River Ecology

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the phytoplankton of the River Meuse were studied during 1992, at a point 537 km from the source. The phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms and green algae. The Stephanodiscus hantzschii-group was especially prominent. Other important taxa were Cyclotella meneghiniana, small Cyclotella and Thalassiosira, Aulacoseira ambigua and Nitzschia acicularis. Cell abundances varied from less than 1000 units mll to about 25 000 -30 000 units ml-during the blooms. The Stephanodiscus hantzchii-group constituted almost entirely the first spring bloom. During the summer period, small Thalassiosiraceae developed markedly and large Thalassiosira weissflogii appeared. During this period, green algae dominated diatoms as expressed in cell abundances. The main Chlorococcales were Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus div. sp., Dictyosphaerium ehrenhergianum and Pediastrum duplex. Dinophyceae contributed a significant biomass during the summer period. Total biomass varied between 100 and 3 650 ttg Cl ' . As previously observed , the factors regulating the phytoplankton growth were clearly physical variables: discharge, temperature and irradiance. However, in the summer period, low abundances might indicate a regulation by biotic factors. The impact of grazing by zooplankton is discussed, on the basis of observations of zooplankton development in the River Meuse and on the basis of simulation by a mathematical model. A comparison is carried out with recent data of phytoplankton in large European rivers.

Survival and growth rates of P. nigra along a morphologically-intact braided gravel-bed river in NE Italy, the River Tagliamento, and in a supporting greenhouse experiment performed in the UK, show that:- (i) P. nigra establishment from branch fragments is affected by relative elevation and sediment calibre; (ii) P. nigra fragments survive and grow best where the water table is stable. Inundation for more than 10 days is highly detrimental to P. nigra survival and growth; (iii) timing of deposition is important to the successful establishment of cuttings/fragments. Based on these results, initial establishment of P. nigra fragments or cuttings would appear to be optimised if they are planted in predominantly coarse substrates with finer material present between the clast interstices. Planting/deposition should take place towards the end of the growing season.

The Mahanadi conflict is perhaps the youngest of all inter-state river water disputes in the country.
The two major riparian states – Odisha and Chhattisgarh – are at loggerheads for about seven months now over the distribution of Mahanadi waters. Odisha fears a drastic reduction of water flow in the basin due to several dams and barrages upstream, which have been built by Chhattisgarh without its consent.  While these apprehensions may be correct, the states need better data set and strategic intervention to resolve this river conflict that is going to affect lives and livelihood of millions of indigenous communities, and the ecology of the river basin as well. Some recent tricks by the lower riparian government with cherry picked data has been analysed in this context in the article and it has been suggested that such tricks are not used if the governments were serious about resolving the conflict.

Evoluzione della fauna macrobentonica e qualità delle acque in ambito alpino-torrente THURAS nell'alta Valle di Susa-Premessa La qualità delle acque può essere valutata con diversi criteri : il metodo degli indici biotici, sui popolamenti di macroinvertebrati bentonici tramite l'Extended Biotic Index : E.B.I. o Indice Biotico Esteso : I.B.E. modif. Ghetti, 1986 , rappresenta, allo stato attuale, un criterio di alto valore scientifico.

An overview of the literature is presented on the biology of the rivers entering the Humber, eastern England, together with some of their tributaries. Particular emphasis is given to dynamic aspects, including transport and movement within rivers, movement between rivers, processes within rivers and long-term changes. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Aquatic plants need two essential nutrients for growth: Phosphorus and Nitrogen. They receive these nutrients through a process known as eutrophication, in which water bodies accumulate plant nutrients, typically from nutrient-rich land drainage (Smith 2003). In a healthy lake, both nutrients occur in limiting amounts, restricting plant growth. However, anthropogenic (or human) factors can dramatically increase the concentration of plant nutrients in water bodies, a phenomenon known as “cultural eutrophication”(Hasler 1947). Human-induced pollution through the impacts of excessive fertilizer use, untreated wastewater effluents and detergents significantly increases nutrient loading into lakes, accelerating eutrophication beyond natural levels and generating deleterious changes to the natural ecosystem (Litke 1999). Over the past 50 years, a large body of literature has been developed to identify the principle impacts and sources of increased nutrient levels on the quality of receiving waters (Smith 2003). It is now generally accepted that cultural eutrophication can stimulate the rapid growth of plants and algae, clogging waterways and potentially creating toxic algae blooms. Hypoxic (very low oxygen) conditions may result when these plants and algae die and decompose stripping water of dissolved oxygen, leading to fish kills and degrading the aesthetic and recreational value of the lake (ESA 2008). Cultural eutrophication is an increasingly global problem as the deterioration of water quality and excessive biological productivity in lakes inflicts significant environmental and societal damage.

