Population Growth

Increasing demands on the energy resources due to rapid industrialization and population growth has raised awareness in Saudi Arabia that decades of subsidized energy and profligate energy usage is no longer a viable option, neither as part of a national energy policy nor as part of its international environmental commitments. As part of its strategy to reduce wastage and preserve its natural resources, the government established the National Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) to initiate and promote energy efficiency measures. Its activities include energy audits, equipment standards, energy service companies, technical training and energy efficiency awareness. This paper describes the background to NEEP and reports on its activities and accomplishments over the last 5 years. It then makes some recommendations for further government action including establishing finance mechanisms, overcoming inertia, promoting transparency and the setting up of a permanent national institution for energy efficiency and conservation.

Examples from fishless aquatic habitats 9 show that competition among zooplankton for 10 resources instigates rapid exclusion of competitively 11 inferior species in the absence of fish predation, and 12 leads to resource monopolization by the superior 13 competitor. This may be a single species or a few 14 clones with large body size: a cladoceran such as 15 Daphnia pulicaria, or a branchiopod such as Artemia 16 franciscana, each building its population to a density 17 far higher than those found in habitats with fish. The 18 example of zooplankton from two different fish-free 19 habitats demonstrates the overpowering force of fish 20 predation by highlighting the consequences of its 21 absence. Released from the mortality caused by 22 predation, a population of a superior competitor remains at a density equal to the carrying capacity of its habitat, in a steady state with its food resources, consisting of small green flagellate algae, which are successful in compensating high loss rates due to grazing, by fast growth. In such a situation, the high filtering rate of Daphnia or Artemia reduces resources to levels that are sufficient for assimilation to cover the costs of respiration (threshold food concentration) in adults but not in juveniles. This implies long periods of persistence of adults refraining from producing live young, because production of instantly hatching eggs would be maladaptive. Severe competition for limiting resources imposes a strong selective pressure for postponing reproduction or for producing resting eggs until food levels have increased. Offspring can only survive when born in a short time window between such an increase in food levels and its subsequent decline resulting from population growth and intense grazing by juveniles. Such zooplanktons become not only a single-species community, but also form a single cohort with a long-lifespan population. The observations support the notion that diversity may be sustained only where predation keeps densities of coexisting species at levels much below the carrying capacity, as suggested by Hutchinson 50 years ago.

The pattern of development in a city is mostly governed by urban dynamics, with population increase being the primary driving force. Built-up cover is the most important predictor of urban expansion. Zuru metropolis in Kebbi State has witnessed remarkable developmental activities caused by human influences such as buildings, road constructions, and population growth for over decades. Urban growth was ascertained for a period of 30 years through the analysis of Landsat

Reducing nitrogen status of floriculture plants is an effective tactic in pest management by decreasing host plant quality. Life table parameters and population growth rate of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphidiae), as well as cosmetic and qualitative parameters losses associated with aphid infestation were evaluated in relation to N fertilization levels on Gomphrena globosa, under greenhouse condition. Four N fertilization levels (0, 30, 60, and 100% of recommended 2 kg m-3) were used. The results indicated that aphid's intrinsic rate of natural increase on plants fertilized with 100% of the recommended N level was the highest. Abundance and population growth rate of aphid also positively correlated with N fertilization levels. The interactive effect of aphid population and N fertility significantly affected growth parameters of the plants. In the absence of aphid, plant yield improved linearly with increasing N levels. However, aphid population highly decreased shoot to root ratio and the number of flowers in plants fertilized with 100% of the recommended N level. According to our findings, fine-tuning fertility to reduce A. craccivora population is a steadfast tactic to produce marketable globe amaranth ornamental plant.

Raros são hoje em dia os países onde se pode observar um processo significativo de ocupação demográfica e econômica de vastas parcelas do território nacional, como é o caso no Brasil ou na Malásia. Trata-se, porém, em menor grau, de um fenômeno muito freqüente nos dias atuais na zona intertropical. Deve-se a este fenômeno notadamente o rápido desaparecimento da floresta ombrófila, da América do Sul ao sudoeste da Ásia, substituída, no melhor dos casos, por culturas comerciais permanentes e, na maioria das vezes, por uma agricultura de queimadas e por uma pecuária muito extensiva, que encontram no consumo do espaço uma estratégia coerente de otimizaçãoda relação trabalho/produto, susceptível de compensar parcialmente a ausência de capitalização técnica. Deve-se notar que o termo "fronteira", aplicado a este processo, é, em grande parte, próprio do continente americano. Trata-se com certeza do termo inglês frontier, popularizado por Turner no século passado, em sua análise da expansão territorial norte-americana, e estendido para a América Latina. Mas haveria diferenças reais mais além da terminologia? Por que, por exemplo, o termo "fronteira" quase não é utilizado pelos pesquisadores africanos ou africanistas? Por que este projeto de Cahier desciences Humaines de 1'ORSTOM dedicado à "fronteira" teve pouca repercussão junto àqueles pesquisadores? A conquista de novos espaços é, no entanto, um fato permanente da história africana e não faltam exemplos atuais, quer se trate de frentes pioneiras cuja dinâmica é devida à extensão de uma cultura de exportação (cacau em Gana e na Costa do Marfim, amendoimno Senegal), da expansão territorial de um grupo étnico (Mossi no Burluna Faso...), ou ainda de uma frente pluriétnica de pequenos agricultores (Mayombé); isso sem falar das terras altas de

