Private

""Classical ways of viewing the relation of consciousness to the brain and physical world make it difficult to see how consciousness can be a subject of scientific study. In contrast to physical events, it seems to be private, subjective, and viewable only from a subject's first-person perspective. But much of psychology does investigate human experience, which suggests that classical ways of viewing these relations must be wrong. An alternative, Reflexive model is outlined along with it's consequences for methodology. Within this model the external phenomenal world is viewed as part-of consciousness, rather than apart-from it. Observed events are only "public" in the sense of "private experience shared." Scientific observations are only "objective" in the sense of "intersubjective." Observed phenomena are only "repeatable" in the sense that they are sufficiently similar to be taken for "tokens" of the same event "type." This closes the gap between physical and psychological phenomena. Indeed, events out-there in the world can often be regarded as either physical or psychological depending on the network of relationships under consideration.

However, studying the experience of other human beings raises further complications. A subject (S) and an experimenter (E) may have symmetrical access to events out-there in the world, but their access to events within the subject's body or brain is asymmetrical (E's third-person perspective vs. S's first-person perspective). Insofar as E and S each have partial access to such events their perspectives are complementary. Access to S's experience is also asymmetrical, but in this case S has exclusive access whereas E can only infer its existence. This has not prevented the systematic investigation of experience, including quantification within psychophysics, psychometrics, and so on. Systematic investigation merely requires that experiences be potentially shared, intersubjective and repeatable. In this the conditions for a science of consciousness are no different to a science of physics."

Note added for 2012 Academia.edu upload: This paper, presented at a Ciba Foundation Symposiumin 2002 was the first time the epistemological implications of reflexive monism for a science of consciousness were presented to a group of internationally recognised scholars on consciousness, including John Searle, Dan Dennett, Thomas Nagel, Sydney Shoemaker, Colin McGinn, Michael Lockwood, Margaret Boden, Bernie Baars, Peter Fenwick, Michael Gazzaniga, Jeffrey Gray, Stevan Harnad, Marcel Kinsbourne, Nick Humphrey, John Kihlstrom, Ben Libet, Tony Marcel, Jerome Singer, Robert Van Gulick, Howard Shevrin, and Pat Wall. The discussion that follows the paper is of particular historical interest, much of it focusing on the how to interpret the projected nature (or out-thereness) of much of the phenomenal world. Over the following decade, various participants accepted the importance of the out-thereness of the phenomenal world (e.g. Libet, Gray, and Humphrey) along with other theorists such as Lehar, Revonsuo, Hoche, and Tye. However, whether phenomena that seem to be out in the world are really in the brain continued to be a source of contention.

Choice of hostel is a crucial decision to every student in tertiary education institution in Ghana. Government hitherto provides hostels for students, but due to limited resources of the state, private sector investors now support government. This creates an opportunity for students to decide which hostel to choose. Student's choice of hostel is influenced by several factors, but this study focused on only student's background variables. The study used multinomial logistic regression to predict student's choice of hostel in Ghanaian polytechnics. A simple random sample of 300 students was selected from Bolgatanga Polytechnic for the study. The selected students responded to a questionnaire that sought data on their background variables. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0. The results showed that male students exhibit significant preference for Local House to Private Hostel than female students. Significance preference was also shown for Private Hostel and Polytechnic Hostel to Local House by students with literate mothers. In addition, students from low income families also show significant preference for Local House to Private Hostel than their fellows from high income families. The results further established another significant prediction that students who have relationship problems with other students prefer Local House to Private and Polytechnic Hostels. The study recommends that management should consider students with illiterate mothers in Polytechnic Hostel first and also strengthen school-community relationship since some students prefer Local Houses to Polytechnic and Private Hostels.

A. INTRODUCTION Environmental claims 1 are not new in international litigation. 2 However, they have recently appeared with renewed strength in the front pages of well-known newspapers. Cases like Trafi gura-before the UK and Dutch courts-and Aguinda-before US and Ecuador Courts-can serve as examples. Trafi gura deals with the unloading of a waste shipment at the Ivory Coast on 19 August 2006. The transporting ship (Probo Koala), chartered by the London offi ce of Trafi gura-a Dutch international petroleum trader-had attempted to discharge this waste at the port of Amsterdam, but the port service did not authorise the operation because of its alleged toxicity. Following the unloading in the Ivory Coast, fatalities occurred and some people sought medical attention allegedly from exposure to the waste. 3 In Aguinda, a group of indigenous people alleged that the oil operations conducted by fi rst Texaco, and from 2001, its successor,

The competition of private higher education institution is getting much tougher and tighter. Each institution needs to give their best to attract students to enroll in their institution. To maintain their competitiveness among private universities, Public Relations Bureau will try their best effort to implement any strategies that they think as the most effective one in generating interest for new students. This study tries to investigate what Marketing Public Relations strategies implemented in private universities for increasing students intake. Besides, it also investigates what kind of communication programs carried out by Public Relations Bureau in attracting prospective students to enroll in their universities. This study employs interview to obtain the data and research any corresponding literature to analyze the collected data. There are 6 private universities involved in this study. The result of the study shows that most universities have implemented all the strategies in Marketing Public relations i.e. planning, implementing and evaluation. Apart from that they also carry out various Marketing Public Relations program ranging from having presentation at high school, participating in school exhibition to community service to support the society in building and developing their capacity and knowledge.

