collateral object.

Attraverso l'esame delle cause giudiziarie dibattute davanti al tribunale pretorile della città di Trento nel XVIII secolo il contributo si propone di indagare i circuiti creditizi informali, di far affiorare la molteplicità delle forme del prestito,di  tracciare il profilo sociale di creditori e debitori, di evidenziare il ruolo rivestito dalle donne nel mercato creditizio, e di individuare gli strumenti giudiziari a disposizione dei creditori per poter riscuotere i prestiti e, al contrario, di conoscere le strategie adottate dagli insolventi per sottrarsi al pagamento.

Most accounts describe industrialisation as the culmination of successive stages of development. This paper challenges such linear and schematic characterisations through an analysis of the labour hierarchies in silk textile production in Lombardy after the abolition of trade guilds. It begins by explaining how periods of strong growth in the textile market – and, conversely, periods of contraction and crisis – affected workers’ productive roles. We then analyse how efforts by the public authorities to reduce the theft of silk by workers forced them to distinguish between those who could legitimately sell the products they produced on the market and those only permitted to sell the force of their labour. Finally, on the basis of studies of factories in Como and Milan, we provide an account of the factors that determined the persistence of this fluidity in workers’ status.

Hire purchase is today one of the most popular modes of consumer finance worldwide, yet it is still in many ways stigmatized and controversial. In this respect, nothing much has changed since the late nineteenth century, when this new way of selling goods spread through the industrialized countries of the West. How unacceptable it was, Louis Bamberger-a pioneer of hire purchase in Switzerland-found out the hard way. In 1883, only months after the opening of his department store in St. Gallen, hundreds of angry people gathered in front of it and started smashing windows and looting. Beginning with this incident, which came to be known as the Bamberger Riot, this article traces the history of hire purchase and the controversy around it in Switzerland before the Great War. Focusing mainly on artisans and shopkeepers, I argue that the sudden emergence of hire purchase in Switzerland fundamentally challenged the market ethic and economic rationality of this section of the urban middle class.

This report is the result of a collaboration between CGAP and J.P. Morgan. CGAP is solely responsible for the printing and distribution of this Occasional Paper. CGAP is not affiliated with J.P. Morgan. Our objective is to provide benchmarks for valuation of microfinance equity, both private and publicly listed. Our analysis is based on two datasets: a sample of 144 private equity transactions, which represents the largest such dataset gathered to date, and data on 10 publicly traded micro finance institutions (MFIs) and low-income consumer lenders. 1

Afonso Pires Borreco was neither a nobleman, nor a native of Porto, two features that might have prevented him from integrating the urban elites of the city. However, he married into a family of local affluent shoemakers; performed the duties of scribe to the judge of orphans; and belonged to numerous confraternities, including the Misericórdia. At his death the Misericórdia inherited half of his estate. The presence of pawned objects in his inventory demonstrates that moneylending was one of his profitable activities. Besides throwing light on our understanding of upward social mobility, this case study enables the study of his mobile possessions within his domestic context.

The “less-developed” interior of early modern Europe, especially the rural economy, is often regarded as financially comatose. This paper investigates this view using a rich dataset of marriage and death inventories for seventeenth-century Germany. It first analyzes how borrowing varied with gender, age, marital status, occupation, lifecycle juncture, date, and asset portfolios. It then explores the characteristics of debts, examining borrowing purposes, familial links, intracommunal ties, and documentary instruments. It finds that ordinary ...

This is a chapter in an edited volume on the global history of money and credit. The chapter examines the imbrication of liberal rule and received communal practices that dealt with debt collection and bankruptcy in nineteenth-century Switzerland. I propose to view legal norms in parallel with everyday practices and forms of claims-making in an industrializing society. Of special interest are the spatial contours and temporal rhythms of debt collection; these reveal the metrologies at work in the ever-contested legitimacy of debt and obligation.

