News Media

In the network society the boundaries between media, politics, economy and culture is put under pressure. The media is placed in an increasingly direct competition with the state, private companies, interest organisations etc. about the powers of definition within important spheres of society. This is illustrated by for instance “the Muhammad crisis” and the debate about the documentary “The secret war”. Both cases also show the importance of the legitimacy of the roles played by the media in the network society. This puts forward the old question about the objectivity of journalism, and makes this question important in the debate about the roles of journalism in the network society.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has over the years become a hot topic for debate in Sweden, as the technology presents exciting unique possibilities and challenges for the country and its citizens. Coverage of AI in Swedish news media presents imagined scenarios with both current and future AI that contribute to myths about how the technology is able to radically transform life, that spring out of a central digital sublime. Through a mixed-method study of 55 newspaper items about AI from Svenska Dagbladet from 2017 to 2018, the thesis studies what evident AI myths occur in coverage and how such discourses spring out digital sublime regarding AI. A total of four AI myths are found that revolve around existing and future intelligent computers, robots, machines and vehicles and different perceptions with them. Myths and associated hopes and concerns point to digital sublime regarding AI as a force of intelligent digitization that promises to empower a sublime citizen, economy, and welfare state. Emotional values with sublime AI reflect a Swedish techno-optimism as digital artefacts throughout history have helped Sweden become a prosperous country.

The Media has been playing an active role in the democratic realm since the inception of the country as a nation state. The newspaper that are established during the early years of colonialism are used as potent tools of propagating the ideas of democracy in Nigeria. This study critically assessed the performance of Nigerian mass media in consolidating democracy. This is of the view that the mass media contributed to the return of democracy in Nigeria.Despite Nigerian mass media great performance in promoting democracy, they are faced with challenges which borders on issues of ethnicity, lack of adequate modern communication gadgets, pressure from pressure groups and the government, corruption, security issues among others. The government should truly support the noble profession by creating the right atmosphere for media men to operate without friction.

‘The Valorisation of a Discursive Style on the BBC’s Westminster hour’, in Turner, K and Fraser, B (eds.) (2008) Language in a Life, and a Life in Languages: Jacob Mey - A Festschrift (Studies in Pragmatics 6) Bingley: Emerald Group pp381-388

In many countries, mobile operators have teamed up with social media platforms to offer free access to specific websites or internet services—including news websites. The most well-known of these offerings, Facebook’s Free Basics, has been explicitly pitched as a way to give citizens in developing countries greater access to news, but Facebook is not the only company touting these so-called “zero-rated” arrangements as a bridge across the digital divide. This report examines whether these arrangements are broadening access to diverse sources of news, as promised, and whether they might have broader consequences for the news market.

This report provides an overview of the common attributes of current news focused games, toys and interactives. It aims to provide a snapshot of the state of newsgames and related digital media a decade after much of the original work on the topic was produced. It offers observations about the subjects covered, mechanics, aesthetic and experiential qualities of such designed experiences.

The researchers collected 50 games which rest within the conventional
understanding of newsgames or news toys as defined in the
introduction. These games were somewhat chosen at random, although the
data set excluded games that were created as part of game jams or that failed to have a substantial play record (considered to be 10,000 or more plays as listed publicly). A list of more than 100 such games was paired down to 50 by reviewing news articles describing new releases in the newsgame space and culling case study analysis provided through prior research [2], [6]. Each of these experiences was played to completion, screen captured, and catalogued for this research. The data was collected in a relational database, the contents of which are provided at JournalismGames.org for further analysis by other researchers.

Findings include a relatively limited set of innovations in mechanics for such
play and heavy focus on politics, business practices, and empathy. The vast
majority of games researched were 2-dimensional games, primarily produced by
professional news organizations using HTML5 and JavaScript. Nearly all could
be completed in less than 10 minutes and offered only one ostensible level.
These news focused experiences predominately employ choose your own
adventure or action game mechanics, use a limited color palette, and are most
often editorial in nature.