Kyrgyzstan, as a "post-socialist" country, experienced the problems common to all such countries when it gained independence in 1991. The country instantly faced new challenges in its transition from central planning economy to an open market economy almost overnight. Change of this magnitude necessitated change in every branch of the economy including the public transport sector.

Competitive environment among the industrial and service sector has also influenced the healthcare especially hospitals in private sector. There is a tremendous growth in private hospitals during the last three decades, due to inadequate healthcare facilities available at public hospitals to meet the near about 160 million people of Bangladesh. This factor had provided an opportunity for the private hospitals to fill this gap by providing better healthcare services to the patients that leads to patient’s satisfaction. This paper aimed to evaluate the service quality delivered by the private hospitals in Bangladesh based on patient’s perception.

The main concern of the researcher was to focus on teachers' turnover in private secondary schools of Karachi. Two hypotheses related to the demographic variables, such as sex, and qualification were devised for the study. The population of the study was large and diverse, hence stratified random sampling design was used to select the respondents who were the teachers and principals. The sample size was 160 teachers and 10 principals from 40 private secondary schools of Karachi. Questionnaire and interview were the research instruments. The collected data was analyzed through percentage and 't' test. Job insecurity and low salary were found the major factors influencing on the turnover of teachers in private secondary schools of Karachi.

Free and fair election is a cherished feature, a universally acceptable and an intrinsically inseparable characteristic of democracy. Reporting election in unbiased, truthful and factual terms is an important role of the press globally. However, at present, in most African countries that have embraced democracy, such as Nigeria, this feature has not been attained. This comparative study of government and private owned media reportage of election in Nigeria aimed at ascertaining the section of the media that pay more attention to issues of free and fair polls. The survey utilised questionnaire to collect data from 300 media audiences in triangulation with interview of select media professionals in Anambra State. It adopted purposive sampling procedure. The paper was anchored on the Social Responsibility and the Agenda-setting theories of mass communication. The study used the percentage method in data analysis. Findings of the study show, among others that privately owned media repor...

The proliferation of artists, audiences, and participants who have the ability to create mirror copies of original digital media arts work challenges us to re-examine how value is assigned to digital media arts work.  Historically, space and capital limitations restricted the public’s accessibility to artwork, but the growth of mass digital reproduction and alternative forms of art exhibition spaces is having a profound effect on the experience and valuation of digital media arts work.  For example, the online distribution of digital media arts work across networks facilitates the circumvention of traditional valuation models.  In this paper, I explore the background and challenges to assigning value to digital media arts work and investigate alternative models of exhibition and valuation of digital media arts work in the institutional, private, and public spheres.

Africa today is enmeshed in a deep developmental crisis arising not only from economic stagnation, which has made nonsense of the traditional laws of demand, supply and production, but also from the crisis of social order which is rooted in the absence of a stable political order. Liberia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Zimbabwe and Sao-tome & Principe are recent examples of countries in Africa where political turmoil and anarchy have held sway. There is an overwhelming unanimity however that political stability must be guaranteed if there is to be development, a meaningful one indeed, in Africa. In this paper therefore we examine how we can sustain democratic values in many African states which are being forced to experience the whirl wind of democracy blowing across continents.

Introduction: Banks play a vital role for economic growth since their evolution. A bank is a financial institution which deals with monetary deposits, lending, and credits to the customers. In present landscape, banks and businesses are interconnected with each other. The increase in innovation in technologies and development of new solutions encourages banks to transform from traditional bank to e-bank. Rising number of banking institutes are moving toward digital platforms to deliver their services online because of increasing usage of smart phones and internet penetration across the world. Hence, rise in adoption of online and mobile banking platforms are positively impacting the adoption of Digital Banking Services (DBS) across the globe. During covid-19 outbreak the usage of digital banking services increased drastically in urban and rural area of selected region of Maharashtra State. Methodology: In the present study efforts were made to understand the growth of digital banking services and related customer experience by means of collecting firsthand information from customers. The customer experience is studied on the basis of selected parameters like: trust on digital banking services (DBS), Preference towards nationalized, cooperative and private banks, widely used transaction type, Popular Digital wallet platform for online payment, secured banking transaction, convenience of use, perceived benefits and disadvantages of digital banking services. On the other hand systematic approach to review the literature is adopted to study related trends. Findings: Though there is increased usage of DBS during covid-19 outbreak and people have higher preference to use DBS still awareness, security concern, convenience of use and network connectivity remains major issues needs to be addressed. Superior customer experience means clarity and transparency, support for digital tools with which many customers are still unfamiliar in distress. Communication and quickly adoption of technology and situation plays crucial role. Implications: This study is useful for all the banks as an input to maximize their customer experience and strengthen their customer base at large. Banks would do well when they expand their digital infrastructure encompassing stability, security, availability and reliability of their digital services.

