Pompeiopolis (Taşköprü)

Traveling around with the aim to visit ancient sites and historical monuments is generally called cultural tourism and known since antiquity, but became much popular during the last decades. Several municipalities in Turkey endeavor to promote public interest in archaeology in order to increase the touristic potential of their cities. They even sponsor archaeological excavations with the expectation of future profit from cultural tourism. This paper argues that archaeology is primarily a historical discipline, which generates knowledge from the excavated remains and objects, and should not be considered merely under the aspect of tourism. Hasty excavations and hurried restoration projects prevent appropriate research. Focusing on the excavation in Pompeiopolis (Taşköprü/Kastamonu) this paper shows how the collision of interests between archaeology and tourism can be avoided and how an archaeological site can be opened up to tourism in a scientifically and economically reasonable way.

ÖZET Osmanlı taşrası çoğunlukla merkez ile olan ilişkileri sıklığında görünür olmuştur. Taşrada idari ve hukuki anlamda tutulan kayıtlar dışında daha fazla bilgi edinebilmek güçtür. 1866 Yılında yayınlanmaya başlanan vilayet salnameleri Osmanlı İmparatorluğu taşrası hakkında iktisadi, idari ve istatistiki bilgiler içermektedir. Bunların dışında devlet salnameleri ve bakanlıkların çıkardıkları nezaret salnameleri bulunmaktadır. Vilayetler için yayınlanan salnamelerde vilayete bağlı kaza, sancak, nahiye ve köyler hakkında da detaylı bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Salname geçmiş tarihe ya da bir yıllık döneme ait iktisadi, ticari, sınai, fenni, biyografik, tarihi veya nüfusa dair bilgileri özet halinde içerip bunları derleyerek her yıl yayınlayan eserlere verilen isimdir. Salnamelerin en önemli özelliği bilgiye ihtiyaç duyulan Osmanlı taşrası hakkında son dönemde de olsa yıllık bilgiler içermesidir. Vilayet salnameleri 1921-22 yıllarına kadar yayınlanmaya devam etmiştir. Salnameler hazırlanırken merkezin gönderdiği örnek temel alınmıştır. Ancak vilayetin özel durumları ve hazırlayanların bilgi düzeylerindeki farklılık göz önünde bulundurulduğunda farklı vilayetlerdeki salnamelerin farklı özellikler gösterdiği görülmüştür. Taşköprü ilçesi bu dönemde Kastamonu vilayetinenin merkez sancağına bağlı bir kaza hükmündedir. Kastamonu Sancağı'na bağlı 4 adet sancak bulunmaktadır ve bunların adları Kastamonu, Bolu, Kangırı (Çankırı) ve Sinop Sancaklarıdır. Taşköprü kazasını da bulunduğu Kastamonu Sancağı'nda 6 kaza daha bulunmaktadır. Bunlar ise İnebolu, Safranbolu, Daday, Cide, Tosya ve Araç Kazalarıdır. Salnameler içinde zengin bilgiler içermesinden dolayı Kastamonu Vilayeti salnameleri özel bir öneme sahiptir. 1869-1903 yılları arasında Kastamonu Vilayeti için 21 adet salname yayınlanmıştır. Bunların 1899 yılına kadar olanları her yıl daha sonra olanları ise belli aralıklar ile yayınlanmıştır. Kastamonu Vilayet salnameleri içinde diğer kazalar ile birlikte Taşköprü kazası ile ilgili de nüfus, müesseseler ve iktisadi duruma dair bilgiler yer almaktadır. Ayrıca kazalarda bulunan resmi daireler ve bu dairelerde çalışan memurların listeleri bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı bu salnamelerde Taşköprü için ayrılan kısımları 1869-1903 yılları arasında derleyerek istatistiki bilgiler oluşturmaktır. Bu sayede Taşköprü kazasının 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğindeki iktisadi ve toplumsal durumu ile ilgili bulgular elde edilecektir. Bunlara ilaveten Taşköprü Kazasının Kastamonu Vilayeti içindeki konumu belirlenecek ve diğer kazalar ile ilişkileri incelenecektir. ABSTRACT The Ottoman provinces mostly became visible in its relation to the center. It is hard to contain more information except administrative and legal records in the province. The province yearbooks, starting in 1868, contain economic, administrative and statistical information on the provinces of Ottoman Empire. There are state yearbooks and issued the ministries' yearbooks except those. Published yearbooks for provinces are also contain detailed information about districts (sancak), town (kaza) and counties (nahiye) and villages which were connected to the provinces. The yearbook is the name of the annual and summary information about economic, commercial, industrial, scientific, biographic, historical or population issues and that is published every year. The most important feature of the yearbooks is ensuring annual information about the Ottoman provincial which needed information albeit in the last period. Province yearbooks continued to be published up to 1921-22. The sample sent by the center was taken as the basis for preparing the yearbooks. However, it is normally that different characteristics of yearbooks observed in different provinces when considered the special situations for the provinces and the level of knowledge of the preparers In this period, Taşköprü was a town of Kastamonu Province's central district. There are four districts affiliated with the Kastamonu Province and these names were Kastamonu, Bolu Kangırı (Çankırı) and Sinop Districts. There are 6 town (kaza) in Kastamonu District where the Taşköprü town is also located and these were İnebolu, Safranbolu, Daday Cide, Tosya ve Araç Towns. Since it contains wealthy information, Kastamonu Province  Arş. Gör., Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, e-posta: [email protected].