A paper delivered at the River Dialogues symposium at the University of Leeds on 31st May 2019. It takes two plays from my forthcoming monograph, Performing Mountains, and using ideas from eco-criticism expands the critical context beyond mountain studies and into rivers.

Throughout history, many different cultures have associated lunar cycles with changes in a variety of human and animal behaviors. In the southern-most part of Laos, in the area known
as "Siphandone" or the 4,000 islands, rural fishers living on islands in the middle of the mainstream Mekong River are especially conscious of the influence of lunar cycles on aquatic life. They associate upriver migrations of large quantities of small cyprinid fishes from Cambodia to Laos at the beginning of each year with lunar phases. This article examines the fishery for small cyprinids in the Khone Falls area, Khong District, Champasak Province, southern Lao PDR, and a five-year time series of catch-effort fisheries data for a single fence-filter trap are presented. These data are then compared with catch data from the bag-net fishery in the Tonle Sap River in Cambodia. It is shown that the migrations of small cyprinids, particularly Henicorhynchus lobatus and Paralaubuca typus, are highly correlated with new moon periods at the Khone Falls. Many small cyprinids migrate hundreds of km up the Mekong River to Khone Falls from the Tonle Sap River and probably the Great Lake in Cambodia. The evolutionary conditions that have led to the behavior of these fish are discussed, and management implications are considered.

Sediment acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations were measured in wadeable streams of a wide variety of ecoregions of western Europe (84 sites in 10 countries and nine ecoregions) to better understand spatial distribution and ecoregion relationships. Acid volatile sulfide has been shown to be a major factor controlling the bioavailability and toxicity of many common trace metals, such as Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Sediment characteristics varied widely. The ratio of the sum of the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) to AVS ranged from 0.03 to 486.59. The ⌺SEM-AVS ranged from Ϫ40.02 to 17.71 mol/g. On a regional scale, sediment characteristics such as dominant parent soil material showed significant trends in AVS distribution and variation by ecoregion. Total Fe and Mn were correlated weakly with SEM concentrations. Three AVS model approaches (i.e., the SEM:AVS ratio, SEM-AVS difference, and carbon normalization) were compared at threshold exceedance levels of SEM/AVS Ͼ 9, SEM-AVS Ͼ 2, and SEM-AVS/f OC Ͼ 150 mol/g organic carbon (OC). Only 4.76% of the sediments exceeded all three AVS thresholds; 22.6% of the sediments exceeded two models; and 13% of the sediments exceeded one model only. Using the SEM:AVS, SEM-AVS, and fraction of organic carbon models, and including site-specific data and regional soil characteristics, ecoregions 1 (Portugal), 3 (Italy), 4 (Switzerland), and 9 (Belgium/Germany) had the highest potential metals toxicity; ecoregions 13 and 8 (Belgium/France) showed the lowest potential toxicity. However, because AVS can vary widely spatially and temporally, these data should not be considered as representative of the sampled ecoregions. The general relationship between AVS levels and sediment characteristics provides some predictive capability for wadeable streams in the European ecoregions.

To document the relative distribution and abundance of the mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi and the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Colorado River in Middle Park, Colorado in 2010 and compare the results with historical data and records compiled over the past 25-40 years, prior to the construction and operation of Windy Gap Dam in 1983. Document the relative abundance and distribution of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the upper Colorado River between the confluence with the Blue River and Windy Gap Dam west of Granby, Colorado.

The Nepean River is one of the most important waterways in the Sydney basin and has particular significance for Sydney’s southwestern rural-urban fringe. Its catchment extends south and east of the Sydney Basin to take in areas near Robertson and Goulburn. West of Wollongong the tributaries includng Cataract Creek, Avon River, Cordeaux River that flow
northwest and then into the deep gorges of Pheasants Nest and Douglas Park.

