Pragmatic

Organizations must establish processes for managing knowledge across boundaries because of the specialized and task-dependent forms of knowledge required to deliver products and services. To address this challenge an integrative framework is developed that identifies and integrates the value of different approaches to managing knowledge in organizations that are often presented as incompatible in the literature. The framework describes three progressively complex types of boundaries: syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. Each increasingly complex boundary requires a more complex process to facilitate communication and innovation across specialized forms of knowledge. The framework categorizes types of boundaries, gauges their complexity, and then describes the processes involved in managing knowledge across each of them. The development of a new engineering tool in an automotive firm is presented to illustrate the conceptual strength of this framework.

The increasingly urgent challenges of the Anthropocene call economists to seriously confront their theoretical framework with the bio-physic constraint given by the planetary boundary. Then, how strong  sustainability is represented in economics? Certainly, is a mistake to consider only one orthodox paradigmatic position as valid hegemonic scientic proposition. In fact, no matter the assumptions, those would consist on a subjective hardly falsifiable value position. Therefore, in order to increase condence in any economic theoretical proposition, epistemological and paradigmatic positions should be considered for the transdisciplinary consistency. Again, in order to welcome the plurality that characterize political economy, alternative economic proposition should be valued following the principles of logic for example thru a dialectic approach. In fact, the dialectic methods allow paradigmatic co-existence and promotes shared knowledge based on transdisciplinary logic consistency. Accordingly, this research explores how alternative theoretical approaches from dierent paradigms respond to the challenge of the sustainability of the Anthropocene. With the present research titled `Economics, democracy and sustainability of the Anthropocene. A dialectic investigation on the paradigms of environmental and ecologic political economy' it is oered a profound speculation over the foundation of two alternative economic paradigms
in order to highlight both potentials and limits of two alternative strain of research. Employing the dialectic method, the fundamental ideal founding economic paradigm and theories are assessed in relation of their capacity to achieve a condition of strong sustainability. The
research limits the dialectic to two perspective: on one hand the reductionist mainstream economic approach and the theoretical proposition of the environmental economics, and on the other hand the systemic and ecologic paradigm and the bioeconomic theoretical proposition of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Therefore, set the context for which the research question should be answered, the study separately reviews two alternative propositions within political economy. In conclusion, according to the dialectic method, a synthesis between the valuable elements of both alternative approaches is pursued. Finally, pragmatic-pluralism it is endorsed as the attitude facilitating transdisciplinary and interparadigmatic eort to cope with the challenges humans will face in the Anthropocene.

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In this article I shall make an attempt to present a systematic model of the relationship between music and image in film. The interaction between music and image can be approached in various aspects. The functional aspect is one of the principle ones, when speaking about that. Glancing at this issue can distinguish several different types of this interaction. First of all the exploitation of music in film can be determined by merely practical and pragmatic functions as well as by commercial and ideological reasons (a pragmatic interaction). Seconds -formal compositional tasks, linking/separating, etc. structural functions (a structural interaction). Third -the reasons of rendering semantic functions, non musical (literary, narrative and like) senses (semantic interaction). Each of these interactions is realized by certain phenomenologically singled out situations of music and image contact: diegetic/non-diegetic (the source aspect), synchronicity-parallelism/asynchronicitycounterpoint (a community aspect), foregrounding/backgrounding (predominant aspect). The whole complex of phenomenological and functional aspects compose a hexagonal sound and image model embracing cardinal analytical points of cinema music.

"Pragmatism and Literary Criticism: The Practical Starting Point." In REAL: Yearbook of Research in English and American Literature. (Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1999) A clarification and defense of a "pragmatist" approach to literary and cultural criticism. The basis of such an approach is the "practical starting point" which serves as "a necessary admonitory adjunct" and "an essential corrective ingredient" (Kenneth Burke's phrases) in any critical theory. The paper has four sections: §1 defines the term "starting point"; §2 distinguishes the theoretical (TSP) from the practical (PSP) starting point; §3 grounds the practical starting point philosophically and argues for its superiority for literary and cultural criticism; §4 shows how each starting point is exemplified by two critics, Richard Rorty and Kenneth Burke, and explains why Burke's method is superior.