The salinity tolerance of the freshwater monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris, infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, was studied experimentally. Following direct transfer of infected fish from fresh water to 5.0‰ salinity, parasite population growth increased at the same rate as in fresh water and was positively correlated with temperature (1.4, 6.0, and 12.0°C). In 7.5‰ salinity the populations declined and became extinct after a maximum of 56 days, without any significant difference between 6.0 and 12.0°C. However, some infrapopulations demonstrated short periods of growth. At higher salinities (10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 33.0‰) the survival time decreased, and there was a negative correlation between survival time and temperature (1.4, 6.0, and 12.0°C). When transferred directly to sea water (33.0‰) the parasites became opaque and ceased moving after a few minutes. There was no difference in parasite survival time between direct and gradual transfer from fresh water to 7.5 and 10.0‰, except for one infrapopulation which demonstrated population growth from day 22 after some fluctuations following gradual transfer to 7.5‰. The present findings support the hypothesis of brackish water dispersal of G. salaris with infected fish migrating between rivers in fjord systems. Résumé : La tolérance à la salinité du monogénien d'eau douce Gyrodactylus salaris, qui infecte les tacons de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar), a été étudiée expérimentalement. Après transfert direct des poissons infectés de l'eau douce à une eau présentant une salinité de 5,0 ‰, la croissance de la population de parasites a augmenté à la même vitesse que dans l'eau douce et cette dernière présentait une corrélation positive avec la température (1,4, 6,0 et 12,0°C). À une salinité de 7,5 ‰, les populations ont décliné jusqu'à extinction complète après un maximum de 56 jours, sans qu'il y ait de différence statistiquement significative entre 6,0 et 12,0°C. Toutefois, certaines sous-populations ont présenté de courtes périodes de croissance. À des salinités plus élevées (10,0, 15,0, 20,0 et 33,0‰), la durée de survie a diminué et on a constaté une corrélation négative entre la durée de survie et la température (1,4, 6,0 et 12,0°C). Lorsqu'ils ont été transférés directement dans l'eau de mer (33,0‰), les parasites sont devenus opaques et se sont immobilisés après quelques minutes. On n'a pas observé de différence dans la durée de survie des parasites entre le transfert direct et le transfert graduel de l'eau douce vers une eau de salinité de 7,5 et 10,0‰, sauf dans le cas d'une sous-population qui a montré une croissance de population à partir du jour 22 après certaines fluctuations suivant le transfert graduel à 7,5‰. Les présentes constatations viennent appuyer l'hypothèse de la dispersion de G. salaris dans l'eau saumâtre par les poissons infectés migrant entre les rivières dans les systèmes de fjords. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

Ce système a été mis au point par l'équipe de R. Fetter aux Etats Unis dans les années 70. 2 Mesuré par le rapport capital/travail 3 Il semblerait que non dans certains cas notamment en cancérologie et en cardio-vasculaire où le taux de réadmission des patients à 30 jours du fait de renvoi prématuré a augmenté. Qui plus est le niveau de productivité dépend de la patientèle et de la nature des activités et l'on observe une sélection des patients. Voir Z. Or et alii »activité, productivité et qualité des soins des hôpitaux avant et après la T2A », IRDES (Institut de Recherche et de Documentation sur la santé), 2012. On note également de gros problèmes de codages pouvant dans certains endroits générer 20% d'erreurs…

Long-term studies of population dynamics can provide insights into life history theory, population ecology, socioecology, conservation biology and wildlife management. Here we examine 25 years of population dynamics of western gorillas at Mbeli Bai, a swampy forest clearing in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, the Republic of Congo. The Mbeli population more than doubled from 101 to 226 gorillas during the study. After adjusting for a net influx of gorillas into the study population, the increase represents an inherent growth rate of 0.7% per year, with 95% confidence limits between -0.7% and 2.6%. The influx of gorillas mainly involved immigration of individuals into existing study groups (social dispersal), but it also included the appearance of a few previously unknown groups (locational dispersal). The average group size did not change significantly during the study, which is consistent with the possibility that western gorillas face socioecological constraints on group size, even w...

The distribution and abundance of plants across the world depends in part on their ability to move, which is commonly characterized by a dispersal kernel. For seeds, the total dispersal kernel (TDK) describes the combined influence of all primary, secondary and higher-order dispersal vectors on the overall dispersal kernel for a plant individual, population, species or community. Understanding the role of each vector within the TDK, and their combined influence on the TDK, is critically important for being able to predict plant responses to a changing biotic or abiotic environment. In addition, fully characterizing the TDK by including all vectors may affect predictions of population spread. Here, we review existing D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /aobpla/articlect/11/5/plz042/5559435 by gest on 11 D ecem er 2019

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), can reduce onion bulb yield and transmit iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus), which can cause additional yield losses. In New York, onions are planted using seeds and imported transplants. IYSV is not seed transmitted, but infected transplants have been found in other U.S. states. Transplants are also larger than seeded onions early in the season, and thrips, some of which may be viruliferous, may preferentially colonize larger plants. Limited information is available on the temporal dynamics of IYSV and its vector in onion Þelds. In 2007 and 2008, T. tabaci and IYSV levels were monitored in six seeded and six transplanted Þelds. We found signiÞcantly more thrips in transplanted Þelds early in the season, but by the end of the season seeded Þelds had higher levels of IYSV. The percentage of sample sites with IYSV-infected plants remained low (Ͻ12%) until August, when infection levels increased dramatically in some Þelds. The densities of adult and larval thrips in August and September were better predictors of Þnal IYSV levels than early season thrips densities. For 2007 and 2008, the time onions were harvested may have been more important in determining IYSV levels than whether the onions were seeded or transplanted. Viruliferous thrips emigrating from harvested onion Þelds into nonharvested ones may be increasing the primary spread of IYSV in late-harvested onions. Managing T. tabaci populations before harvest, and manipulating the spatial arrangement of Þelds based on harvest date could mitigate the spread of IYSV.

