Replication

Disclaimer:
This literature extract was gathered purely and subjective according the interests of the author (Manfred Bundschuh). Usually there were complete sentences from the original transferred. Especially the Table of Contents is my invention, elaborated 30 years after the excerption of the text, in order to facilitate the readers orientation. There's no guarantee for correctness.

Literaturauszug aus Humberto R. Maturana/ Francisco J. Varela: Der Baum der Erkenntnis - Wie wir die Welt durch unsere Wahrnehmung erschaffen - die biologischen Wurzeln des menschlichen Erkennens, Bern u.a. 1987

1. Vorwort der Autoren             1
2. Vorwort des Übersetzers     2
3. Die große Versuchung   2 
3.1 Das Erstaunliche des Auges   3
3.2 Der große Skandal           3
4. Erklärung           3
4.1 Die Organisation des Lebendigen   4
4.2 Das Erscheinen der Lebewesen   4
4.3 Autonomie und Autopoiese   5
4.4 Geschichte: Fortpflanzung und Vererbung   5
4.5 Vorgänge bei der Reproduktion   5
5. Entstehungsweisen von Einheiten   5
5.1 Replikation                   5
5.2 Kopie                   6
5.3 Reproduktion           6
5.4 Die zelluläre Reproduktion           6
5.5 Reproduktive Vererbung           6
6. Das Leben der Metazeller   7
6.1 Strukturelle Koppelung   7
6.2 Lebenszyklen           8
6.3 Die Organisation der Metazeller   8
6.4 Das natürliche Driften der Lebewesen   9
6.5 Determination und strukturelle Koppelung   9
7. Ontogenese und Auslese 10
7.1 Evolution als natürliches Driften 10
7.2 Voraussagbarkeit und Nervensystem 11
7.3 Die Gratwanderung         11
8. Verhalten und Nervensystem 12
8.1 Nervensystem und Erkenntnis 12
8.2 Neuronale Struktur         12
8.3 Das interneuronale Netzwerk 13
8.4 Operationale Geschlossenheit des Nervensystems 13
8.5 Plastizität         14
8.6 Angeborenes und erlerntes Verhalten 14
9. Erkenntnis und Nervensystem 14
9.1 Die sozialen Phänomene         15
9.2 Soziale Phänomene und Kommunikation 15
10. Semantische Beschreibungen 16

Vorwort der Autoren: Wir werden nämlich eine Sicht vortragen, die das Erkennen nicht als eine Repräsentation der "Welt da draußen" versteht, sondern als ein andauerndes Hervorbringen einer Welt durch den Prozeß des Lebens selbst. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden wir einer an streng logischem Vorgehen orientierten Route der Entwicklung von Konzepten und Ideen folgen, auf der jedes Konzept auf vorange-gegangenen Konzepten aufbaut, bis das Ganze zu einem unzerteilbaren Netzwerk geworden ist .... Als Ausgleich für die vom Leser erwartete Anstrengung haben wir das Buch durch zahlreiche Illustrationen aufgelockert-auch, weil wir immer wieder die alte Erfahrung bestätigt gefunden haben, daß ein Bild oft mehr sagt als tausend Worte. Außerdem haben wir die zentralen Begriffe in ein "vernetztes" Diagramm eingeschrieben, das die Route unserer Entdeckungsreise darstellt.