Although the description just given is meant to apply to a whole series of thinkers in the West, it fits the position of our opening thinker, Plato, with alarming accuracy. Plato inherited a rich tradition of natural philosophy developed during the pre-Socratic period. Numerous philosophers had developed divergent accounts of what could be the arché or ultimate principle,

Budhisme mempunyai prinsip samsara yang berarti menjalani kehidupan dengan mengontrol harapan dan keinginan dengan tujuan dapat mencapai satori. Dalam tradisi pemikiran orang Jepang yang natural, pragmatik dan realistis, telah diaplikasikan dan direkonstruksi dari bonno o tatsu (untuk mengontrol harapan dan keinginan) menjadi bonno o ikasu (membangunkan/ menggerakkan harapan dan keinginan).

The willingness to understand the perception and practice of silence is currently receiving an increasing amount of attention in the literature on sociolinguistics and pragmatics. This study aims to investigate silence as perceived and practised by speakers of Australian English and Jordanian Arabic in casual conversation from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It also attempts to anticipate processes in which silence can be created and used in the mainstream of communication. In addition, it identifies problems in perceiving and practising silence in both cultures. The present study also looks at gender differences in both societies. Ethnographic and qualitative data were drawn from in-depth interviews, observations, and video and audio recordings. The data were collected from the North of Jordan and Western Australia. The participants of the study were 24 university students (undergraduates): twelve males and 12 females in both countries. The participants of the study were divided int...

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This work is a descriptive account of the noun particles in Magahi, an Eastern Indo-Aryan language. The noun particles: -wɑ, -ɑ, -iɑ and -mɑ make an interesting study in Magahi. Unlike most of the Indian languages including Hindi where nouns have only one form, the Magahi nominals have two forms: base form and inflected form. The base form such as ɡʰoɽɑ 'horse', sonɑ 'gold', ɡʰəɽiː 'watch', kɑd̪ o 'mud' can be used as an inflected form by adding the particles -wɑ,mɑ, -ɑ or -iɑ such as ɡʰoɽ-wɑ, son-mɑ, ɡʰəɽi-ɑ, kəd̪ o-iɑ. The study reveals interesting pragmatic uses of these particles in the language. These noun particles show different linguistic expressions such as specificity, definiteness and psychological expressions such as intimacy, irritation, anger, disrespect, affection (Tripathii 1993, Alok 2010). The paper examines the distribution and meaning of these particles in detail.

This text is the result of reflections that originated in the discussions of a study group composed of undergraduate and postgraduate students in a language lab at a public university in the interior of the state of Paraná, in the south of Brazil. This study specifically addresses some considerations about the connections that can be established between written language and identity based on the work of Harris (

Objective: To develop a tool that would make it easier for researchers, especially those in low- and middle-income countries, to write research protocols for pragmatic randomized controlled trials.

Study Design and Setting: A series of focus groups was held at the inaugural meeting of the Pragmatic RAndomized Controlled Trials in Health Care (PRACTIHC) project in 2001 to develop a desired specification for the Trial Protocol Tool. A working group of five indi- viduals from the PRACTIHC group was formed to develop content for the tool.

Results: The Trial Protocol Tool was developed in English and Spanish as a Microsoft Windows HTML help system. A Web-based version is also available. This main body of the tool provides information, advice, and resources about the major headings that should be part of every research protocol. Illustrative examples are used throughout and are taken directly from the tool’s protocol library. Addi- tional resources include checklists, programs (e.g., a sample size calculator), and example documents (e.g., patient information leaflets).

Conclusion: The Trial Protocol Tool packages all the key requirements for the development of a research protocol into one resource. We believe that the use of the tool will help researchers to design effective trials and to write high-quality protocols. Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The willingness to understand the perception and practice of silence is currently receiving an increasing amount of attention in the literature on sociolinguistics and pragmatics. This study aims to investigate silence as perceived and practised by speakers of Australian English and Jordanian Arabic in casual conversation from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It also attempts to anticipate processes in which silence can

This study aims at analyzing the conversation sections of Top Notch Fundamental textbooks from the pragmatic dimension of language functions and speech acts. For this purpose, 14 conversations from the entire 14 units of the books were selected randomly and the two pragmatic models of Halliday's (1978) language functions and Searle's (1976) speech acts were applied. The results indicated that the conversations in these newly-arrived textbooks are not pragmatically efficacious and functional. Finally, some implications for teachers, material developers, and textbook designers were proposed.