In Ardakanian, R.; Sewilam, H.; Liebe, J. (Eds.). Mid-term-proceedings on capacity development for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture: a collaboration of UN-Water members and partners - FAO, WHO, UNEP, UNU-INWEH, UNW-DPC, ICID, IWMI. [Project report]. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University. UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC).

This study aims to examine empirically the relationship between the health budget, human capital and population growth in Indonesia by using quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. First, quantitative analysis is used to determine the relationship between the health budget, human capital, and population growth. Using regression as analitical technique, result of this research supports the theory that: (1) there is a significant positive relationship between the health budget and human capital, and (2) there is no relationship between the human capital, as measured by life expectancy and population growth, as measured by the numbers of crude birth rate. Second, qualitative analysis is used to describe the role of formal and informal institutions, including financial institutions in reducing birth rates in an effort to improve human capital. This study suggested the importance of the role of institutions, including the changes that occur in the institutions.

In spite of their important contributions to the sustenance of both the ecological and human systems, wetlands the world over, have come under serious threats, abuse and degradation. This paper therefore, examines the importance and threats to Nigerian wetlands, as well as assesses the strategies for wetlands management in Nigeria with a view to recommending the watershed management approach as a more participatory and holistic approach as promoted by the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Present efforts to manage wetlands in Nigeria have failed to yield the desired results due to various reasons including: unclear and overlapping mandates of responsible federal and state institutions, insufficient technical capacity in these institutions, absent or weak land-use planning and implementation, weak regulatory compliance and enforcement, poor community involvement in planning, prevention and restoration activities, insufficient attention to alternative livelihood issues of the affected communities, corruption and lack of transparent governance, among others. The recommended approach aims to address these weaknesses through a robust and holistic watershed management framework that strikes a balance between all environmental, economic and socio-cultural forces in the watershed management equation, while ensuring community sensitization and the use bottom-top mechanism, and bio-remediation in wetlands restoration processes. Ultimately, this approach ensures that the wetlands are managed as part and parcel of the watershed system.

De sociale impact van de Justinaanse Pest (551 tot 553) "….but later on those who were making these trenches, no longer able to keep up with the number of the dying, mounted the towers of the fortifications in Sycae, and tearing off the roofs threw the bodies in there in complete disorder; and they piled them up just as each one happened to fall, and filled practically all the towers with corpses, and then covered them again with their roofs. As a result of this an evil stench pervaded the city and distressed the inhabitants still more, and especially whenever the wind blew fresh from that quarter." 1 Dit fragment van Procopius geeft een beeld van de omstandigheden in Constantinopel ten tijde van de Justiniaanse Pest, die het Oost-Romeinse Rijk van 551 tot 553 n.Chr. in zijn greep hield. In zijn werk "The Fate Of Rome", sprak Kyle Harper van een sterfte van een derde van de wereldbevolking. 2 In het werk "Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire" van Dionysios Ch. Stathakopoulos spreekt men echter van een bevolkingssterfte van 20 tot 48 procent, wat nog steeds aanzienlijk is. 3 Dit moet dus een enorme impact hebben gehad op het sociale leven in de Oost-Romeinse samenleving. Hierdoor stel ik mij de volgende vraag: "Wat was de impact van de Pest van Justinianus, die het Oost-Romeinse Rijk in de periode van 541 tot 543 n.Chr. trof, op sociaal vlak?"

Polarized spaces and divided cities present a set of fast-changing urban policies and control powers. Of its tense history of complex spatial planning and land-use management, Jerusalem is not an exception. In less than 50 years, 1917-1967, Jerusalem was controlled by four variant regimes. The Ottoman Rule, the British Mandate, the Jordanian Control, and the Israeli Occupation respectively. In that sense, Jerusalem is considered a unique spatial entity in terms of its historical and physical development. This chapter explores the evolution of urban planning and land-use management in Jerusalem for these administrative authorities, underlining its impact on the city population and urban growth. During these subsequent administrative transformations, Jerusalem has witnessed quick and variant planning paradigms, and questionable development patterns, that produced numerous socio-spatial challenges. Principally, the altered composition of the population, as well as the paradoxical urban fabric of the city. Indeed, the successive authorities in Jerusalem, ending with the Israeli occupation of the eastern part of the city, have created a maze of wide-ranging rules and regulations, making the planning system complex, spatially unsustainable, and eventually in many ways, intensifying urban conflicts.