The historian from Pompeiopolis, Crepereius Calpurnianus, is one of the four historian of Lucius Verus who shared the throne with Marcus Aurelius as the Roman Emperor. In his study called “How to write history” (Pos dei historian syngraphein/Quomodo historia conscribenda sit), the master of rhetoric and satire, Lukianos from Samosata criticized the historians who increased in number after the wars between Romans and Parthians and the methods of narrating history and explained the techniques to write the history correctly and criteria that a historian should possess. Within this context, Lukianos from Samosata gave detailed information about his contemporary historian from Pompeiopolis, Crepereius Calpurnianus. According to Lukianos from Samosata, the sense of historiography in Crepereius Calpurnianus shows a striking similarity with Thukydides who was a general and historian from Athens. In the work of Lukianos from Samosata called “How to write history” it is seen that he masterfully employed the descriptions and various figures of speech and he had a high ability of expressing.
As Lukianos from Samosata cited, Crepereius Calpurnianus from Pompeiopolis wrote in detailed the war between Rome and Parthia during the reign of Lucius Verus the Roman Emperor. Similar to Thukydides who is a politics historian, Crepereius Calpurnianus from Pompeiopolis also exactly handled the causes and result of this This war which was narrated by Crepereius Calpurnianus from Pompeiopolis in detailed is one of the wars of Roman Empire against its biggest enemy on the east who doesn’t allow the Parthian aristocrats rule the Armenia throne and desires to keep the absolute control of this land. The first and biggest war of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus who commonly shared the throne of Roman Empire ended in the victory of the Roman army. The capital city of Armenia, Artaksata, majority of the Parthian lands, important Parthian centers such as Seleucia and especially the capital city, Ktesiphon were invaded by the Roman army in the command of Roman Emperor Lucius Verus. After the war narrated by Crepereius Calpurnianus from Pompeiopolis in detail, Lucius Verus assumed the title of “Armeniacus” but he transferred an epidemic disease which couldn’t be diagnosed to Roman lands from the Parthian lands since its symptoms weren’t explained. This epidemic caused mass death among the people of the countries on the way which Roman army used and among the Roman people. The topic of this study is the contributions of Crepereius Calpurnianus from Pompeiopolis to the narration of the ancient history.

L'objet de mon propos est la Paphlagonie, son histoire et son peuplement. Je souhaite aborder cet espace sur la longue durée car cette région (comme tout le nord de l'Anatolie) a la particularité d'offrir des sources historiques et archéologiques moins nombreuses que pour d'autres régions de l'Anatolie. Ce sont donc les sources archéologiques qui vont guider notre réflexion et nous permettre peut-être de revisiter des clichés concernant la région et ses habitants. Même si la Paphlagonie a été peu étudiée d'un point de vue historique et archéologique, elle connaît un regain d'intérêt : nous pouvons citer les prospections extensives d'O.P. Doonan dans la chôra de Sinope 1 , le Paphlagonian Project

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, teşkilat üzerinde denetim sağlamak ve partinin yapısını güçlendirmek maksatlarıyla 1923 yılında Parti Müfettişliği kurumunu oluşturmuştur. Müfettişlik, 1931 yılında kaldırılmış, 1935 yılında yeniden oluşturulmuştur. Parti teşkilatlarıyla birlikte vilayetin siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal yapısı hakkında bilgi vermek ve Halkevlerini denetlemekle yükümlüdür.