This study examines how the first major military incursions in Sarawak, Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation in 1963-1964 were reported in three selected Malaysian English-language newspapers. These newspapers are The Straits Times, published in Singapore, North Borneo News and Sabah Times (hereafter Sabah Times), published in Sabah, and The Sarawak Tribune, published in Sarawak. This study employed a qualitative content analysis of the newspapers to examine their coverage on the issue. The findings show that The Straits Times generally provided the widest coverage on the first major military incursions in Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah Times, on the other hand, provided the most extensive news coverage on the military raid on Sabah. This was probably due to limited manpower and financial strength of the two newspapers and not the lack of concern of both newspapers and their readers of the situation in the affected localities.

With the problem of 'fake news' in the digital media, there are efforts at creation of awareness, automation of 'fake news' detection and news literacy. This research is descriptive as it pulls evidence from the content of online fabricated news for the features that distinguish fabrications from the legitimate political news around the time of the U.S. Presidential Elections (276 articles in total, from November 2016-June 2017). Certain stylistic and psycho-linguistic features of fabrications may be apparent to the news readers: fewer words and paragraphs but longer paragraphs, more slangs, swear words and affective words in the stories. Such features could be used for educational information literacy campaigns for spotting so-called 'fake news'. Other informative features may require specialized analytical tools (or further training) to notice the presence of more words, punctuation marks, demonstratives and emotiveness in fabrications but fewer verifiable facts (or named entities) in their headlines.

This summarizing study examines how contemporary young people use news and news media and how is this news consumption related to the level of their civic engagement. While findings of many studies suggest that today’s youth are not interested in current affairs news at all, others show a more complicated picture: young people haven't lost interest in current affairs, but they differ in their access to information and in the way how they move in the media environment. The study discusses the reasons for this media behavior and the implication for the civic engagement of the young generation.

When disasters strike, journalism can save lives. Affected communities need information during disasters. What has happened? What can be expected? Where are the safe places? Who should survivors contact? What should they do? What should they not do? There are many questions that people need answers for, and the timely dissemination of information is important to save lives, reduce trauma, and facilitate smooth relief and rehabilitation works. Good communication is also required to enhance the relationship among the government, national and international organisations, and the civil society—before, during, and after a disaster. In all this, the news media play a crucial role. The importance of disaster journalism in Nepal, hence, cannot be overstated. Situated in one of the world’s most disaster-prone areas, the nation is particularly vulnerable to calamities. As the 2015 earthquake showed, it is also ill-prepared. Enhancing the disaster preparedness of news media personnel is theref...

Forty years ago in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the first agenda-setting study showed that the issue priorities of the news become the issue priorities of the public in the 1968 U.S. presidential campaign. Since then, the agenda-setting model has been replicated in more than 400 studies that include both election and non-election settings, covering a wide variety of issues, and extending beyond the U.S. to a broad range of countries in the five continents. This article examines the progress of this research to date, reviewing its principal variations, how now encompasses five different theoretical stages, and what are the possible new areas of application and development.

Millennials sind die Zukunft der digitalen Transformation, denn ihr Medien­nutzungsverhalten birgt großes wirtschaftliches Potenzial. Trotzdem weiß die Medienindustrie noch immer wenig über die 1981 bis 2000 Geborenen. Erst wenigen klassischen Medien ist es gelungen, den „Millennial Code“ zu knacken. Nicht nur in den USA, auch hierzulande buhlt inzwischen eine Reihe von Redaktionen mit innovativem Storytelling und digitalen Vertriebskanälen um die Gunst junger Menschen.

Leif Kramp und Stephan Weichert geben mit Interviews und Unternehmensporträts erstmals einen konkreten Einblick in die redaktionelle Arbeitswelt von Medienangeboten, die sich gezielt an Jugendliche und junge Erwach­sene richten. In den Interviews offenbaren 19 redaktionell Verantwortliche und Produktmanager aus Deutschland, Europa und den USA ihre Strategien, mit deren Hilfe sie die pragmatische Generation der Millennials an ihre An­gebote binden wollen. Dabei geht es um Chancen wie die Entdeckung neuer Geschäftsmodelle, aber auch um Herausforderungen wie die ständige Ad­aption neuer Technologien bis hin zur Deformation journalistischer Ideale.

Mit Interviews und Porträts zu folgenden Medienangeboten: Bento, Buzzfeed, Funk, Giphy, Hardbound, Headline24, heute+, Huffington Post, Jetzt, Mic, Noizz, NowThis, Orange by Handelsblatt, Refinery29, Vice, Vox.com, Watson, YouNow und Ze.tt.