Układ przestrzenny Lublina w znacznym stopniu został uwarunkowany przez trzy rzeki: Bystrzycę, Czechówkę i Czerniejówkę. Niepokojącym zjawiskiem jest coraz częstsze zabudowywanie dolin tych cieków pod obiekty usługowe i mieszkaniowe, z jednoczesną utratą potencjalnych terenów rekreacyjnych i walorów krajobrazowych. Jedynie częściowe wykorzy-stywanie ich możliwości nie pozwala na sprawne funkcjonalnie systemu wypoczynkowego mia-sta. W artykule, na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w obrębie dolin rzecznych (waloryzacja przyrodniczo-krajobrazowa), wskazano przyrodniczo cenne obszary oraz miejsca mogące służyć rekreacji. Określono także tereny, które w wyniku złej gospodarki zatracają wartości środowi-skowe. Sformułowane wnioski dotyczą kierunków przyszłego zagospodarowywania terenów nadrzecznych Lublina, w kontekście ich potencjału, umożliwiającego rozwój funkcji wypoczyn-kowych.

The spatial arrangement of Lublin was conditioned to a large extent by three rivers: Bystrzyca, Czechówka and Czerniejówka. The frequent development of their valleys with service facilities with a simultaneous loss of potential recreation areas and landscape values is a worrying process. The lack of attractiveness conditioning solutions is also noticeable. Only a partial usage of the lands’ potential prevents an efficient management of the town’s recreation system. In the article, on the basis of the research conducted in the rivers’ valleys, naturally valuable and recrea-tion areas were indicated. Moreover, the areas which environmental values were lost due to bad improper management were also specified. The conclusions formulated on the basis of the re-search concern the future development of the river areas of Lublin in context of their recreation potential.

The evolution of human societies and in general of human history, do not follow a liner trend but rests mainly on mutual interactions amongst different components. The interacted multifactorial issues derive from three concentric circles or dynamical systems, a) the internal (issues derived from within a given society), b) the external (issues derived from interaction with neighbor societies) and c) the environmental (issues related to the context and other environmental phenomena). Thus, cultures experience cycles of birth, life, decline and death, often supplanted by a potent new culture, formed around a compelling new cultural symbol. In the 4th millennium BC, at around the same time, communities in the valleys of a few large river of Asia and Africa, widely separated from each other, took to growing

Channelization of river and landscape beautification occurred along the riverbank are parts of the development that occurred in the urban cities around the world, including urban cities in Malaysia. Many redevelopments done were a solution to prevent natural catastrophe such as flood from worsening and cater people’s needs without considering the nature of river. However, the redevelopments were still not enough to bring back the natural condition of the river. Hence, realizing the adverse effects towards the riverfront, many developed countries have started to redevelop the riverfront ecologically in order to ensure the developed riverfront in urban areas can be closely restored to its natural condition. However, the incorporation of principles of ecological riverfront design in redevelopment of riverfront is still minimally addressed especially in Malaysia. Hence, this research aimed to develop a riverfront redevelopment framework based on the riverfront ecological characteristics, with a case study of Sungai Langat, Selangor. There are three (3) main research objectives that need to be achieved, which are (i) to identify the principles of the ecological riverfront design that is suitable for the urban ecosystem in Sungai Langat, Selangor, (ii) to examine the current characteristics of the riverfront development in the urban ecosystem of Sungai Langat, Selangor; and (iii) to generate the framework that complements the redevelopment of riverfront in the urban ecosystem based on the riverfront ecological characteristics for Sungai Langat, Selangor. Qualitative method using case study as part of qualitative research was employed. All data were collected through secondary data such as books, journals and reports; and primary data collected through content analysis and structured interviews conducted among the selected experts. Content analysis was also used to analyse the data, which led in identifying the principles of the ecological riverfront design that is suitable for the urban ecosystem in Sungai Langat, Selangor, and examining the characteristics of riverfront development in the urban ecosystem of Sungai Langat, Selangor. The findings indicated that the principles of ecological riverfront design were classified into four stages of principles, which are the general, planning, design and implementation. Not all principles of ecological riverfront design developed by other developed countries were suitable to be applied in a Malaysia context. The current characteristics of riverfront development played an important role in guiding the experts on suggesting the suitable principles in Sungai Langat, Selangor. According to the experts, there were three general principles, seven planning principles, eight design principles and four implementation principles identified suitable for Sungai Langat, Selangor. Thus, the riverfront redevelopment framework could be developed based on the riverfront ecological characteristics in Sungai Langat, Selangor according to the experts’ opinions, as their expertise is important in developing the framework. In summary, the methodology of developing the framework could become a reference for architects, planners, engineers and other related professional bodies to reconsider the ecological aspect of riverfront while planning and creating the urban spaces along the riverbank, hence, promoting ecological redevelopment of riverfront in the urban cities.