در پژوهش حاضر پس از معرفی انواع اشاره‌گرها به بررسی اشاره‌گرهای مکانی زبان کردی در چهارچوب معنی‌شناسی شناختی پرداخته‌ایم. توجه اصلی این نوشته از میان عبارت‌های مختلفی که کارکرد اشاره‌گر برای مفاهیم مکانی دارند بر ضمایر اشاره، صفات اشاره و قیدهای مکانی می‌باشد. در این مطالعه نشان داده‌ایم که در ضمایر سوم شخص زبان کردی مفهوم فاصله رمزگذاری می‌شود. همچنین کدگذاری فاصله‌ی دور به وسیله‌ی اشاره‌گر/ʔɐw/ تنها در صورتی انجام می‌پذیرد که این ضمیر سوم شخص در تقابل مستقیم با ضمیر سوم شخص /ʔɐm/ قرار بگیرد؛ به گونه‌ای که هر دو ضمیر در یک پاره‌گفتار در تقابل با هم توسط گوینده یا در جمله‌ای پرسشی و جواب آن توسط گوینده و شنونده بیان شوند؛ تنها حالت استثنایی این قضیه زمانی است که گوینده به جای زمینه در داخل نما، شئ یا مکان مورد اشاره، قرار می‌گیرد.کدگذاری مفهوم فاصله در چهار اشاره‌گر اصلی/ɐmɐ/، /ʔɐwɐ/،/ʔɐmɑnɐ/،/ʔɐwɑnɐ/ نیزمتأثر از اشتقاق آن‌ها از ضمایر سوم شخص است و کدگذاری فاصله در این اشاره‌گرها به همان صورت است که در ضمایر سوم شخص انجام می‌پذیرد. مفهوم‌سازی مکان در سایر اشاره‌گرهای مشتق شده‌ی فرعی نیز از معانی اشاره‌گرهای اصلی حاصل می‌شود. همچنین معنی و محدوده‌ی مورداشاره‌ی قیدهای مکانی/ʔɐenɐ/ و/ʔɐeɾɐ/ دقیق مشخص نمی‌شود و دارای ابهام است به‌گونه‌ای که مرز گستردگی این محدوده‌های مکانی نسبی است و ممکن است مرزهای مورد نظر گوینده و مخاطب بر هم منطبق نباشد و با توجه به بافت موقعیتی قابل تشخیص است. همچنین حرکات ایمایی و اشاره‌ای گوینده در هنگام به کارگیری هر یک از اشاره‌گرهای مکانی و ارتباط اشاره‌گرهای مکانی با افعال حرکتی را بررسی کرده‌ایم.

Children with injury to the central nervous system (CNS) exhibit a variety of language disorders that have been described by members of different disciplines, in different journals, using different descriptors and taxonomies. This paper is an overview of language deficits in children with CNS injury, whether congenital or acquired after a period of normal development. It first reviews the principal CNS conditions associated with language disorders in childhood. It then describes a functional taxonomy of language, with examples of the phenomenology and neurobiology of clinical deficits in children with CNS insults. Finally, it attempts to situate language in the broader realm of cognition and in current theoretical accounts of embodied cognition.

Page 1. 68 Alternative recognitionals in person reference Tanya Stivers ... 1996a p. 462). (2) Adato, 5:1 8Sy: Where did you get that filing box from. 9 Jay:->Fro:m uh:: that fellow who usetuh sit 10 -> uhmback of you, who-who got fired. 11 Sy:=> Jordan? 12 Jay: Jordan yeah. ...

Este articulo, partiendo de un proceso metalinguistico estandarizado, pretende mostrar algunas alternativas psicolinguisticas al aprendizaje conversacional. El desarrollo del estudio corresponde al siguiente esquema: (1) Importancia de la comprension metalinguistica en el perfeccionamiento de una lengua. (2) Alternativas en el proceso de aprendizaje conversacional (a. Etapa de concrecion terminologica, b. Etapa de abstraccion terminologica, c. Etapa de sistematizacion terminologica).

The idea of moral reform requires that morality be more than a description of what people do value, for there has to be some measure against which to assess progress. Otherwise, any change is not reform, but simply difference. Therefore, I discuss moral reform in relation to two prescriptive approaches to common morality, which I distinguish as the foundational and the pragmatic. A foundational approach to common morality (e.g., Bernard Gert's) suggests that there is no reform of morality, but of beliefs, values, customs, and practices so as to conform with an unchanging, foundational morality. If, however, there were revision in its foundation (e.g., in rationality), then reform in morality itself would be possible. On a pragmatic view, on the other hand, common morality is relative to human flourishing, and its justification consists in its effectiveness in promoting flourishing. Morality is dependent on what in fact does promote human flourishing and therefore, could be reformed. However, a pragmatic approach, which appears more open to the possibility of moral reform, would need a more robust account of norms by which reform is measured.