„Junge Leute sind die Zukunft der Medien. Der Millennial Code ist eine faszinierende und informative Untersuchung von 19 Medienunternehmen, die aufgebaut wurden, um die nächste Generation zu bedienen. Die Autoren interviewen Innovatoren in Deutschland und den USA, um zu lernen, was funktioniert und was nicht und welchen Weg die Medien als nächstes einschlagen.“
Jeff Jarvis, CUNY Journalism Professor, Autor von "Was würde Google tun?", "Mehr Transparenz wagen" und "Ausgedruckt!"

„Wer sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, junge Menschen mit Medien zu erreichen, muss auch mit bewährten Regeln brechen. Der Millenial Code ist die zurzeit umfassendste Anleitung zum Regelbruch in der Medienbranche.“
Christian Meier, DIE WELT

This paper is a critical evaluation of how Gramsci's theory of hegemony can be applied to how the British Media treats the Royal Family. This paper explores notions of capitalism, nationalism and British identity as they pertain to Britain's most popular family as well as an overview of hegemony conceptually. The primary focus of this paper is to assess the validity and relevance of Gramsci's theories in the contemporary media landscape through qualitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis.

Ramin Haerizadeh, Rokni Haerizadeh, and Hesam Rahmanian have lived and worked together in Dubai since 2009, when they went into self-imposed exile after artworks by Ramin and Rokni were seized from a private collection in their hometown of Tehran due to their provocative content. The three artists maintain individual practices and work together in a collective to create installations, performances, and videos that build upon their perception of life as theater and begin with the “creatures” the three artists become, physically and mentally, through their work.

Placing emphasis on “reporting on our time,” the collective creates stop-motion animations that transform found material in order to critically examine contemporary history-in-the-making. Their animations—which they refer to as “moving paintings”—are composed from thousands of individual works on paper, in which the artists have collaged and painted over printed stills from internet videos and television newscasts. Detaching news imagery from its original context to estrange and open up its encoded meanings, this body of work interrogates the entertainment value of reportage and the voyeuristic role of the spectator as a passive consumer of mass media spectacle.

The Rain Doesn’t Know Friends From Foes surveyed the artists’ animations to date and featured a selection of related works on paper. The presentation marked the US debut of From Sea to Dawn (2016–17) and Macht Schon (2016), videos that intervene in the photojournalistic representation of migrants crossing into Europe through the interjection of painterly patterns, fablelike animal imagery, and surreal mirroring effects. Along with another collaborative video, Big Rock Candy Mountain (2015), the exhibition included three earlier animations by Rokni, who originated the stop-motion method that the collective has adapted in recent years. By turns joyously irreverent and intensely biting, the works presented cast a satirical eye over representations of the present, foregrounding the irrationality and violence that underlies our hypermediated reality.

Ramin Haerizadeh (Iranian, b. 1975, Tehran, Iran), Rokni Haerizadeh (Iranian, b. 1978, Tehran, Iran) and Hesam Rahmanian (Iranian, b. 1980, Knoxville, Tennessee) maintain individual practices and also work together in a collective that constantly grows and contracts to incorporate friends, writers, and other artists. As a collective, they have presented solo exhibitions at Officine Grandi Riparazioni, Turin (2018), MACBA, Barcelona (2017), Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (2015), and Kunsthalle Zurich (2015). A monograph of their work, entitled Ramin Haerizadeh Rokni Haerizadeh Hesam Rahmanian, was published by Mousse Publishing in 2015.

In the world of technology-mediated communication (TMC), the involvement of audiences with media texts takes very diverse forms. The participation is shaped by multiple factors ranging from the genre of the media text (e.g., the news article as opposed to the radio phone-in program), the general participatory situation (e.g., before/after a story or event and within/outside of the text), to the interactive affordances of the individual media platforms (print, radio, TV, online).
Adopting a combined media linguistic and socio-pragmatic perspective, this chapter explores the types of interactivity and interaction that occur in the media. Focusing on online news media, it explains how media interactivity can translate into actual interaction with the recipients, thereby affecting the overall participation framework of the media discourse event. Finally, the chapter outlines several current trends (customization of content, remediation, dispreferred participation, etc.) and points out some potential problems associated with these participatory phenomena.