This is a text book dedicated to the Restoration of Rivers and Riparian Systems. It includes 14 chapters  groupesd into four parts:
1) Fluvial Systems: analysis and main components (Hydromorphology, Ecology and Floodplains)
2) Basic principles on River Restoration
3) Measures and Technics for the restoration of rivers and its floodplains
4) River Restoration Projects: Contents and Planning

Assessment of existing equations on predicting total bed material load was carried out by using data from past study DID (2009) covering Muda River, Langat River, and Kurau River. The sediment transport data from the three rivers were used to evaluate equations developed by Sinnakaudan et al. (2006) and Ariffin (2004) as well as Engelund & Hansen and Yang equations. The discrepancy ratio is considered acceptable if the ratio between the predicted and the measured total bed material load is between 0.5 and 2.0. The discrepancy ratio for the original equations of Sinnakaudan et al. and Ariffin is found to be 30.37% and 25.70% respectively. On the other hand, the revised equations developed in the present study utilizing the data from the three rivers can increase the accuracy of the total bed material load prediction for use in Malaysian rivers. Newly revised Sinnakaudan et al. and Ariffin equations yield better discrepancy ratio which is 64.49% and 56.08% respectively.

The Clarion River is a major tributary of the Allegheny River in northwestern Pennsylvania. Abundant water and close access to forest resources fueled the rise of a heavy industry base along the upper Clarion River in the late 1800s, which at its height in the early 1900s included eight tanneries, eleven wood chemical plants, and a large paper mill. The Clarion River was the sink for the effluents from these industries which were discharged directly into river with no or minimal treatment. Cumulative effluent loading from the Clarion River’s main industries was estimated to exceed 25 million gallons daily in the early 1900s. In this presentation I gauge the relative impacts of these different industries on the environment of the Clarion River and show how the ebb and flow of industries set the stage for the eventual recovery of the river.

The bank of river Narmada has been the scene of strenuous spiritual excursions, efflorescence of human civilizations and of a surge of creative activity. It has seen the evolution of human consciousness from a dim and nebulous awareness of the environment, through mundane perceptions, to a magnificent comprehension of the cosmic reality. Legend, apocryphal may be, hyperbolic, to be certain, has grown around the name of the river. While, therefore, it may not be possible to piece together a coherent sequence of human endeavor from the murky cob web of legend, it is still possible to capture the devotion, yearning, the irrepressible urge for self-sacrifice and self expression evoked by this river. The culture that emerges is full of visions of beauty, words of purity and Intimations of immortality.

The presentation of the historical and recent distribution of Myricaria germanica in Austria is based upon an evaluation of historic and current literature, floristic databases and public herbaria complemented by authors’ surveys. The illustration follows the grid of the Austrian floristic mapping. The distribution map underlines historically frequent and widespread occurrences as well as a massive decline of the species in the last 150 years. Nowadays indigenous Myricaria germanica can be described as extinct in the provinces of Vorarlberg, Salzburg, Upper and Lower Austria and Vienna; in Styria and Carinthia indigenous occurrences are limited to a few, largely over-aged single individuals. Notable primary populations exist today only in Tyrol and there focused along the rivers Lech and Isel and their tributaries. Thus Tyrol owns a high responsibility for Myricaria germanica and to ensure a  avourable conservation status of their habitats of community interest.