ONYX-015 is an E1B-55kDa gene-deleted adenovirus engineered to selectively replicate in and lyse p53-deficient cancer cells. To evaluate the selectivity of ONYX-015 replication and cytopathic effects for the first time in humans, we carried out a Phase II clinical testing of intratumoral and peritumoral ONYX-015 injection in 37 patients with recurrent head and neck carcinoma. Patients received ONYX-015 at a daily dose of 1 ؋ 10 10 plaque-forming units (pfu) via intratumoral injection for 5 days during week 1 of each 3-week cycle (n ‫؍‬ 30; cohort A), or 1 ؋ 10 10 pfu twice a day for 10 days during weeks 1 and 2 of each 3-week cycle. Posttreatment biopsies documented selective ONYX-015 presence and/or replication in the tumor tissue of 7 of 11 patients biopsied on days 5-14, but not in immediately adjacent normal tissue (0 of 11 patients; P ‫؍‬ 0.01). Tissue destruction was also highly selective; significant tumor regression (>50%) occurred in 21% of evaluable patients, whereas no toxicity to injected normal peritumoral tissues was demonstrated. p53 mutant tumors were significantly more likely to undergo ONYX-015-induced necrosis (7 of 12) than were p53 wild-type tumors (0 of 7; P ‫؍‬ 0.017). High neutralizing antibody titers did not prevent infection and/or replication within tumors. ONYX-015 is the first genetically engineered replicationcompetent virus to demonstrate selective intratumoral replication and necrosis in patients. This agent demonstrates the promise of replicationselective viruses as a novel therapeutic platform against cancer.

We present research that contributes to the debate on the universal applicability of quality management, and in doing so, subject the 'one size fits all' assumption underlying quality management to an empirical examination. Specifically, with the Ž. exception of enhancements in instrumentation, we attempted to replicate, as closely as possible, Anderson et al.'s 1995 empirical evaluation of a Deming-based theory of quality management. In our replication, we applied path analysis to secondary, plant-level data provided by a stratified sample of plants in three different industries in Italy. The path analytical Ž. results from the current replication study were compared against those reported in Anderson et al. 1995 , which used data from U.S.-based plants. These results were then discussed in the context of conducting and interpreting cross-cultural quality management research. We concluded with the need for more replication studies in the quality management discipline and with implications for research and practice.

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteris...

Purpose: The DNA replication licensing machinery is integral to the control of proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of genomic stability in human cells. We have analyzed replication licensing factors (RLF), together with DNA ploidy status, to investigate their role in progression of penile squamous cell carcinoma and to assess their utility as novel prognostic tools. Experimental Design: In a cohort of 141 patients, we linked protein expression profiles of the standard proliferation marker Ki67 and the RLFs Mcm2 and geminin to clinicopathologic variables, ploidy status, and clinical outcome. Results: Increased Ki67, Mcm2, and geminin levels were each significantly associated with arrested tumor differentiation (P < 0.0001) and aneuploidy (P ≤ 0.01). Accelerated cell cycle progression was linked to increasing tumor size, stage, and depth of invasion. Aneuploid tumors significantly correlated with tumor grade (P < 0.0001). Biomarker expression and DNA ploidy status were significant predictors of locoregional disease progression [Mcm2 (P = 0.02), geminin (P = 0.02), Ki67 (P = 0.03), and aneuploidy (P = 0.03)] in univariate analysis. Importantly, aneuploidy was a strong independent prognosticator for overall survival (hazard ratio, 4.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-14.95; P = 0.03). Used in conjunction with conventional pathologic information, multiparameter analysis of these variables can stratify patients into low-or high-risk groups for disease progression (Harrell's c-index = 0.88). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that RLFs and tumor aneuploidy may be used as an adjunct to conventional prognostic indicators, identifying men at high risk of disease progression. Our results also identify the DNA replication initiation pathway as a potentially attractive therapeutic target in penile squamous cell carcinoma. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7335-44)