Giora's [Giora, R., 1997. Understanding figurative and literal language: the Graded Salience Hypothesis. Cogn. Linguist. 7 (1), 183–206; Giora, R., 2003. On Our Mind: Salience Context and Figurative Language. Oxford Univ. Press, New York] Graded Salience Hypothesis states ...

The willingness to understand the perception and practice of silence is currently receiving an increasing amount of attention in the literature on sociolinguistics and pragmatics. This study aims to investigate silence as perceived and practised by speakers of Australian English and Jordanian Arabic in casual conversation from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It also attempts to anticipate processes in which silence can

This study looks at idiom comprehension by French-speaking people with Williams' syndrome (WS) and metapragmatic knowledge is examined. Idiomatic expressions are a nonliteral form of language where there is a considerable difference between what is said (literal interpretation) and what is meant (idiomatic interpretation). WS is characterized by a relatively preserved formal language, social interest and poor conversational skills. Using this framework, the present study aims to explore the comprehension of idiomatic expressions by 20 participants with WS. Participants performed a story completion task (comprehension task), and a task of metapragmatic knowledge to justify their chosen answers. WS performances were compared to typically developing children with the same verbal mental age. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) People with WS have difficulties to understand idioms; (3) WS group seems to perform partly as typically developing children for the acquisition of metapragmatic knowledge of linguistic convention: there is a progressive increase in metapragmatic knowledge of linguistic convention as age increased. Our results indicate a delay of acquisition in idiom comprehension in Williams' syndrome.

Voces propiamente sustantivas o verbales parecen resistirse a un tratamiento lexicográfico que incorpore su valor pragmático, entendiendo como tal el uso que se hace de ciertas voces más allá de su significado y de sus restricciones léxico-semánticas y sintácticas. Nuestro objeto de estudio va a ser pues el tratamiento pragmático dado, en el DUE, a voces sustantivas, condicionadas a alguna situación enunciativa que resulte relevante para el usuario de un diccionario de aprendizaje, tanto como herramienta de producción como de interpretación. Abordamos primero una búsqueda de explicación pragmática en las definiciones del DUE, a partir de la búsqueda de expresiones verbales que, a priori, por su estructura sintáctica y valor semántico, parecen hacer posible la introducción de dicha explicación. A continuación, a partir del análisis de las expresiones verbales empleadas en el DUE, se lleva a cabo una propuesta de un patrón para la incorporación de la explicación pragmática; la configu...

Jean Cocteau, bien qu'il ait déclaré les résonances personnelles de l'histoire du Grand Écart, il n'a pas choisi une écriture autobiographique, mais impersonnelle. Il veut démentir toute correspondance avec la réalité et provoquer une sensation d'artifice. Néanmoins les caractéristiques narratives trahissent sa vérité personnelle. La distance narratologique lui permet aussi de se multiplier, en se projetant tantôt dans le personnage tantôt dans le narrateur, et de révéler les contradictions de sa nature. D'autre part, le narrateur nous révèle sa connaissance d'un autre type de vérité, métaphysique, concernant le mystère de l'au-delà, la temporalité, etc.

Within Asian EFL contexts such as South Korea, large class sizes, poor sources of input and an overreliance on the Grammar-Translation Method may negatively impact semantic and pragmatic development of writing content. Since formulaic language is imbued with syntactic, semantic and pragmatic linguistic features, it represents an ideal means to evaluate the influence of Asian EFL contexts on writing. Thus, formulaic language within academic texts from Korean university students was compared to that found in essays written by American university students. Results revealed that Korean EFL learners overused transitions to define the organization of academic texts at the expense of developing content. Moreover, they used repetition, general lists, and all-purpose formulaic language to “pad ” content, neglecting to consider semantic or pragmatic purposes of the text. In contrast to their Korean EFL counterparts, American university students used formulaic language for a variety of pragmat...

We are compiling a corpus of Dutch texts annotated with discourse structure and lexical cohesion, containing initially 80 texts from expository and persuasive genres. We are using this resource for corpus-based studies of discourse relations, discourse markers, cohesion, and genre differences. We are also exploring the possibilities of automatic text segmentation and semi-automatic discourse annotation. This paper discusses our design choices in text selection and segmentation and in the annotation of discourse structure and lexical cohesion.