One of the most recognizable and important changes occurring in the West is rapid population growth. This article intends to address questions associated with whether patterns of population growth and income migration are associated with "new" and "old" West economies. Rural restructuring in the U.S. has created a group of counties with service-based economies. In the Mountain West, a number of counties with service-based economies are located in areas with high levels of environmental or natural amenities, creating what has been termed the "New West." Migration to the rural parts of the Mountain West, and the income transfers associated with migration, are increasingly concentrated within these New West counties. Rapid population growth, the changing characteristics of in-migrants, and their spatial concentration in New West counties provide a basis for conflicts over what the rural West is becoming.

ABsrRAGr Current research on nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) population change shows that, to date, the 1990s are reminiscent of the 1970s rather than the 1980s. Nonmetro areas, including the Mountain West, are again gaining population through increases in net migration. Over the past several years, subareas within the Mountain West have experienced some of the fastest rates of population growth and economic expansion in the United States. Current growth patterns in the Mountain West are distinct from those in both the 1970s "rural renaissance" and the 1980s "nonmetro contraction" periods. Nonmetro counties in the Mountain West are growing at about the same rate as metropolitan (metro) counties, and although the growth rate is slower now than in the 1970s, more counties are participating in the growth. These findings support earlier research suggesting that nonmetro growth may not be ending.

There are numerous important human activity factors which cause drastic reduction of the population of migratory birds as well as resident birds in the Libyan coastal areas and inner land too. Resulting into the deterioration of the ecosystems which support life, urban health, and simultaneously causes loss of urban heritage and place identity. The urban sprawl has increased significantly over the past few decades as a result of population growth and economic activity. This rapid urbanization seriously invaded agricultural land and natural environment to the extent of endangering rural and urban landscape. In the absence of legislative regulations; this uncontrolled spatial development is threatening wildlife habitat. Therefore, we see how urban expansion has gone out of control in many Libyan cities to an alarming rate surmounting the increase rate of population caused by extensive economic policies. These policies lack an ecological vision of preservation of cultural and natural h...

The paper studies regional (spatial) inequality in five most populous countries in the world: China, India, the United States of America, Indonesia and Brazil in the period 1980-2000. They are all federations or quasi-federations composed of entities with substantial economic autonomy. Two types of regional inequalities are considered: Concept 1 inequality which is inequality between mean incomes (GDPs per capita) of states/provinces and Concert 2 inequality which is inequality between population-weighted regional mean incomes. The first inequality speaks to the issue of regional convergence, the second, to the issue of overall inequality as perceived by citizens within a nation. All three Asian countries, show rising inequality in terms of both concepts in the decade of the 1990's. Divergence in income outcomes is particularly noticeable for the most populous states/provinces in India and China. United States, where regional inequality is the least, shows further convergence. Brazil, with the highest level of regional inequality, displays no trend. A regression analysis fails to establish robust association between the usual macro variables and the two types of regional inequality.

The work reported herein is the result of a collaborative effort between the Hydrologic Research Center (HRC), with expertise in hydrologic modeling and forecasting, and the Georgia Water Resources Institute (GWRI) at the Georgia Institute of Technology with expertise in water resources system simulation and management. The research and development effort was supported by the PIER Program of the California Energy Commission (CEC Agreement No. 500-07-013). The work uses an adaptation of the existing Integrated Forecast and Reservoir Management (INFORM) system implemented in Northern California for assisting forecast and management agencies with operational ensemble hydroclimatologic forecasts and operational management strategies for the large reservoirs of the region. We wish to thank Mr. Guido Franco, CEC PIER Climate Change Program, for his support and guidance during this project. Mr. Robert Hartman and staff of the California Nevada River Forecast Center provided quality controlled data for the work and offered useful information on operational hydrologic modeling. Our hope is that the new tools and knowledge developed herein will have a positive impact on the management of the Northern California water and power system under a changing climate.

July, lgJ2 In many tag-recapture experiments the procedure used for estimation of the population size requires that there be neither mortality nor recruitment between the times of sampling. Often this assumption is unrealistic. Tests for mortality and for recruitment in a K-sa.mple tag-recapture experiment are developed. The mortality test derived is asymptotically a one-tailed binomial test and is therefore very easy to compute. The asymptotic and exact distributions on which the test is based are compared numerically in the three sample case. The binomial approximation is found to be valid for moderate sample sizes. The test for recruitment is based on a sequence of independent hypergeometric test statistics which may be combined.

The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. More than half of the world's population now lives in towns and cities, and by 2030 this number will swell to about 5 billion. 'Urbanization has the potential to usher in a new era of wellbeing, resource efficiency and economic growth. But due to increased population the pressure of demand also increases in urban areas' (Drakakis-Smith, David, 1996). The loss of agricultural land to other land uses occasioned by urban growth is an issue of growing concern worldwide, particularly in the developing countries like India. This paper is an attempt to assess the impact of urbanization on land use and land cover patterns in Ajmer city. Recent trends indicate that the rural urban migration and religious significance of the place attracting thousands of tourists every year, have immensely contributed in the increasing population of city and is causing change in land use patterns. This accelerating urban sprawl has led to shrinking of the agricultural land and land holdings. Due to increased rate of urbanization, the agricultural areas have been transformed into residential and industrial areas (Retnaraj D,1994). There are several key factors which cause increase in population here such as Smart City Projects, potential for employment, higher education, more comfortable and quality housing, better health facilities, high living standard etc. Population pressure not only directly increases the demand for food, but also indirectly reduces its supply through building development, environmental degradation and marginalization of food production (Aldington T, 1997). Also, there are several issues which are associated with continuous increase in population i.e. land degradation, pollution, poverty, slums, unaffordable housing etc. Pollution, formulation of slums, transportation congestion, environmental hazards, land degradation and crime are some of the major impacts of urbanization on Ajmer city. This study involves mapping of land use patterns by analyzing data and satellite imagery taken at different time periods. The satellite images of year 2000 and 2017 are used. The change detection techniques are used with the help of Geographical Information System software like ERDAS and ArcGIS. The supervised classification of all the three satellite images is done by ERDAS software to demarcate and analyze land use change.