The catalytic subunit of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA polymerase pUL54 is a 1242-amino-acid protein, whose function, stimulated by the processivity factor, phosphoprotein UL44 (ppUL44), is essential for viral replication. The C-terminal residues (amino acids 1220-1242) of pUL54 have been reported to be sufficient for ppUL44 binding in vitro. Although believed to be important for functioning in the nuclei of infected cells, no data are available on either the interaction of pUL54 with ppUL44 in living mammalian cells or the mechanism of pUL54 nuclear transport and its relationship with that of ppUL44. The present study examines for the first time the nuclear import pathway of pUL54 and its interaction with ppUL44 using dual color, quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy on live transfected cells and quantitative gel mobility shift assays. We showed that of two nuclear localization signals (NLSs) located at amino acids 1153-1159 (NLSA) and 1222-1227 (NLSB), NLSA is sufficient to confer nuclear localization on green fluorescent protein (GFP) by mediating interaction with importin a/b. We also showed that pUL54 residues 1213-1242 are sufficient to confer ppUL44 binding abilities on GFP and that pUL54 and ppUL44 can be transported to the nucleus as a complex. Our work thus identified distinct sites within the HCMV DNA polymerase, which represent potential therapeutic targets and establishes the molecular basis of UL54 nuclear import.

Replication is an area of interest to both distributed systems and databases. The solutions developed from these two perspectives are conceptually similar but differ in many aspects: model, assumptions, mechanisms, guarantees provided, and implementation. In this paper, we provide an abstract and "neutral" framework to compare replication techniques from both communities in spite of the many subtle differences. The framework has been designed to emphasize the role played by different mechanisms and to facilitate comparisons. With this, it is possible to get a functional comparison of many ideas that is valuable for both didactic and practical purposes. The paper describes the replication techniques used in both communities, compares them, and points out ways in which they can be integrated to arrive to better, more robust replication protocols.

The use of hedgerows as corridors for forest vascular species has been widely studied, but only in humid oceanic and continental climates; no replicated trials have ever been performed on corridor function. Given these premises, a study was done on the eastern Po Plain, in a transition area between the Temperate (Eurosiberian) and Mediterranean climatic zones, adopting the same sample shape and dimensions as a North-American study [Corbit et al. (1999) J Ecol 87:220–232]. The following research questions were posed: (1) how common are forest species in hedgerows? (2) do origin, isolation, distance from source, width and adjacent land-use factors correlate with the frequency of forest species? (3) are hedgerows corridors for forest species? To address these, three functional types of hedgerows, identified by comparing old aerial-photos, were sampled: remnant attached (n = 12) and remnant isolated (n = 6) with respect to the nearest woodland and regenerated attached (n = 4). If wooded patches were a source for hedgerows, then regenerated hedgerows should be more similar to an adjacent woodland than an isolated remnant. A 900 m2 circular plot in woodlands and an adjacent 90-m transect along hedgerows were sampled for the presence and cover of all plant species, then 39 woodland taxa were selected. Significant differences between the three hedgerow types emerged in forest species richness, but not in cover. The forest species composition in both remnant and regenerated attached hedgerows showed a strong affinity with the adjacent stand, implying a dispersal process from woodland (source) to regenerated hedgerows (sink). A distance effect on forest species distribution clearly linked to a corridor function was found only in regenerated hedgerows, while in the remnant attached ones, even with a composition similar to that of the nearest woodland source, other additional factors cannot be ignored to explain the fine scale distribution of forest species. The cover of the most common ant-dispersed species showed a similar distance effect while vertebrate-dispersed ones did not show any significant trend with distance from woodlands. Habitat suitability for forest species was affected by width, especially in hedges wider than 12 m, but not by adjacent land use.

This paper arises out of our extended conversations on the philosophical, historical, theoretical and practice dimensions of replication, conducted during Baden-Fuller's visits to Winter at Wharton in 2003 and 2004. We acknowledge the valuable contributions of Henk Volberda, the co-author of an earlier, very different version of this paper that examined the motivations behind the replication process. We are also grateful for the assistance and inspiration provided by seminar participants in several settings, particularly those at our London workshop held in June 2005, including