To determine the effectiveness of 2 weeks' pre-cessation nicotine patches and/or gum on smoking abstinence at 6 months. Design Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Setting New Zealand. Participants Eleven hundred adult, dependent smokers who called the New Zealand Quitline between March 2006 and May 2007 for support to stop smoking were randomized to 2 weeks of nicotine patches and/or gum prior to their target quit day followed by usual care (8 weeks of patches and/or gum plus support calls from a Quitline adviser), or to usual care alone. Measurements The primary outcome was self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence 6 months after quit day. Secondary outcomes included continuous abstinence, cotinine-verified abstinence, daily cigarette consumption, withdrawal symptoms and adverse events. Findings Six months after quit day 125 (22.7%) participants in the pre-cessation group and 116 (21.0%) in the control group reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence (relative risk 1.08 95% CI: 0.86, 1.35, P = 0.4, risk difference 1.7%, 95% CI: -3.2%, 6.6%). However, when pooled in a meta-analysis with other pre-cessation trials a moderate benefit of about a one-quarter increase in cessation rates was evident. There was no difference in adverse events between groups. Conclusions In this, the largest pre-cessation NRT trial to date, using NRT 2 weeks before the target quit day was safe and well tolerated but offered no benefit over usual care. However, in conjunction with previous pre-cessation trials there appears to be a moderate benefit, but not as large as that seen in most smaller trials.

Introduction This book is about some of the devices users of human languages employ to put meaningful elements together to form words, words together to form phrases, phrases together to form clauses, clauses together to form sentences, and sentences together to form texts. The emphasis here will be on the construction of units larger than words, in particular clauses and sentences. This has often been viewed primarily as the domain of syntax . ‘The term “syntax” is from the Ancient Greek sýntaxis , a verbal noun which literally means “arrangement” or “setting out together”. Traditionally, it refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence.’ (Matthews 1982:1). The expressions of a language involve a relationship between a sequence of sounds and a meaning, and this relationship is mediated by grammar, a core component of which is syntax. In English and many other languages, the arrangement of words is a vital factor in determining the meaning of an utterance, as illustrated in (1.1). (1.1) a. The man saw the woman. b. The woman saw the man. In Dyirbal (Australia; Dixon 1972) and many other languages, however, the order of words is irrelevant to the determination of the meaning of a sentence; it is, rather, the inflectional form of a phrase which is the crucial factor determining the interpretation of the sentence, as shown in (1.2). (The base forms of each noun are italicized.)

Over recent years, an increasing number of systematic case-based investigations of the process and outcomes of counseling and psychotherapy has been published. Nevertheless, case study knowledge continues to have a limited impact on therapy training, practice and policy. It is argued that improvement in the status of case study evidence requires further attention to ways of enhancing the rigor of case study reports. Strategies for strengthening the credibility of case study evidence are explored in relation to a range of methodological issues: the design and goals of case study research, quality criteria for evaluating the validity of case study findings, approaches to aggregating the conclusions of sets of cases, and the interpretation of case data. The paper concludes with a call for case study investigators to be active in asserting the value and relevance of this form of inquiry. 

La secrète revendication d'une sexualité féminine : les chants du marcanda ch... Cahiers de littérature orale, 71 | 2012 La secrète revendication d'une sexualité féminine : les chants du marcanda ch... Cahiers de littérature orale, 71 | 2012 Remarquons que l'emploi de la première personne du pluriel crée une connivence avec les autres femmes mariées avec qui elle partage la position d'experte, et qu'elle crée La secrète revendication d'une sexualité féminine : les chants du marcanda ch... Cahiers de littérature orale, 71 | 2012 La secrète revendication d'une sexualité féminine : les chants du marcanda ch...

Comprehension is closely related not only to the knowledge of words and syntax, but also the pragmatic concerns of the discourse. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of the intonational clues selection of Iranian teenagers ’ and young adults ’ Persian listening comprehension ability on their English learning as a second language. According to Buck (2003), in listening comprehension the input in the form of sounds and intonational clues often conveys additional information. In this study 60 male and female teenagers (13- 19) and 60 male and female young adults (20- 26) were selected randomly based on Oxford Placement Test (OPT). Each group was randomly assigned to two sub groups; namely, experimental (EX) and control groups (CG), 15 participants in each group. During the study two fiction and non-fiction passages, at first in Persian and then in English, were read to participants. The passages for participants in CG were read without applying speaker’s into...