Integrated livestock-fish culture approach envisages the integration of fish farming with cattle, sheep, goat, poultry, pig or rabbit husbandry in a design allowing wastes from one system to be used as inputs in another system. The aim is to conserve resources while increasing farm returns. This paper reviews integrated livestock-fish culture in Asia and some African countries to stimulate growth in East Africa’s livestock-fish integration practices. Livelihood challenges and current status of integrated livestock-fish culture in some segments of East Africa have been discussed. Economic analyses of integrated livestock-fish farming in selected places have been presented. Challenges facing integrated livestock-fish aquaculture in the region include: government neglect of aquaculture sector, weak aquaculture research and applications, political interferences as well as social and religious challenges. Poor publicity, poor infrastructure, lack of clear legislations and policies and high illiteracy among potential fish farmers have also been mentioned as bottlenecks to the growth of integrated fish farming in the region. So far, fish-poultry integration is the most popular across Africa and Asia while fish-cattle integration is unpopular in many countries. Livestock manure as source of organic fertilizer for fish ponds and biogas production can help reduce cost of investment in purchasing inorganic fertilizers. With the present high cost of pelleted fish feeds, integrated fish farming stands to reduce the cost of feeding fish while simultaneously increasing the yield, leading to high economic returns. This paper concludes that livestock-fish integration is one of the most practicable solutions to food insecurity and malnutrition in the East African community despite its current poor status. In fact, it could be the forgotten asset that can guarantee present and future aquaculture sustainability in the region. The paper recommends capacity building among stakeholders to recognise integrated aquaculture as a ‘self feeding’ biotechnology unit, which deserves special attention in East Africa.

Several urban centres of different sizes have developed over time, and continue to grow, within the basin of Lake Victoria. Uncontrolled urban development, especially along the lake shore, puts environmental pressure on Lake Victoria and its local ecosystem. This study sought to monitor the extent and impacts of urban development (as measured by population growth and built-up land use/land cover) in the Lake Victoria basin, Kenya, between 1978 and 2018. Remote sensing and GIS-based land use/land cover classification was conducted to extract change in built-up areas from Landsat 3, 4, 5 and 8 satellite imagery obtained for the month of January at intervals of ten years. Change in population distribution and density was analysed based on decadal census data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics between 1979 and 2019. A statistical regression model was then estimated to relate population growth to built-up area expansion. Results indicate that the basin’s built-up area has expan...

Intenzivan proces demografskih promena na teritoriji Grada Niša počeo je u drugoj polovini XX veka. Socio-ekonomski razvoj ove teritorije uslovio je povećanje broja stanovnika. Dok je gradski centar demografski jačao, urbani periferni delovi opštine su stagnirali ili veoma malo uvećavali svoj demografski saldo. Uporedo sa porastom broja stanovnika odvijao se proces povećanja broja domaćinstava koja su imala sve manji broj članova. Starenje stanovništva je poseban problem koji u velikoj meri utiče na privredni razvoj. Tokom poslednje decenije XX veka ovaj kraj je prošao kroz fazu tranzicije, kada je ugašen veliki broj industrijskih giganata. Kao posledica javile su se promene ekonomske strukture stanovništva. Ključne reči: demografske promene, Grad Niš, starenje stanovništva. Uvod Demografske promene u Srbiji tokom druge polovine XX i na početku XXI veka dovele su do negativnog trenda razvoja. Negativnim promenama izloženi su svi delovi Srbije. Statistički podaci ukazuju da su promene najizrazitije na prostoru istočne i južne Srbije. Dosadašnji trend promena pokazao je da se broj stanovnika smanjuje, menja se starosna struktura i obrazac porodice i domaćinstava. U pogledu promena naročito je karakteristična starosna struktura. Istočna i južna Srbija su, prema ovom pokazatelju, najstarije u Srbiji i prema podacima popisa iz 2011. godine čak 25% od ukupnog stanovništva je starije od 60 godina. Grad Niš je, kao regionalni centar istočne i južne Srbije, tokom pomenutog perioda takoĎe bio zavhaćen negativnim promenama. Rezultati prethodnih istraživanja ovog prostora pokazala su da su gotovo sve demografske strukture promenjene. Društveno-ekonomski razvoj, tokom druge polovine XX i na početku XXI veka, na teritoriji grada Niša uslovio je formiranje odreĎenih funkcija koje su se reflektovale na ukupnu demografsku i regionalnu strukturu datog prostora. U geoprostoru Niša, u periodu sekundarne urbanizacije, došlo je do koncentracije stanovništva i funkcija. U mreži naselja posmatrane teritorije, Niš se tokom ovog perioda izdvojio kao:  centar u prostornoj organizaciji proizvodnje, organizacije, razmene i pružanja usluga, s jedne strane, i organizacije društveno-ekonomskog života stanovništva u mreži naselja, sa druge strane;  kao centar u kome su koncentrisane privredne i vanprivredne funkcije, pa se grad svojim funkcionalnim kapacitetom pojavljuje kao faktor ukupne organizacije prostora i stanovništva. Prema tome, Niš se izdvojio kao jezgro društveno-ekonomskog razvoja. Ovakav prostorno-funkcionalni razvoj doveo je do promena u svim demografskim strukturama teritorije grada. Naselja u neposrednom okruženju gube svoj funkcionalni kapacitet i stagniraju u svim elemntima razvoja (demografskom, ekonomskom, itd.).