This article describes the evolutionary process of developing, disseminating, and implementing an evidence-based intervention model for children in conflict with the law. Stop Now And Plan (SNAP ® ), a Canadian, evidence-based gender sensitive model for young children in conflict with the law, was initiated in 1985 in response to the decriminalization of children under 12 in Canada. This community-based model is well validated for its efficacious outcomes on reducing problem behaviours in this high-risk population, helping to shift the trajectory of criminal outcome. The article describes the lessons learned during the evaluation, implementation, and replication of SNAP ® and the resulting creation of a stringent implementation approach. Currently under the management of the Centre for Children Committing Offences (CCCO), replication sites known as SNAP ® Affiliates, enter into a formalized licensing agreement that includes assessing site readiness and theoretical philosophy, ongoing training and consultation, and an accreditation quality assurance process. This formalized approach has been adopted to ensure sites are able to deliver the highest quality of service and to replicate successful outcomes, changing life course trajectories of these high-risk children and families.

Little is known about the performance of South African cactus pear varieties in different agro-ecological regions. Effects of locality on internal quality parameters of available cactus pear varieties were examined. With only one exception, no significant differences among the mean replication values for the different parameters between the different locations were observed. The differences between mean values for most individual parameters at the three localities were highly significant. Highly significant differences between the mean values for the measured characteristics were observed, not only among the locations (except for the pulp glucose values), but also for the influences of genotype and interaction between locality and genotype. Significant variations existed between mean values of the different characteristics between localities. Genotype x environmental interactions were noted. It was concluded that Meyers is the most appropriate cultivar for economical purposes in Sou...

We set out to investigate if E. coli genotype plays a significant role in host strain selection for optimal processing of plasmid DNA based on both quality and quantity of supercoiling. Firstly 17 E. coli commercial and non-commercial strains were selected and their available genetic backgrounds were researched in the open literature. Growth characteristics of all the strains were considered and made impartial by using a common medium and growth condition platform. By keeping the growth conditions constant for each strain/plasmid combination, we are only looking at one variable which is the host strain. The second step was to attempt to correlate the findings with common genotype characteristics (e.g. mutations such as endA or recA). We found that one can screen the number of strains which are likely to give good productivity early on, before any further optimisation and verification is performed, both for small and large plasmids. Also, it is worth noting that complex plasmid interactions with each strain prevent the use of genotype alone in making an intelligent choice for supercoiling optimisation. This leads to a third optimisation step selecting a few of the potentially high performing strains based on high DNA yield and supercoiling, with a view to identify the factors which need improvement in strain design and bioreactor optimisation. We found that high specific growth rates of some strains did not affect the level of DNA supercoiling but did influence the total plasmid yield, potentially an important aspect in the design of fermentation strategy. Interestingly, a few host/plasmid combinations result in what appears to be runaway plasmid replication.

SUMMARY Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is responsible for fan- leaf degeneration, which is one of the most severe virus diseases of grapevines worldwide. GFLV causes substan- tial crop losses, reduces fruit quality and shortens the longevity of grapevines in the vineyard. GFLV is trans- mitted specifically from grapevine to grapevine by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index, and belongs to the

Previous research (Pekala, Kumar, Ainslie, Elliott, Mullen, Salinger and Masten, 1999/2000) found that dissociation, as measured by the 'Dissociative Experiences Scale' (DES) (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986), was predicted as much by fantasy-proneness (Wilson and Barber, 1983a) as by child abuse (Sanders and Becker-Lausen, 1995) in a substance abuse population. Although fantasy-proneness is a variable men

Is the Claim of a Replicability Crisis Exaggerated? There seems to have been two sets of events that fueled the crisis perception. First, there have been claims that some psychological researchers engage in "questionable research practices" that result in "false positive" findings (e.g.

For distributed applications requiring collaboration, responsive and transparent interactivity is highly desired. Though such interactivity can be achieved with optimistic replication, maintaining replica consistency is difficult. To support efficient implementations of collaborative applications, this paper extends a few representative abstract data types (ADTs), such as arrays, hash tables, and growable arrays (or linked lists), into replicated abstract data types (RADTs). In RADTs, a shared ADT is replicated and modified with optimistic operations. Operation commutativity and precedence transitivity are two principles enabling RADTs to maintain consistency despite different execution orders. Especially, replicated growable arrays (RGAs) support insertion/deletion/update operations. Over previous approaches to the optimistic insertion and deletion, RGAs show significant improvement in performance, scalability, and reliability.