Researchers have explored the role of organizational and personal branding in journalism, paying particular attention to digital media and social network sites. While these studies have observed a rise in the incorporation of branding practices among journalists, they have largely avoided questions about the implications such shifts in practice may have on the personal identities of journalists. This study addresses that gap, drawing on interviews with 41 reporters and editors from US newspapers. The findings suggest that as reporters incorporate branding into their routines, they may feel as though they are sacrificing the ability to simultaneously maintain a personal identity online. For their part, editors seem to sympathize with journalists’ loss of personal identity but defer to organizational policies.

In the age of media consumption, digital platforms are part of everyday life and are transforming audiences' practices (Nielsen, 2014). The patterns of media consumption are increasingly cross-media (Schrøder, 2015). Specially, regarding the younger generations, studies document that they express particular behaviors due to the penetration of digital consumption into their daily life. In order to better understand these practices, these research analyses the media consumption profiles of Portuguese university students using the concept of "media repertoires" by Hasebrink and Popp (2006). Specifically, it is intended to define these audiences preference profiles, identify practices, analyse the relationship with the media and patterns of use of technology to access information. The specific objectives are the following: (i). classify information consumptions; ii). describe media preferences; iii). assess forms of access to information; iv). gauge the type of content consumed in different media; v). identify if there are media consumptions in cross-media; vi). analyse the information consumption practices in social media. The methodological approach to empirical research is operationalised through a quantitative strategy using the questionnaire survey. The sample is of convenience (n = 100), not being statistically representative of the population. Data processing uses descriptive statistical analysis to identify global trends and media consumption profiles. The data reveal that there is uniformity in media consumption in terms of media type and that the mobile devices and social media are very important for the younger generations and are part of their everyday life.

Materi anti hoax merupakan materi mengenai pengertian berita hoax, sejarah, ciri-ciri, cara menangani, dan cara melaporkan konten hoax. Disampaikan ketika program Perkenalan Kehidupan Kampus bagi Mahasiswa Baru Fakultas Pertanian UPN "Veteran" Jawa Timur.

Environmental issues are a key focus of localized political experience and action. Companies dumping toxic waste, airports extending runways and developers encroaching on wilderness are resisted by people and groups who cherish and demand environmental justice: 'an all-encompassing notion that affirms the use value of life, of all forms of life, against the interests of wealth, power, and technology' (Castells, 2004: 190). A contest between the valuing of life, environment and cosmological time, and the market, capital and instrumental time takes place within the news media where large audiences are exposed to battles over the right to determine the uses of public space and environments. As Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells (2004: 168-91) observes, the constant presence of environmental issues and stories in the media lends legitimacy to green values and politics. Through interaction with media organizations, the environmental movement 1 attempts to dig a trench of resistance against ahistorical and abstracted global 'flows', constructs alternative identities, and insists that places and unbuilt environments are defined by more than their potential economic use-value. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we outline and critique a theoretical approach that can increase understanding of the relationship between environmental protest and news media representation. The sociology of Manuel Castells (2000a, 2000d, 2004) situates environmentalism at the centre of contemporary cultural politics and attempts to understand what happens when the market economy and capital meet actual people,

This paper gives an investigation of the print news and online news utilization design. Purpose of input has been inferred on both mass and customized media in particular print and its online rendition. By utilizing multi different investigation ANNOVA essential information, taking sample size of (N=400) the respondents were asked for to give data on the recurrence, timing and place of use of every medium and were made a request to report their input on the helpfulness of these media. The different statistic factors are related with media use designs. The fundamental discoveries of the investigation propose that the web is nearly more used among the media. Online/internet is underutilized as a result of absence of mindfulness and non accessibility of flag.