Waterways have been key factors in the development of societies from prehistoric times to nowadays, particularly due to their role as vectors for cultural interactions, material exchange, and transmission of knowledge. The fluidity of these highways of transport and communications is tightly linked to the presence of transit points: spaces with unique geographical characteristics that acted as nodal points between different communities. Transit points are thus defined as places of intense social contacts, putting objects of physical geography into the domain of social sciences and humanities.
The subject is challenging, as many activities that happen in the aquatic spaces seldom leave substantial archaeological traces behind. Actions that take place on board vessels are only visible through secondary sources like iconography, while archaeological remains from ships are often difficult to access. In some instances, the location where contacts might have taken place are obscured by a lack of remains, but the impact of those interactions are visible in other ways, such as nautical technology or language and cultural exchanges.
This book demonstrates that by changing the research paradigm to an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspective that fully embraces the intricate connection between society and water spaces we can bring forth the nuances of human-environment interactions in water transit points.

Looking at the changing nature of river economy this paper tries to examine the relation between economy and environmental history. Bihar province in mid-Ganga basin has the natural advantage of many rivers converging the Ganga. During the seventeenth and the eighteenth century the province went on to get linked with the maritime economy and trade, and the center of commercial activities shifted from Ganga-Yamuna doab to eastern part of the Ganga basin. Using Patna as the case study, the paper argues that region's orientation from west to east had grave implication on the river morphology. After 1765 when the British East India Company got the land revenue rights of the region it sought permanence in the administrative and revenue policies and to achieve this it encouraged construction of embankments and railways. It created obstruction to the natural fl ow of the fl ooding Ganga. 'Water system' has been the central theme over the recent years for the environmental historians interested in understanding the impact of natural phenomenon on a region, specially the river. 1 In many of these researches, river historians often see 1 Till very late the social scientists integrated nature, specially water, in analysis of historical and social development as a background only, because they believed that social science is a subject concerned with social facts, and a social fact could only be explained by another social fact. But now environmental historians have begun to deconstruct the non-social facts such as water to explain the society. See Terja Tvedt and Richard Coopey (eds.), A History of Water , Series II , Volume 2 , Rivers and Society : From Early Civilizations to Modern Times , (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2010), pp. 3-26. Donald Worster is also very critical of the creation of some sort of wall around history as he says 'Somewhere, it seems, a great lawgiver has inscribed on a tablet of stone that water cycles, deforestation, animal populations, soil nutrient gains and losses are reserved for Science, while History must confi ne itself to tariffs, diplomatic negotiation, unionmanagement confl ict, race and gender. Science is supposed to deal with Nature; the scientists even

In 1991, House Bill 91-1154 passed the Colorado Water Conservation Act requiring all water providers with annual demands of 2,000 acre-feet or more to have an approved Water Conservation Plan on file with the State (Kathlene 2010). During the Colorado drought of 2000-2002, water supply and appropriation in the lower South Platte River region of Colorado became a critical statewide problem affecting many senior and junior rights users profoundly. The state experienced the most severe single-year (2002) drought on record, prompting Colorado lawmakers to consider forty-three water bills and resolutions, many aimed at statewide drought relief.

Nearly 5,000 mayfly (Ephemeroptera), stonefly (Plecoptera), and
caddisfly (Trichoptera) (EPT) species records collected from the South Platte River Basin (SPRB) were compiled from literature, field surveys, and institutional and personal collections. From this effort, a total of 291 species (69 mayflies, 66 stoneflies, 156 caddisflies) representing 35 families and 134 genera are reported from 1,208 unique collection locations. The EPT fauna of the foothills transition zone appears to be the most diverse and best characterized physiographic province of the SPRB. Four caddisflies are reported from Colorado for the first time; Asynarchus circopa (Ross & Merkley), Orthotrichia cristata Morton, leptocerus americanus Banks, and Helicopsyche n. sp. The mayflies Ephemera compar (Hagen) and Ephemerella apopsis McCafferty are apparently endemic to the South Platte River Basin; however, both Species have not been reported since their original collections in 1873 and 1974, respectively. The microcaddisfly Ochrotrichia susanae Flint & Herrmann and the winter stonefly, Arsapnia (Capnia) arapahoe Nelson and Kondratieff are currently under emergency petition in Colorado under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Many other species were represented by few records and require further
investigation to better understand their distributions.