In this study, the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas) was evaluated as test organisms for use in sediment toxicity tests by adapting standard protocols for conducting 10-day and 28-day sediment toxicity tests. Combine laboratory and field bioassays showed that Corophium can survive in organically enriched sediment if they have no alternative, suggesting that Corophium is relatively tolerant of organically enriched sediment. Neither were there effects on emergence or reburying behaviour. Therefore this bioassay is considered inappropriate for estimating the quality of organically enricment sediment.

Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) are an important wildlife food resource for Cree people living in communities along the James Bay coasts. According to Traditional Ecological Knowledge, environmental changes along the coast have affected hunting success. Also, changes in the relative abundance of different goose populations that use James Bay may affect hunting opportunities. The objective of our study was to use band recoveries to identify Canada Goose populations harvested by Eeyou Istchee Cree hunters in their Eastern James Bay territory between 2000 and 2020. A total of 744 band recoveries were reported including 198 from the Atlantic Population (AP), 82 from the Southern Hudson Bay Population (SHBP), 122 from the Atlantic Flyway Resident Population (AFRP), 339 from the Mississippi Flyway Giant Population (MFGP), and three that could not be assigned to a population. The percentage of banded geese that were recovered was three times greater for the AP than for the other three populations. Eighty-seven percent of recoveries were reported in spring and 72% were submitted by hunters from the two northern communities (Chisasibi and Wemindji). Most recoveries were reported from coastal hunting sites, but a greater proportion of banded geese of the AP were recovered inland compared to the other goose populations, an indication of their propensity to migrate inland. The most noticeable change in the goose harvest compared to the 1970s was the rapid increase of molt migrant temperate-breeding geese of the AFRP and MFGP. In addition to environmental changes along the James Bay east coast, changes in the relative abundance of each goose population may affect hunting success because each population is differently susceptible to hunting within the territory due to differences in migratory behavior. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of band recoveries in tracking these changes and we therefore encourage agencies to maintain banding programs and Cree hunters to report their recovered bands. Populations de Bernaches du Canada récoltées par les chasseurs Cris d'Eeyou Istchee dans l'est de la Baie James RÉSUMÉ. Les Bernaches du Canada (Branta canadensis) sont une ressource alimentaire importante pour les populations Cris vivant le long des côtes de la Baie James. Selon les connaissances écologiques traditionnelles, les changements environnementaux côtiers ont influencé le succès de chasse. Les changements dans l'abondance relative des différentes populations de bernaches qui utilisent la Baie James peuvent aussi avoir affecté les opportunités de chasse. L'objectif de notre étude était d'utiliser les retours de bagues pour identifier les populations de Bernaches du Canada récoltées par les chasseurs Cris d'Eeyou Istchee dans le territoire est de la Baie James entre 2000 et 2020. Un total de 744 retours de bagues a été rapporté incluant 198 de la population de l'Atlantique (AP),

Conservation status and management priorities are often informed by population trends. Trend estimates can be derived from population surveys or models, but both methods are associated with sources of uncertainty. Many Arctic-breeding shorebirds are thought to be declining based on migration and/or overwintering population surveys, but data are lacking to estimate the trends of some shorebird species. In addition, for most species, little is known about the stage(s) at which population bottlenecks occur, such as breeding vs. nonbreeding periods. We used previously published and unpublished estimates of vital rates to develop the first large-scale population models for 6 species of Arctic-breeding shorebirds in North America, including separate estimates for 3 subspecies of Dunlin. We used the models to estimate population trends and identify life stages at which population growth may be limited. Our model for the arcticola subspecies of Dunlin agreed with previously published inform...

American black ducks (Anas rubripes) are a harvested, international migratory waterfowl species in eastern North America. Despite an extended period of restrictive harvest regulations, the black duck population is still below the population goal identified in the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP). It has been hypothesized that densitydependent factors restrict population growth in the black duck population and that habitat management (increases, improvements, etc.) may be a key component of growing black duck populations and reaching the prescribed

populations était aussi très sensible aux variations unitaires ou proportionnelles du succès d'éclosion moyen et des taux de survie des canetons ou des juvéniles. Étant donné les faibles effectifs d'échantillons disponibles pour certains aspects-clé du cycle de vie du Petit Fuligule, nous recommandons que des travaux additionnels soient effectués sur les taux vitaux qui ont une influence majeure sur l'accroissement des populations et leur effectif (ex. taux de survie des adultes). Nos modèles de cycle de vie devraient être testés et mis à jour régulièrement afin de guider l'étude et la gestion des populations de Petit Fuligule dans un contexte adaptatif.