P rep, gives the probability that an equally powered replication attempt will provide supportive evidence-an effect of the same sign as the original, or, if preferred, the probability of a significant effect in replication. P rep is based on a standard Bayesian construct, the posterior predictive distribution. It may be used in 3 modes: to evaluate evidence; to inform belief; and to guide action. In the first case the simple p rep is used; in the second, it is augmented with estimates of realization variance and informed priors; in the third it is embedded in a decision theory. P rep throws new light on replicability intervals, multiple comparisons, traditional α levels, and longitudinal studies. As the area under diagnosticity vs. detectability curve, it constitutes a criterion-free measure of test quality.

The paper briefly discusses the balanced incomplete-block design (BIBD's) and further compares two methods of analyzing them-the classical and vector space analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods. These methods are applied differently to the data arising from the balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD's). The basic interest is to compare the performance of the two methods of analysis on the available data from National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. To achieve this, we shall consider treatment (adjusted), block (adjusted) treatment (not adjusted) in the classical ANOVA method and the vector space ANOVA method. Block is adjusted to know if the experiment is symmetric balanced incomplete block design (SBIBD). Though both methods are statistically significant, the classical method gives a minimum variance when compared with the variance of the vector space. Also the classical ANOVA method was easier to compute and more convenient to handle than the vector ANOVA method. The classical ANOVA method is found to be preferable to the vector space ANOVA method in this research work.

We examined the replicability of the co-witness suggestibility effect originally reported by Garry et al. (2008) by testing participants from 10 countries (Brazil, Canada, Colombia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, total N = 486). Pairs of participants sat beside each other, viewing different versions of the same movie while believing that they viewed the same version. Later, participant pairs answered questions collaboratively, which guided them to discuss conflicting details. Finally, participants took a recognition test individually. Each of the 10 samples replicated the Garry et al. finding: Participants often reported on the final test a non-witnessed answer that their co-witness had stated during the collaboration phase. Such co-witness suggestibility errors were especially likely when the witness had not disputed the co-witness’s report during the collaboration phase. The results demonstrate the replicability and generalizability of the co-witness suggestibility effect.

We consider a discrete-time financial market model with L 1 risky asset price process subject to proportional transaction costs. In this general setting, using a dual martingale representation we provide sufficient conditions for the super-replication cost to coincide with the replication cost. Next, we study the convergence problem in a stationary binomial model as the time step tends to zero, keeping the proportional transaction costs fixed. We derive lower and upper bounds for the limit of the super-replication cost. In the case of European call options and for a unit initial holding in the risky asset, the upper and lower bounds are equal. This result also holds for the replication cost of European call options. This is evidence (but not a proof) against the common opinion that the replication cost is infinite in a continuous-time model.

Today’s real-time systems (RTS) are characterized by managing large volumes of dispersed data making real-time distributed data processing a reality. Large business houses need to do distributed processing for many reasons, and they often must do it in order to stay competitive. So, efficient database management algorithms and protocols for accessing and manipulating data are required to satisfy timing constraints of supported applications. Therefore, new research in distributed real-time database systems (DRTDBS) is needed to investigate possible ways of applying database systems technology to real-time systems. This paper first discusses the performance issues that are important to DRTDBS, and then surveys the research that has been done so far on the issues like priority assignment policy, commit protocols and optimizing the use of memory in non-replicated/replicated environment pertaining to distributed real time transaction processing. In fact, this study provides a foundation for addressing performance issues important for the management of very large real time data and pointer to other publications in journals and conference proceedings for further investigation of unanswered research questions.