The author aims at presenting examples of literary descriptions of Odra flooding (especially in the context of the most recent in 1997 and 2010) and the river regions in the perspective of aquacriticism. This approach belongs to a wider concept of ecocriticism which perceives the river as a key part of environment. The question being posed is what kind of influence can be traced in literary texts representing floods and how does literature influence perception of aquatic catastrophes such as floods. Since flood belongs to the catastrophe discourse, it blurs anthropocentric knowledge on rivers and indicates aquacentric modes of recognition. The ecoparadigmatic role of Odra is indicated by Silesian authors (in the collection Wie die Oder rauscht) and writers biographically connected with the river (Tokarczuk). The environmental function of the river can be better acknowledged through literary fiction that “gives voice to the river”.

German) Der Begriff "Ökosystemdienstleistungen" (ÖSD) impliziert, dass Ökosysteme Dienstleistungen für die Menschheit bereitstellen. Die Identifizierung von ÖSD ermöglicht die Berechnung und Monetarisierung natürlicher Ressourcen. Am Beispiel des Oshiwara-Flusses in Mumbai wurde eine qualitative ÖSD-Analyse durchgeführt. Er fließt durch stark verdichtetes städtisches Gebiet der westlichen Vorstadt Mumbais. Durch viele Eingriffe in den Fluss ist er in sehr schlechtem ökologischem Zustand. An sechs Standorten, die die Vielfalt der städtischen Umgebung widerspiegeln, wurden Begehungen durchgeführt. Die Kernfragen dieser Bachelorarbeit sind: Welche ÖSD hat der Oshiwara-Fluss in der Vergangenheit bereitgestellt und welche stellt er heute bereit? Welche ÖSD könnte er in Zukunft bereitstellen, wenn bestimmte Maßnahmen ergriffen würden? Die sechs Untersuchungsstandorte wurden schriftlich und fotografisch dokumentiert. Zur Auswertung wurden je Standort eine Konfliktkarte, die derzeitige Nutzungskonflikte zeigt, und eine Potentialkarte, die potentielle Nutzungen und Maßnahmen zeigt, die die ÖSD-Performance verbessern könnten, erstellt. In der nachfolgenden ÖSD-Ranking-Liste wurden ÖSD nach Relevanz für den Oshiwara-Fluss sortiert. Sie enthält außerdem konkrete Vorschläge, um die ÖSD-Performance zu verbessern. Schließlich wurde festgestellt, dass die zwei ÖSD Hochwasserschutz und Abwasser-und Abfallabtransport am wichtigsten sind, und dass ihre ausufernde Nutzung zum ökologischen Verfall des Flusses geführt hat. Da dieses Problem für die ganze Stadt Mumbai symptomatisch ist, sind großmaßstäbliche Lösungen sinnvoll und notwendig. Kleinmaßstäbliche Maßnahmen reichen nicht aus, um nachhaltig für Veränderung zu sorgen -wohl aber um einen Veränderungsprozess anzustoßen. Diese Bachelorarbeit setzt sich außerdem mit der Studie "Inventorisation of Water Courses, Large Urban Greens and Coastline Features in Greater Mumbai" (Inventur von Fließgewässern, großen städtische Grünflächen und Küstenräumen im Großraum Mumbai) auseinander, die von der MMR-EIS, der Umweltabteilung der Stadtverwaltung Mumbais, durchgeführt wurde. Die Ausstellung "SOAK -Mumbai in an estuary" (etwa: "Aufgeweicht -Mumbai als Flussdelta") liefert wesentlichen theoretischen Input zur Rolle des Wassers in Mumbai. Luise Haufe · Ecosystem services of urban rivers 3 4 Luise Haufe · Ecosystem services of urban rivers

The water of river Yamuna caters to diverse needs for the survival of the people. With rapid expansion of industrialization and urbanization the quality of the river is severely affected due to indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial sludge and so wastewater with free flowing obnoxious effluents containing multi residue, disinfectants and their byproducts contaminants from the drains into the river which are badly affecting river's overa directly disposed off onto surrounding land, surface water and even groundwater along the bank of river Yamuna through drains without recommended treatment. As a result of thi chemicals and metal ions will seep into the groundwater and devastate the water quality across huge areas, and finally leads to serious effects on the health, and the harvest, of the river Yamuna. Hence, the broad concept of healthy river Yamu research work to assess the concentration level of industrial effluents, distribution and enrichment of contaminated heavy metals which shows their bio the deterioration of water quality of river Yamuna.