This landmark volume opens with the valid premise that media anthropologists have so far neglected the study of the news media and journalism in favour of entertainment media such as radio, television and film. The book sets out to rectify this situation by bringing together leading scholars in the field with contributions published here for the first time. The aim is to reach out not only to other anthropologists but also to students and scholars in media, communication and journalism studies. Describing news as a form of ‘cultural meaning making’ or ‘cultural storytelling’ the editor, Elizabeth Bird, argues that anthropologists have an important contribution to make to the long overdue de-Westernisation of this interdisciplinary field.  The book consists of an Introduction followed by three sections of varying length: Part 1 (eight chapters) on the ethnography of news production, Part 2 (five chapters) on everyday news practices and Part 3 (three chapters) on news in the new media era.

This paper investigates how Facebook has exerted its power over news media. Using a political economy of communication model, we analyze in detail the ways in which Facebook, eager to maintain the growth of its user base and the advertising revenue associated with it, has implemented a deliberate policy aimed at convincing media to use the resources provided by its platform. Based on a corpus of documents produced by Facebook itself in the US editions of its “Newsroom” and its blog “Facebook for Media,” we first describe some of the general features of its policy of expansion. We then consider the strategies that have been taken, within this context, towards news media. We study how Facebook has invested considerable effort in establishing its platform as a major nexus for news distribution and for converting media into news content suppliers working, among other suppliers, for its benefit. We also explore the different initiatives Facebook has undertaken to influence the nature of news content in order to impose itself as a key player in the online news environment at the expense of media, which finds itself in an asymmetrical position of dependence.

Engaging normative theories of the press and research examining the evolution of privacy coverage, this study examines press coverage of mobile app privacy issues between 2013 and 2016. The research sheds light on how the press frames privacy concerns within the mobile app context. Since such coverage can define the norms circumscribing the flows of users’ personal information, this study contributes to the debate about the role of the press in alerting the public to privacy issues that carry significant public interest implications. Ultimately, mobile privacy coverage favors certain solutions over others, emphasizes privacy tradeoffs over privacy rights, and balances user powerlessness with mobile app convenience and innovation, with implications for privacy discourses in public and policy arenas.

Preventing capture, and ensuring that the media can perform their
societal function, requires an understanding of the myriad and
sometimes subtle ways the media can be compromised by the
very actors they are supposed to monitor. To that end, this chapter
proposes four somewhat overlapping forms of capture–(a) ownership,
(b) financial incentives, (c) censorship, and (d) cognitive capture–
arguing that a broader view of what constitutes capture usefully
highlights less obvious but equally insidious threats to journalistic
independence.

Globally and nationally, teachers and their work are key to realizing equitable, quality, and lifelong learning for all. Teachers are considered key determinants of education quality – playing a vital role in nation building and identity construction and providing meaningful learning to young children and youth – responsive to changing global and national economic, social, and cultural imperative. This recognition and increased attention on teachers and their work feature prominently in public and policy discourses. Yet very little attention has been paid to how teachers are framed and positioned in such discourses. It is this gap which this chapter seeks to address by considering the discourses that inflect and infuse teachers and their work in the public media and policy text across three countries of South Asia: Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The chapter maps out the common themes and ideas that frame teachers and their work in diverse national policy texts in the South Asian region, and specifically in the media, using discourse analysis. At the level of national policy, the chapter focuses on the comparative analysis of policy of the National Education Policy 2010 in Bangladesh, the draft National Education Policy in India 2019, and the National Education Policy 2009 and 2017 in Pakistan to argue that policy and popular media project contradictory, multiple, and contested statements of the work of teachers in the South Asian region, oscillating between portrayals of teachers as villains or saviors. Moreover, the work of teachers is increasingly subject to tightening regulations which challenge teacher professional identity and autonomy.