Abstract
The stone bridge giving identity to the county town Taşköprü (Kastamonu Province) spans the river Gökırmak at a length of 70 meters which is supported by six vaults. It is known as being built " in 1366 AD by Ali Bey, the son of Yağmur Bey, on behalf Celaleddin Beyazıt (Kötürüm Beyazıt) " Nevertheless, an examination of written sources and epigraphic evidence shows that this date is impossible and the bridge was probably built already in ancient times and underwent several repairs and architectural modifications in later periods. Recent restoration works on the bridge revealed on the downflow side a relief cross on the keystone of the central vault which point to the construction of the arches and cutwaters are in the Middle Byzantine period (7-11th century), while the present shape of the bridge derives from a renovation by the end of the 19th century.

Tarihi yollar ağı Türkiye kültürel mirasının önemli bir bölümünü oluşturur. Bunlardan bazılarının yapım tarihleri Roma, hatta Hitit dönemine kadar uzanır. Günümüz gezginleri pek çok yerde güzergahları 2000 yıldan fazla bir süre önce Roma'lılar tarafından belirlenmiş yolları takip ederler. Günümüz Vezirköprüsü'nü çevreleyen Phazemonitis yöresindeki yollar da bir istisna değildir. Bu yöre için kullanabileceğimiz çok az sayıda yazılı kaynak vardır. Bu nedenle yörenin yol ağı ile ilgili çalışmalar miltaşları çalışmaları ile ilişkilendirilmiş arkeolojik yüzey araştırması gibi daha farklı bir yaklaşıma dayandırılmalıdır. 2010 yılı Nisan ve 2013 yılı Ekim aylarında Türk, Danimarka ve Alman uyruklu arkeolog, coğrafyacı ve tarihçilerden oluşan bir ekiple Vezirköprü ve Havza bölgeleri tarihsel yol ağları üzerine iki sezon yüzey araştırması yapılmıştır.

The passage Strabo 12.3.40 is the only written source available on Pompeiopolis ad Amnias and the realgar mines in its territory. The geographer names landscapes, mountains, valleys, settlements and strongholds while describing the part of Pontus left of the Halys. The present paper analyses this passage and reviews its previous discussions including the suggested identifications of the
place names with the aim to contribute to the reconstruction of the historical geography of the Amnias Valley. It argues that Pompeiopolis was founded to take over the administrative function of the Hellenistic
fortress Pimolisa which was abandoned and destroyed in the aftermath of the Mithridatic Wars. In contrary to the traditional identification of Pimolisa in Osmancık, this article proposes that Pimolisa was located in the Amnias Valley, most probably in today’s Boyabat Kale.

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The stone bridge which spans the river Amnias (Gökırmak) is eponymous of the county town of Taşköprü and the western bridgehead virtually defines its entrance. Despite lack of research, it is believed that the stone bridge was built “in 1366 AD by Ali Bey, the son of Yağmur Bey, on behalf Celaleddin Beyazıt (Kötürüm Beyazıt)”. This account bases on an inscription from the village of Kornapa. This article will first examine this supposedly building inscription of the bridge, then gather all available written sources and travelogues of the 19th century on the bridge, and finally evaluate the architectural survey and restoration which were recently executed by the Kastamonu Regional Directorate of State Highways.

Hydraulic installations are represented in Pompeiopolis with a wide range of devices. The last excavations, spread in new areas, have brought to light new facilities. Even if important buildings, such as fountain houses or nymphaea are still missing, each part of the city appears to be provided with all necessary equipments for conveying or draining water. After an overview of the question of water supply, a detailed study completes our 2011 first analysis with the presentation of archaeological remains, also considered as sources for the long term history of the city.
It is now possible to give a typology of hydraulic installations. In the upper city, from the top of the hill to its slopes, different kinds of water channels, water pipes, gutters, and sewage systems are to be found. The lower city, with its Baths, Forum, and Octagon, have local disposals still impossible to link with a general network. Down the hill, the Domus gives the opportunity to consider water devices in domestic areas and their later changes. The variety of building technique and of building material is characteristic of various ways of fitting out public or private space, over a long period.
It is also worth linking these devices to the history of the city, with a closer look at their meaning for city life. Building, use and reuse, or destruction of hydraulic installations, are signs of the situation of an area at a certain point. Maintenance of these equipments reveals a long term occupation of a place, and the continuity of attention paid to the water system. It also means that the level of population is sufficient to need this kind of infrastructures. On the contrary, abandon or deliberate destruction may simply show a change of use, or the lack of concern for such installations, and possibly depopulation of a neighborhood, even the city. These questions can notably contribute to a better understanding of the history of Late Antique Pompeiopolis.