We are very far from the days when it was considered that concepts of "market" and "credit" were antithetical to the feudal system. Today it's rather thought that it was the imposition of this feudal system that gave birth to the market as we understand it nowadays, and, from that time, credit was soon necessary at very different levels. As we shall see, this process is very evident in the Spanish case that I intend to study here. My

The South American Funds National Exchequer was established in 1818 to contribute to the consolidation of the public debt of Buenos Aires. It was the first financial innovation since the revolutionary outbreak in Buenos Aires, and its failure allowed the authorities to understand the limits of the fiscal and financial commitment they proposed by means of that institution. Its suppression, in 1821, offered an antecedent to develop a deep reform of the financial institutional matrix of Buenos Aires, based on the Public Credit office, the Amortization Exchequer and the Bank of Buenos Aires. The South American Funds National Exchequer was, thus, the first movement in the negotiation on the terms of the financial commitment assumed by the nascent State. This paper analyzes the 973 accounting entries of the institution, providing an interpretation of that failure and its importance for the course of public finances in Buenos Aires.

La Caja Nacional de Fondos de Sud América fue establecida en 1818 para contribuir a la consolidación de la deuda pública de Buenos Aires. Primera innovación financiera desde el estallido revolucionario en Buenos Aires, su fracaso permitió a las autoridades comprender los límites del compromiso que dicha institución proponía. Y su supresión, en 1821, ofrecía un antecedente sobre el cual se desplegaría la reforma de la matriz institucional financiera de Buenos Aires, apoyada en el Crédito Público, la Caja de Amortización y el Banco de Buenos Aires. La Caja Nacional de Fondos de Sud América fue, así, el primer movimiento en la negociación sobre los términos del compromiso financiero asumido por el naciente Estado. El análisis sobre los 973 asientos contables de la institución permite ofrecer entonces una interpretación sobre aquel fracaso y sobre su importancia para el decurso de las finanzas públicas de Buenos Aires.

Gli studi condotti sull’assistenza nel Regno di Napoli in antico regime avevano sottolineato, soprattutto per la capitale, l’ideazione di un modello per molti versi differente da quello realizzato in altre regioni dell’Europa e del centro Nord d’Italia. Questo nostro seminario va a rafforzare proprio questa ipotesi. Nel nostro intervento ci si concentrerà sul rapporto tra beneficenza e attività bancaria in epoca pre-welfare con riferimento all’età moderna. 1) Partiamo dal virecegno spagnolo ovvero il periodo che va dal 1502 al 1707 per fare un breve accenno agli interventi in materia di povertà, con riferimento alla domanda e all’offerta di servizi dei luoghi pii laicali di Napoli. 2) Mostreremo poi come in un momento di grave difficoltà economica per il Regno e i luoghi pii nella seconda metà del Cinquecento all’ampia gamma di attività economico, finanziarie e creditizie si affiancherà quella bancaria. La necessità di reperire nuove risorse finanziarie indurrà alcuni luoghi pii napoletani a diversificare l’offerta di servizi e ad aprire banchi pubblici di emissione di moneta. 3)Concluderemo raccontando le difficoltà che ebbero le istituzioni coinvolte a conciliare la beneficenza con l’attività bancaria da cui la necessità di separare le due attività per non compromettere la vita delle istituzioni e ancor più l’intero sistema economico-finanziario e creditizio del Regno.

In deze bijdrage plaatsen we de alomtegenwoordigheid van krediet in de context van de great litigation decline centraal. Voor de daling van de civiele processen worden verschillende verklaringen gesuggereerd zoals stijgende uitgaven voor advocaten, toenemende gerechtskosten, andere opvattingen over omgangsvormen en de afname van klein consumentenkrediet ten opzichte van grotere en formelere kredietvormen. Een ‘smoking gun’ kon echter niet worden aangewezen.10 In dit onderzoek wordt op basis van de gerechtelijke bronnen uit de archieven van de schepenbank van Aalst voor één doelgroep, de kleinhandelaars, een poging gedaan om een bijdrage te leveren aan deze discussie.