Esta investigación analiza el tratamiento del tema feminicidio en la prensa mexicana. El objetivo es estudiar cuales son los aspectos del conflicto que se destacan en la información de prensa. Se extrajeron los marcos periodísticos multimodales, las fallas de contexto y los discursos ideológicos diseminados. Además analizamos la representación de los movimientos sociales contra el feminicidio como actor y las oportunidades discursivas alcanzadas, en comparación con la representación de las autoridades. Escogimos tres periódicos de circulación nacional tomando en cuenta las preferencias de la audiencia para elegir los más leídos en su versión impresa y por medios electrónicos. Durante un periodo de 41 meses se recabaron todos los artículos que informan feminicidio como tema principal o secundario, y los artículos sobre asesinatos de mujeres en los que no se ha comprobado si tenían motivos de género o no. Obtuvimos 2,527 artículos y se codificaron todos manualmente. Se utilizó la metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo textual y análisis de las imágenes para extraer los elementos de los marcos periodísticos multimodales, de acuerdo con la teoría de Entman: la denominación del problema, actores principales, la evaluación moral, la atribución de responsabilidad y el tratamiento recomendado. Cada elemento contiene diversas variables que se agruparon en conglomerados por orden de incidencia. La representación de los movimientos sociales se midió con las características del ‘paradigma de la protesta’ y analizamos el grado en que se adhiere a esta teoría. Utilizamos las mismas variables para medir las oportunidades discursivas del movimiento. Encontramos que la atención mediática al conflicto ha aumentado vertiginosamente en los 3 diarios, diseminando la idea de que la severidad del problema también aumenta; sin embargo, la representación de las víctimas tiende a ser negativa y se reproducen discursos discriminatorios.

In 1989, a man by the name of Marc Lépine walked into the Engineering Department of the Ecole Polytechnique in Montréal, Quebec armed with a gun. Entering a classroom, Lépine demanded that the women stand on one side of the room and the men on the other.

As digital convergence marks the transition from print to screen culture, translation plays an increasingly important role of in the production and dissemination of the news. The translation of information in the news media is a pervasive set of practices that affects the daily consumption of the news and a topic of relevance to scholars in several areas of the humanities and the social sciences. This book provides a wide-ranging and accessible introduction to research in news media translation practices, products and processes, illustrating and discussing historical, theoretical and descriptive perspectives. Inter- and multi-disciplinary research spans fields such as Translation Studies, Linguistics, Journalism and Media Studies, and includes approaches from Critical Discourse Analysis and narrative theory to Systemic Functional Linguistics and Corpus Linguistics. The book also offers first-hand analyses of news texts in English and Italian, approaching news translation from an ethnomethodological perspective.

Instructions: Respond to each numbered item in the short list here as either “True” or “False” for you. A “True” response may identify a potential area for training. Reflect on whether an item identifies a problem or issue in the way you manage your anger. Anger requires boundaries, and a moral value (e.g. OK or not OK) can be assigned to strengthen boundaries for anger. Assess whether you believe the following:

THIS IS YOUR CUE: TIME TO TAKE ACTION
Call upon the community or general public, parents and youths, mental health professionals, physicians and nurses, educators, Facebook and other internet social media, religious groups, athletes, celebrities, secular and SBNR, school administrators, news media, Hollywood, academia, scientists, employers and employees, business owners and managers, private individuals and public officials, to join their talents, opportunities, and influence to support student mental health and end school shootings. Sharing this article is one way you can help https://www.academia.edu/35809557

Secara bahasa, pelecehan seksual merupakan sebuah gabungan dari dua kata yang terdiri dari “pelecehan” dan “seksual”. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), pelecehan berasal dari kata “leceh” yang artinya menghinakan, memandang rendah, meremehkan, dan mengabaikan sedangkan seksual berasal dari kata “seks” yang artinya jenis kelamin (secara biologis) atau hal yang berhubungan dengan alat kelamin.

The lack of women’s voices, status, and recognition in the news media is a challenge to both human rights and a sustainable future. Comparing Gender and Media Equality across the Globe addresses longstanding questions in the study of gender equality in media content and media organisations across countries and over time. Drawing on data from the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), and the International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF), this book offers new insights into the qualities, causes, and consequences of gender equality in and through the news media. The book contributes to the critical discussion on gender and journalism, showing that the news media do not reflect reality when it comes to the actual progress of gender equality in societies across the globe. The study aims to inspire future research by making existing data on gender and news media equality available to the global research community. The book presents the GEM-dataset, comprising hundreds of indicators on media and gender equality, and the GEM-Index, an easy to use measure to keep track of key aspects of gender equality in television, radio, newspapers, and online.

The project Comparing Gender and Media Equality across the Globe has been fundedby the Swedish Research Council (2016–2020) and is based at the Department of Journalism, Media and Communication (JMG) at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.The GEM dataset and its codebook are free to use and can be downloaded in variousformats. For access, contact JMG. Please ensure that proper attribution is given when citing the dataset.