Уникальные древнетюркские памятники стали доступны каждому, в то время как оригинал остался на месте. Наличие точных копий стел дает возможность сделать необходимое количество полных отливок или любого фрагмента поверхности с надписями.  Все вышесказанное по воспроизведению Орхонских стел в полной мере относится  к любому другому памятнику из камня, который должен быть сохранен  «in situ», будь то изваяние, кулпытас или наскальное изображение.

La réplication consiste à copier et de distribuer un ensemble de données et d’objets d’une base de données vers une autre, puis de synchroniser ces bases de données afin de préserver leur cohérence. Les deux bases de données peuvent être stockées à des emplacements distincts.  Il existe sous SQL Server plusieurs types de réplication : Instantanée  (snapshot), transactionnelle, Fusion.
Le cas pratique traité dans ce document est celui de la réplication fusion qui démarre généralement avec une copie instantanée des objets de la base de donnée de publication.

The popularity of the Mobile Database is increasing day by day as people need information even on the move in the fast changing world. This database technology permits employees using mobile devices to connect to their corporate networks, hoard the needed data, work in the disconnected mode and reconnect to the network to synchronize with the corporate database. In this scenario, the data is being moved closer to the applications in order to improve the performance and autonomy. This leads to many interesting problems in mobile database research and Mobile Database has become a fertile land for many researchers. In this paper a survey is presented on data and Transaction management in Mobile Databases from the year 2000 onwards. The survey focuses on the complete study on the various types of Architectures used in Mobile databases and Mobile Transaction Models. It also addresses the data management issues namely Replication and Caching strategies and the transaction management functionalities such as Concurrency Control and Commit protocols, Synchronization, Query Processing, Recovery and Security. It also provides Research Directions in Mobile databases.

Si, d'après l'article, les petits-enfants d'immigrés du Maghreb se prénomment si souvent « Nicolas » et portent si rarement un prénom « arabo-musulman », et si d'après les analyses (non publiées) des auteurs moins de la moitié des petits-enfants d'immigrés du Maghreb sont d'origine musulmane, c'est tout simplement parce que ces petits-enfants d'immigrés incluent de nombreux petits-enfants de rapatriésainsi que des petits-enfants de juifs marocains et tunisiens et des petits-enfants d'Européens, majoritairement chrétiens, qui ont combattu pour les indépendances. Ces inexactitudes résultent-elles d'erreurs de bonne foi de la part des auteurs, ou d'une fraude visant à biaiser l'image de l'immigration aux yeux des Français ? Sans revenir ici sur cette question (abordée en détail dans le chapitre 11 de l'essai de reproduction), j'observe que les auteurs, la revue Population et sociétés et l'INED continuent aujourd'hui encore, malgré mes nombreuses relances, de dissimuler le programme informatique qui leur a permis de produire leurs résultats.

In recent years, management scholars and practitioners have been advocating a more prominent role for business in economic and social development at the “Base of the Pyramid” (BoP) where more than a billion people subsist on less than two dollars a day. Yet, in both theory and practice, the development of financially sustainable and scalable business solutions for the BoP has been challenging. By integrating insights from the emerging BoP literature with extant research on the replication of organizational routines and templates, this study examines how the distinctive conditions of the BoP affect the development and replication of scalable business solutions for the world’s poor. In particular, we identify key distinctive conditions of the BoP and develop an organizing framework on the mechanisms that facilitate the development and replication of viable and scalable business templates there. Our analysis contributes to BoP research by advancing understanding of the role of templates in economic and social development at the BoP as well as to research on the replication of organizational routines and templates by delineating the distinctive conditions and mechanisms that affect the development and replication of templates at the BoP.

Experimental psychology is said to be having a reproducibility crisis, marked by a low rate of successful replication. Researchers attempting to respond to the problem lack a framework for consistently interpreting the results of statistical tests, as well as standards for judging the outcomes of replication studies. In this paper I introduce an error-statistical framework for addressing these issues. I demonstrate how the severity requirement (and the associated severity construal of test results) can be used to avoid fallacious inferences that are complicit in the perpetuation of unreliable results. Researchers, I argue, must probe for error beyond the statistical level if they want to support substantive hypotheses. I then suggest how severity reasoning can be used to address standing questions about the interpretation of replication results.