The endemic Hawaiian grouper, Epinephelus quernus, is a commercially important species experiencing intense fishing pressure in part of its distributional range. We examined population genetic structure with 398 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region across a large portion of the range of E. quernus, spanning approximately 2000 km of the Hawaiian archipelago. Examination of genetic diversity shows that Gardner Island, situated midway along the island chain, harbours the most diverse haplotypes. F-statistics and Bayesian estimates of migration also reveal the mid-archipelago as genetically differentiated, where the first significant break among adjacent pairs of populations lies between the islands of Nihoa and Necker. Most island comparisons beyond Necker and Gardner to the northwest and among the lower five islands to the southeast show little to no genetic differences. Evidence of historical population expansion across the islands was also found by Maximum Likelihood analyses. The results suggest that management should be structured to reflect the genetic differentiation and diversity in the mid-archipelago, the patterns of which may be associated with oceanic current patterns.

Understanding the dynamics of a wildlife population in relation to hunting strategies is essential to achieve sustainable management. We used monitoring data over 25 years from two red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations with different management (with and without supplemental feeding) in South Central Spain to: (i) characterise the density dependence of population dynamics under contrasted management, and (ii) provide the basis for sustainable extraction by considering the theoretical maximum sustainable yield (MSYt) as the reference. The red deer population displayed a typical management reactive culling approach (‘saw-tooth-like’ curves), with occasional strong annual harvests but not occurring on a regular basis. Interestingly, we found reduced population growth at high densities in both populations, indicating that density-mediated factors determined population growth even when artificial feeding was provided. However, no effects of sex not age class of the extracted population o...

The present study on livestock population dynamics can provide useful insights about growth trends of various species and overall livestock population. Such type of analysis is useful for making sound policy and programme planning in livestock sector. The study is based on the secondary data (1977 to 2019) collected from sources such as different livestock census, basic animal husbandry statistics, statistical outlines of India and Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that India's cattle population after attaining a peak of 204.5 million in 1992 remained in the range of 190-200 million during majority of census period. Cattle population in Himachal after attaining peak in 2007 has shown sharp decline in last two censuses. During last two census (2007-19) period, buffalo population's growth has slowed down in India whereas it showed negative growth rate in Himachal Pradesh. Goat population in India showed promising positive trend in majority of census period but in Himachal Pradesh, growth has slowed down. Sheep population also showed steady growth in majority of census period in India whereas in Himachal Pradesh it has declined in every census. Therefore, growth rate of cattle and buffalo population has either stagnated or slowed down in India. On the contrary, cattle, buffalo, sheep population declined in Himachal Pradesh and goat population witnessed slower growth rate in comparison to entire India. The poultry population in the India and Himachal Pradesh increased at impressive and consistent growth rate.

Population dynamics on mussels growing on suspended culture depend mainly on the balance 12 of three processes: mortality and/or dislodgements, recruitment and growth. The negative 13 effect of overcrowding on mussels growth and survival has been widely studied. Some studies 14 have also addressed the effect of population size on recruitment on bottom beds. This work 15 analyzes the effect of stocking density on mussel growth, survival and seed settlement, and 16 the post-settlement interaction between adults and recruits in suspended culture. Our results 17 show a trade-off between competition for resources and the risk of great settlements in adult 18 mussel populations. Intracohort competition increases with stocking density, leading to mussel 19 losses and growth declines along culture, while seed settlement, which leads to intercohort 20 competition, is higher at moderate stocking densities. On the other hand, the asymmetric 21 competition for resources between adults and settlers can lead to post-settlement mortality 22 and dislodgments and reduce the growth of recruits. 23

Large carnivores are essential components of natural ecosystems. In populated areas, their conservation depends on preserving a favorable status in coexistence with humans, which may require the elimination of excess carnivores to minimize public concerns. As the Baltic region currently hosts a thriving wolf population, locally sustainable management of wolves is important for preserving biodiversity at a European scale. In this paper, we provide a dynamic assessment of the Latvian wolf subpopulation from 1998 until 2020. This study is based on age composition and fecundity data from teeth, uteri, and ovaria inspections obtained from samples of legally culled or accidentally killed individuals. The abundance estimates indicated population growth that exceeded the previously predicted carrying capacity. The proportion of juveniles among the culled individuals increased in recent years, but the mean age of culled adults exhibited a stable trend. In presumably nonselective hunting, the...

Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economic policy choices. Many geographic regions that have not been conducive to modern economic growth have high population densities and are experiencing rapid increases in population. At particular disadvantage are regions located far from coasts and ocean-navigable rivers, for which the transport costs of international trade are high, and tropical regions, which bear a heavy burden of disease. Moreover, a large portion of population growth over the next thirty years is expected to occur in these geographically disadvantaged regions.

Land degradation is a phenomenon that threatens food security and ecosystem balance observed on a global scale. At the beginning of the 20th century on a global scale, its importance was not yet understood due to low climate change, population growth, and industrialization pressure, but today, with the increasing effect of these factors, it has affected more than 25% of the world's terrestrial areas. Land use/cover change, destruction of forest areas, opening to agriculture, or conversion of forest areas to high economic plantations are the main factors of land degradation. Population growth and increasing demand for food, water, and energy are increasing pressure on natural resources, primarily agricultural and forest land. Due to its dynamic relationship with the climate change, land degradation creates more pessimistic results in arid and semi-arid areas that are more vulnerable and have a high population density. Despite the intergovernmental meetings, commissions, and decisions taken, land degradation continues on a global scale and the human-climate change dilemma creates uncertainties in achieving the targeted results.