As a result of his important career abroad and his family experiences in his home province of Zhejiang, Kongjian Yu reflects in this interview on the need to look at and learn from the past, from tradition, in order to restore harmony to our relationship with the environment in which we live. Learning from the environment as a means of providing project solutions that are adapted to the very drastic changes that we are experiencing. All this with a global and local perspective, always valuing the strategies that can be applied in other territories, adapting them to the idiosyncrasy of the place. To this end, Kongjian Yu raises the need to train new professionals who know how to work with the variables we are facing in the context of the current environmental crisis, changing the dynamics established in professional and political circles.

There was a time when there was a river in everybody's life. Cultures developed alongside rivers. Rivers sustained farmlands; they were home to a variety of fish; they were conduits of commerce and cultural exchange. People followed waterways, from canals to great rivers, to build businesses, communities and new lives.

The Pasig River is a major channel traversing important cities of Metro Manila, serving as a vital transport access for industrial goods. It has also been extolled as reflective of our national heritage. The river is now biologically dead, a depository of residential and industrial wastes of the metropolis, thereby posing health hazard to families living along its banks. This paper starts with the historical timeline showing the state of the river from the early 15 th c. and how it has deteriorated today, comparing rehabilitation programs from both public and private sectors with actual development using desk research, observation, mapping-inventory and interviews. Lastly, a case study of large scale rehabilitation project using current technology is described.

This Greenpeace report draws on a large body of scientific research in Fukushima-impacted areas over the past five years to
bring to light the current ecological situation as a result
of the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. It is an attempt to document what is currently known about the radioactive contamination of the forests, rivers, floodplains and estuaries of Fukushima prefecture. Given the long half-lives of some of the radionuclides released into the environment of Fukushima prefecture and wider Japan, understanding their ecological impacts is essential.

This report also draws upon studies of the forest and aquatic ecosystems that were heavily contaminated in the Kyshtym and Chernobyl radiological disasters to provide some insight of what may be expected in the coming years and decades in Japan.

In the earth surface there are many hazards generated by nature as example cyclone, tornado, river bank erosion etc. Among them river bank erosion is more common and pretty destructive. A river has mainly three criteria. Firstly, transportation system, secondly, sediment deposition and finally bank erosion. The impacts of the river bank erosion on human livelihood and socio economic sector is more severe. It creates serious obstacles on human activities. Like other hazards bank erosion has short and long lasting impacts on socio economic sector. Homestead areas, agricultural lands, crop production, roads are destroying due to river bank erosion. In this research paper it is discussed about the Sondha river bank erosion at two vulnerable places Chatholbari and Narikeli at Wazirpur upazila. To complete this paper questionnaire survey was prepared for data collection. Information gathered from the survey data about the loss of agricultural land, the loss of agricultural production, the loss of homesteads areas, created social destruction on the place, impact on the environment, livelihood which is fully dependent on river and finally the relief and rehabilitation assistance in the victim areas. Finally the study areas provides a standard example of this demolition where huge number of productive agricultural land, homestead areas have been eroded away as a result of river bank erosion.

It took only few years to turn a naturally owing river into a drain. 17.84 k.m stretch of Mithi Nadi (river), an arterial river, running along north-south axis of Bombay (Mumbai) is facing the grim problems of backyard atrocities. Finding its way through the odds of household garbage, industrial sewage, other pollutants and encroachments, Mithi river originates from the conuence of two essential reservoirs; Vihar Lake and Powai Lake and merging with Arabian Sea at Mahim creek. The state government is trying to rescue the river with their elusive plan but is being implemented with less concurrency in mind. The responsibility of restoring the river being shared between two authorities Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and BrihanMumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) directed by Mithi River Development and Planning Authority (MRDPA), gives a deceptive impression of revival and truth. Currently the authorities are resettling the informals, widening and deepening the river simultaneously building the retaining wall to safeguard the bank.

All methodologies, ideas and proposals in this document are the copyright of the URBEM project participants. These methodologies, ideas and proposals may not be used to change or improve the specification of any project to which this project relates, to modify an existing project or to initiate a new project, without first obtaining written approval from those of the URBEM participants who own the particular methodologies, ideas and proposals involved.