The aim of this book is to critically discuss the validity of replicability and universality principles of positivism from a sociological perspective. The main critiques of contemporary positivism are given by the schools of thought represented by multifarious thinkers. The critique of positivist sociology, which confirms itself based on continuous replication and aims to reach universal laws, is given and the validity of replicability principle from the sociological point of view, is discussed. The discussion begins with brief premises of classical positivism, proceeds to contemporary critique of logical positivism and is complemented by the post-2010 Replication Crisis. The particular emphasis is given to the Replication Crisis, and the reasons why replication studies are rare in sociology, are discussed. As a result of the study, it is concluded that positivist claims: replication and universality principles lose their validity in sociology due to ontological, epistemological, individual and structural aspects.

Several proposals for addressing the “replication crisis” in social psychology have been advanced in the recent literature. In this paper, we argue that the “crisis” be interpreted as a disciplinary social dilemma, with the problem facing early-career researchers being especially acute. To resolve this collective action problem, we offer a structural solution: as a condition of receiving their PhD from any accredited institution, graduate students in psychology should be required to conduct, write up, and submit for publication a high-quality replication attempt of at least one key finding from the literature, focusing on the area of their doctoral research. We consider strengths, weaknesses, and implementation challenges associated with this proposal, and call on our colleagues to offer critical response.

Many knowledge management (KM) initiatives in organizations seek to improve how employees draw on each others' expertise, experience, advice, and opinions, which we call knowledge sourcing behavior. Employees can source knowledge recorded in document form, through dyadic conversations, or in-group settings. We proposed and tested a theory to support the idea that employees' use of different classes of knowledge sourcing methods produced different kinds of performance outcomes. Our findings suggested that (1) different classes of knowledge sourcing methods are not as interchangeable as the KM literature might suggest, (2) technology-based methods are neither inherently superior nor inferior to traditional methods and (3) that group knowledge sourcing supports a wider range of performance outcomes than other methods. Together, these results highlight the importance of aligning KM efforts with their intended outcome. Before launching a project designed to enhance knowledge sourcing, managers should decide which performance outcome they wish to affect and select a KM tool that is aligned with the desired effect. #

Databases are replicated to improve performance and availability. The notion of correctness that has commonly been adopted for concurrent access by transactions to shared, possibly replicated, data is serializability. However, serializability may be impractical in high-performance applications since it imposes too stringent a restriction on concurrency. When serializability is relaxed, the integrity constraints describing the data may be violated. By allowing bounded violations of the integrity constraints, however, we are able to increase the concurrency of transactions that execute in a replicated environment. In this article, we introduce the notion of an N-ignorant transaction, which is a transaction that may be ignorant of the results of at most N prior transactions, which is a transaction that may be ignorant of the results of at most N prior transactions. A system in which all transactions are N-ignorant can have an N + 1-fold increase in concurrency over serializable systems...

Replicability in political science is on the rise, as disciplinary journals have been placing a growing emphasis on data access and research transparency (DA–RT) practices and policies. As a result, nearly every article that is published today in leading political science journals offers an online appendix that includes data, code, and methodological explanations necessary for replication. While these developments are laudable, many appendices still do not enable satisfactory replication because they are inaccessible, compartmentalized, and difficult to understand. In this article and in its accompanying online appendix, we demonstrate this problem and make the case for more accessible and comprehensive appendices whose contribution can fulfill and go beyond mere replicability. We propose several ways in which authors and journals can produce better appendices, namely, by making appendices more intuitive, integrated, and standardized, and by choosing an adequate online platform on w...