The Red River Delta (RRD) (Vietnam), a region experiencing rapid population growth, industrialization, and economic development, concentrates 54% of the population of the whole Red River watershed in less than 10% of the basin area. Our study aimed at understanding and quantifying the processes by which the delta affects the nutrient fluxes coming from the upstream watershed before they reach the sea. A comprehensive budget of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and silica (Si) fluxes associated with natural and anthropogenic processes in the terrestrial and hydrological system of the delta was established for five sub-basins of the delta for the period 2000-2006, based on official statistical data, available measurements, and our own sampling campaigns and enquiries. The results show that anthropogenic inputs of N and P brought into the delta area are higher than the amounts delivered by the river from the upstream watershed. However, the amounts of these two elements ultimately delivered to the coastal zone from the delta are lower than the amounts carried by the upstream river, showing extremely efficient retention of both the soils and the delta's drainage network. For Si (taking into account both dissolved and amorphous solid forms), the retention is much lower. High retention of N and P and low retention of Si in the delta area have up to now protected the coastal zone from severe eutrophication problems.

Because most principles for evaluating policies which result in population change require information about individual well-being as well as interpersonal comparisons, some way of assessing levels of well-being is essential to their use. In this paper, we look at one way of doing it using equivalent expenditures and equivalence scales. In certain circumstances, equivalent expenditures, which can be used to make interpersonal comparisons, can be estimated. This note examines this method in light of the demands of the critical-level generalized utilitarian family of principles. Properties of those principles are examined, and the problems of setting the critical level and of implementing priority for the less well off is included. In addition, the possibility of decisions based on theory and a few facts is investigated. The paper concludes with a discussion of population policy and the current world environmental crisis. Most principles for evaluating policies which result in population change require some information about the existence and utility levels of those who ever live in the histories which corresponding to policy options, which we alternative histories or alternative. Utilities are indexes of well-being, and in population ethics, they should be indexes of lifetime well-being. The utility estimates are hard to assess and, because lifetime utilities are needed, the problem is more difficult than the estimation of short-term well-being. One way to estimate utilities, at least in short periods, is to use equivalent expenditures and equivalence scales. They make interpersonal comparisons of utilities, accounting for heterogeneity of household characteristics, and can be estimated from available data in some circumstances. Although short-term utilities are not adequate for population ethics, estimation of their short-term values is an important first step. This paper presents an outline of one such method (Section 4). It is not the only possible one, but it does work and, if a reference utility function is specified and estimated, an economy can be converted, for welfare purposes, into one with identical reference single individuals. Children are included; no one is left out. In Section 1 and 2, we present several of the main principles and families of principles: classical utilitarianism, average utilitarianism, the critical-level generalized utilitarian

The study investigated the direction of causality between population variables and economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2020 using VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Tests. The results of the findings revealed the existence of feedback effects among economic growth, death rate, birth rate and secondary school enrollments. The results further showed that population growth and per capita GDP growth are completely independent and that higher population growth rate did not translate to higher economic growth in Nigeria. The study concluded that an average population growth rate in Nigeria was not seen as being productive as it did not translate to economic growth.

The effects of leaves cut during fibre harvesting of Attalea funifera under contrasting irradiance availability were evaluated, studying defoliation-induced changes in photosynthetic and growth characteristics and fibre production in adult individuals of A. funifera growing under full sun and forest understorey. Fibre harvesting was performed with or without (control plants) leaf removal twice in a 12-month interval. Maximum measured values of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance and transpiration were higher in full sun defoliated palms than in non-defoliated palms in the same environment or in understorey palms of the two treatments. Non-defoliated palms from the two environments emitted more leaves than defoliated palms in the same evaluation period. The increment in the leaf-level rate of carbon assimilation following defoliation did not lead to high production of fibre, suggesting that the photosynthetic compensation for leaf removal was not effective, at least during the period of evaluation. The results indicate that leaf removal during harvesting did not represent an advantage for fibre production and may even lead to decreases in leaf and fibre production. I N T RO D U C T I O N Natural lignocellulosic fibres obtained from plants are important examples of renewable and biodegradable materials whose use may mitigate the generalized pollution due to discard of non-degradable synthetic materials. In addition, lignocellulosic fibres are less expensive than their synthetic counterparts and provide social benefits as a major source of income to communities in developing countries where they are exploited (Monteiro et al., 2009). Palms are great producers of fibres, food, waxes and oils and represent common components of tropical regions around the world (Lorenzi, 2004). Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) is endemic of the coastal zone (up to 60 km inland) of the State of Bahia, Brazil, where it has been mostly exploited in its wild state as part of a secondary forest cut and burn cycle, without technological inputs (Vinha and Silva, 1998). This species produces a natural, long (up to 4 m) fibre with unique characteristics, such as elasticity, flexibility, impermeability, which is used for fabrication of many products

We use crosscountry observations on the effects of population growth to show why differences in rates of growth in working age population may be a key to understanding differences in economic performance across industrialized countries over the period 1975-97 versus 1960-74. In particular, we argue that countries with lower rates of adult population growth have adopted new capital intensive technologies more quickly than their high population growth counterparts, therefore allowing them to reduce their work-time without deteriorating growth in output-per-adult.