Many elements work together to form a well-developed, sustained, and successful organization. One of the main factors leading to a success in an organization is leadership. Two main types of leadership will be discussed throughout this paper; transactional leadership which is a style of leadership in which is based on supervision and control and has follows a rigorous management structure. And transformational leadership which is more focused on how to inspire the followers involving high degree of cooperation as well as communication. This study tries to find out which leadership style does the United Arab Emirates leaders tend to follow more and which is more beneficial for organizations in the UAE. Statistical Analysis tools such as SPSS will be used to analyse the data driven from the questionnaire done by 572 leaders; Explanatory Factor Analysis, T-test, Reliability, and correlation tests would as well be used for analysis. The results indicate that most organizations follow a transformational leadership style as it is the preferred style to offer them with the greatest benefit, however it was visible from the analysis that government sectors still follow and opt to use the transactional style in compared to private organizations. This study will be of great support to the HR department as well as new leaders joining the workforce in which they would be able to develop skills that will allow them to succeed in their career and make the right decisions

Parental involvement is one of great significance in developing psychological as well as academic behavior of the child. The amount of parental interests and encouragement is a crucial factor in the Childs’ progress. The main objectives of the present study is to find out the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement of SonowalKachari Tribal Adolescent students of Hapjan Educational Block in Tinsukia District, Assam. Descriptive survey method was used in this study. A sample of 90 SonowalKachari Adolescent students studying in class IX and X of Hapjan Educational Block under Tinsukia District of Assam was taken as a sample on the basis of incidental sampling. The Parental Involvement Questionnaire was developed and standardized by the researcher and The Academic achievement scores obtained by the SonowalKachari Tribal Adolescent class IX and X students in their final examinationwere used to colect data. The findings of the study reveals: (i) There is a positive relationship between.

First performed in 1895, Oscar Wilde"s "An Ideal Husband" explores the intricacies of the Victorian social scene through the eyes of a few privileged members of London"s political landscape. While the extortion that marks the majority of the plot centers on the Chilterns, Lord Goring, and Mrs. Cheveley, it is Mabel Chiltern who embodies the social liveliness and youthful triviality that is often showcased in Wilde"s writing. Although Mabel is only a secondary character, her comments often call into question the boundaries of the public and private spheres of life and to which of these spheres the "self" is allocated. The fluidity between public or private spaces can be understood as the overarching problem throughout the course of the playespecially in consideration of the fact that Wilde"s own immorality case occurred the same year as the play"s production.

Dans un contexte de parti unique et de radio d'Etat, l'information régionale est longtemps restée captive d'une logique de banalisation. Elle n'a pu jouer le rôle d'affirmation des spécificités culturelles locales, encore moins favoriser l'éveil de citoyens analphabètes, longtemps marginalisés par rapport aux affaires de la nation. D'une part, l'usage des langues nationales qui pouvait favoriser un tel fait était négligé dans les programmes, d'autre part, les émissions produites n'avaient presque pas d'ancrage local.

In this paper, we will analyse the role of brokers, dealers and investment banks in the equity markets. Special attention will be given in analysing the role of financial intermediaries at initial public offerings and secondary offerings, according to the legal framework in Serbia. Serbia, as other transitional economies, has problems in mobilising funds for its stock exchange. Especially local savers do not trust the local financial system, especially the stock exchange. One of the major reasons for this distrust, besides bad experiences in the past, is a lack of knowledge about the functioning of stock exchanges. On the other hand, companies in Serbia often rely on debt-based financial instruments, where they have to pay high interest rates. However, equity financing with partners, especially with many partners is at a very low level. Therefore, we want to analyse the functioning of equity markets by explaining the concept of stocks, public offerings and the role of financial intermediaries in this process.

In less developed countries (LDCs) where financial derivative markets provide low liquidity and over-the-counter swap deals contain substantial credit risk, local and multinational corporate chief financial officers (CFOs) who are inclined to take a proactive step toward using exotic derivatives in order to improve the companies' overall returns on investment usually find themselves lack of appropriate synthetic assets to invest. Asset swaps become one of the solutions they seek to explore and utilize. However, it is rather difficult to implement asset swaps in many LDCs through structured products and synthetic securities since there are many market imperfections and built-in distortions. Nonetheless, with some selective investment strategies based upon their familiarity and sophistication in financial theory dealing with derivatives and asset swaps, some CFOs can create their own synthetic investment. Despite the attached high credit risk and liquidation cost, these in-house asset swaps offer the firms more flexibility in repackaging their medium- to long-term cash flow streams beneficial to improving their overall returns.