We present research that contributes to the debate on the universal applicability of quality management, and in doing so, subject the 'one size fits all' assumption underlying quality management to an empirical examination. Specifically, with the Ž. exception of enhancements in instrumentation, we attempted to replicate, as closely as possible, Anderson et al.'s 1995 empirical evaluation of a Deming-based theory of quality management. In our replication, we applied path analysis to secondary, plant-level data provided by a stratified sample of plants in three different industries in Italy. The path analytical Ž. results from the current replication study were compared against those reported in Anderson et al. 1995 , which used data from U.S.-based plants. These results were then discussed in the context of conducting and interpreting cross-cultural quality management research. We concluded with the need for more replication studies in the quality management discipline and with implications for research and practice.

The microbiota of Westerners is significantly reduced in comparison to rural individuals living a similar lifestyle to our Paleolithic forefathers but also to that of other free-living primates such as the chimpanzee. The great majority of ingredients in the industrially produced foods consumed in the West are absorbed in the upper part of small intestine and thus of limited benefit to the microbiota. Lack of proper nutrition for microbiota is a major factor under-pinning dysfunctional microbiota, dysbiosis, chronically elevated inflammation, and the production and leakage of endotoxins through the various tissue barriers. Furthermore, the over-comsumption of insulinogenic foods and proteotoxins, such as advanced glycation and lipoxidation molecules, gluten and zein, and a reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, are key factors behind the commonly observed elevated inflammation and the endemic of obesity and chronic diseases, factors which are also likely to be detrimental to microbiota. As a consequence of this lifestyle and the associated eating habits, most barriers, including the gut, the airways, the skin, the oral cavity, the vagina, the placenta, the blood–brain barrier, etc., are increasingly permeable. Attempts to recondition these barriers through the use of so called ‘probiotics’, normally applied to the gut, are rarely successful, and sometimes fail, as they are usually applied as adjunctive treatments, e.g. in parallel with heavy pharmaceutical treatment, not rarely consisting in antibiotics and chemotherapy.It is increasingly observed that the majority of pharmaceutical drugs, even those believed to have minimal adverse effects, such as proton pump inhibitors and anti-hypertensives, in fact adversely affect immune development and functions and are most likely also deleterious to microbiota. Equally, it appears that probiotic treatment is not compatible with pharmacological treatments. Eco-biological treatments, with plant-derived substances, or phytochemicals, e.g. curcumin and resveratrol, and pre-, pro- and syn-biotics offers similar effects as use of biologicals, although milder but also free from adverse effects. Such treatments should be tried as alternative therapies; mainly, to begin with, for disease prevention but also in early cases of chronic diseases. Pharmaceutical treatment has, thus far, failed to inhibit the tsunami of endemic diseases spreading around the world, and no new tools are in sight. Dramatic alterations, in direction of a paleolithic-like lifestyle and food habits, seem to be the only alternatives with the potential to control the present escalating crisis. The present review focuses on human studies, especially those of clinical relevance.

Old Babylonian terracotta plaques belong to the folk religio-magical practices of Mesopotamia. They feature apotropaic images which derive their power through exacting style and replication. Plaque figures must be recognizable to malevolent agents in order to defend plaque owners and their households.

A novel coronavirus has been recently identified as the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that has accounted for more than 8000 infected people worldwide. This review will discuss current knowledge on coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, evolution, and vaccine strategies, as well as the most recent findings on SARS coronavirus.

The Ukranenland – Historische Werkstätten
e.V.1 in Torgelow Germany planned to build a
cog which reflects the shipping and seafaring at
Medieval ages embedded in a regional perspective.
Due to the fact that most of the people only
know the Hanseatic League reflected in the history
of Hanseatic towns like Lübeck, Hamburg
and Bremen, the maritime determinations of
smaller Hanseatic towns like Anklam and
Demmin (neighbour towns of Torgelow) are not
well known. To find a cog shape which reflects
this regional perspective was one of the main
tasks when preparing the project.