L’epidemia nota come Peste Nera, che tra 1347 e 1351 decimò la popolazione europea, è uno dei più noti eventi periodizzanti della storia medievale. Nonostante le numerose teorie che sono state elaborate dagli studiosi sulle sue conseguenze economiche e sociali, non sono molte le ricerche specifiche sull’argomento che abbiano come oggetto la realtà italiana. La città di Arezzo ha conservato un buon numero di registri notarili e commerciali risalenti alla seconda metà del Trecento, fonti che consentono di conoscere con un buon livello di dettaglio la vita economica dei suoi abitanti. Il volume ricostruisce le parabole di imprenditori, artigiani e salariati aretini che si resero protagonisti di percorsi di mobilità sociale nel contesto dei profondi mutamenti legati all’improvviso crollo demografico di metà secolo. Emerge così un quadro vivace e dinamico fatto di nuove produzioni tessili, commerci su scala italiana e mediterranea e investimenti fondiari, che costituirono alcune delle più importanti risposte della comunità all’epidemia.

En el presente artículo se reúnen apuntes sobre la metodología empleada en un determinado trabajo de investigación histórica. Puesto que el propósito de esta comunicación consiste en dar cuenta de ciertas formas de trabajo, y no en exponer el contenido de la investigación propiamente dicha, se ofrecerán sólo tres casos en los que se afrontaron interrogantes puntuales mediante ciertas aproximaciones, aspirando a que ello resulte de utilidad para trabajos que aborden temáticas y problemáticas similares apelando a los protocolos notariales hispanoamericanos. Los casos aquí presentados consisten en interrogantes resueltos por la observación de las cláusulas, el rescate de anotaciones consideradas habitualmente marginales y, en suma, el reconocimiento de la potencialidad que los protocolos notariales tienen para ofrecer un panorama que los excede.

This article looks at the methodology that was used when carrying out a specific historical research. Since the primary purpose of this paper is to illustrate certain work methods, and not so much to expose the contents of said research, specific issues are only tackled in three instances, in the hope that this may contribute and  be useful for future research on similar matters by means of the analysis of Hispanic American notarial records. The cases hereby presented are addressed by observing the contracts’ clauses, by rescuing annotations often overlooked, and by acknowledging the potential that notarial records may have in the building of a broader analytical framework.

In 1657 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) released fourteen employees from its service who settled as free burghers at the Cape of Good Hope. By 1795 their number had grown to almost fifteen thousand. The original free burghers shared the same socio-cultural background and were uniformly poor. Yet in the course of the eighteenth century they developed into a stratified society with a clearly identifiable elite. Hitherto this development had been ascribed to capital accumulation in the form of land and slaves, with a focus on the settled arable farmers. This thesis challenges these arguments by applying the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship to the history of the 198 individuals who served as alcohol pachters (lease holders) in Cape Town between 1680 and 1795. The thesis argues that a study of their economic and social activities leads to greater conceptual clarity and a better understanding of the way in which social mobility operated. This study reveals how intertwined economic success was with social factors; and traces the changing uses and functions of kinship and social capital in VOC Cape Town. It demonstrates the importance of the urban free burghers to the Cape economy and the ways in which this group was linked to the rural free burghers.

The first chapter treats the origins and operation of the alcohol pacht (lease) system and its contribution to the Cape economy. This is followed by a prosopographical analysis of all 198 of the alcohol pachters. Chapter three presents the biography of Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen as a vehicle with which to present the theoretical concepts attended on entrepreneurship, which are employed in the rest of the thesis. Chapter four illustrates the importance of social capital and kinship to what was still a largely immigrant society in the 1730s, while chapter five traces the changes which had occurred by the 1770s. These two chapters also demonstrate the ways in which the urban and rural elites coalesced over time. The final chapter shows to what extent the economic success of pachters was translated into other forms of power.

in Strategie normative per la conversione degli ebrei dal Medioevo all’Età moderna, Atti del convegno internazionale (Ravenna, 30 settembre – 2 ottobre 2013), a cura di M. Perani, in «Materia Giudaica. Rivista dell’associazione italiana per lo studio del giudaismo», XIX/1-2 (2014), pp. 519-536