Mental Health of Children and Young People

This study systematically reviewed all the cohort studies investigating the relationship between long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and any health outcome until February 2018. We searched ISI Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed journal research articles published in English. We only extracted the results of the single-pollutant main analysis of each study, excluding the effect modifications and sensitivity analyses. Out of the initial 9523 articles, 203 articles were ultimately included for analysis. Based on the different characteristics of studies such as study design, outcome, exposure assessment method, and statistical model, we calculated the number and relative frequency of analyses with statistically significant and insignificant results. Most of the studies were prospective (84.8%), assessed both genders (66.5%), and focused on a specific age range (86.8%). Most of the articles (78.1%) had used modeling techniques for exposure assessment of cohorts' participants. Among the total of 317 health outcomes, the most investigated outcomes include mortality due to cardiovascular disease (6.19%), all causes (5.48%), lung cancer (4.00%), ischemic heart disease (3.50%), and non-accidental causes (3.50%). The percentage of analyses with statistically significant results were higher among studies that used prospective design, mortality as the outcome, fixed stations as exposure assessment method, hazard ratio as risk measure, and no covariate adjustment. We can somehow conclude that the choice of right characteristics for cohort studies can make a difference in their results.

A copublication with the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), Addressing Challenging Behaviors and Mental Health Issues in Early Childhood focuses on research-based strategies for educators to address challenging behaviors of children during early childhood and elementary school years. Utilizing research from the fields of neuroscience, child development, child psychiatry, counselling and applied behavior analysis, the author suggests simple strategies for teachers to manage behaviors and promote mental health and resilience in children with challenging behaviors.

Addressing Challenging Behaviors and Mental Health Issues in Early Childhood provides a framework for best practices which are empirically based and have been successfully utilized in the classroom. An appreciation of the deep understanding of culture as it affects curricular approaches, family engagement, and child growth and development is utilized throughout this comprehensive, multidisciplinary resource. Bayat references the most recent research in the field of child mental health and provides educational and intervention approaches that are appropriate for all children with and without disabilities.

Filial Therapy has been shown through 55+ years of research and clinical experience to be an effective and efficient intervention for children and families experiencing a variety of social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties. This unique therapy, co-created by Drs. Bernard and Louise Guerney, involves parents as the primary change agents for their own children in order to resolve child-related problems, to encourage children's healthy psychosocial development, and to strengthen entire families. Filial therapists train and supervise parents while the parents participate in child-centered play sessions, an approach that not only helps eliminate presenting problems but also strengthens parent-child and family relationships. This guide covers the principles, theoretical foundations, research, concepts, and specific methods used in Filial Therapy. First published in 1994, this represents the 3rd revision and update to the book. Applications to specialized populations of children and families are included, as are multicultural applications.

Con la llegada de la pandemia, el magisterio mexicano y las familias se enfrentaron a un reto inédito para el que nadie se encontraba preparado: atender la ansiedad, el miedo, el estrés y la incertidumbre de los estudiantes, sus familias y las figuras educativas. Si bien habrá efectos de salud mental para toda la población, los impactos más profundos serán en las niñas, niños y adolescentes, quienes perdieron, además, la estructura y el apoyo que proveía la escuela, por lo que se anticipan consecuencias graves para su desarrollo y salud física y mental (UNICEF, 2020a).  Los resultados de las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness para niñas, niños y jóvenes (NNJ) son prometedoras por su relación con la mejora del rendimiento cognitivo y de resiliencia al estrés, por mencionar un ejemplo que explora nuevas soluciones.

This report evaluates the impact of live music in hospitals in the United Kingdom, as provided by OPUS Music Community Interest Company. Surveys and semi-structured interviews showed positive responses of hospitalised children. Parents reported increased well-being for their children and also for themselves, and similar patterns were found among hospital staff. Interactions with the musicians such as the child playing the instruments were important as well as hearing the music. Positive benefits were found in this music evaluation study from the three perspectives: the children, families and staff. The results suggest that 1) music can create a space for children in hospital to interact and ease their (and their parents’) anxiety and stress, and that 2) such music activities can support healthcare staff in their working environment by providing entertainment and creating more uninterrupted working time.

No one gets what this is like for young people because no one asks. (Debra, Study 1)
More than 38,000 people are reported missing to state and territory police in Australia annually, with one to two per cent of those reported who remain missing long-term. The impact on the psychosocial well-being of those left behind of any age is profound. Australian research shows that for every person reported missing in Australia each year, 12 people, on average, are affected in some way. Young people are largely unrecognised within the research, policy, and practice as part of the population that is left behind. They are neither seen nor heard. Their loss remains ambiguous and unresolved, and with little recognition of their presence, their psychosocial support needs are consequently unrecognised and unaddressed.
This thesis explores the experience of young people who have a long-term missing loved one – a father, grandfather, sibling or cousin - bringing the experience of young people when a loved one is missing into the spotlight, to remind others of their presence in families and communities affected by the loss of a missing person, and to inform practice and service provider responses. The research is informed by the construct of ambiguous loss as a theoretical framework, and the related concepts of trauma and loss, coping and resilience. Each young person sits within a family, a community, and a wider societal context.
The research comprised three studies to address the overarching aims and questions. Studies 1 and 2 employed semi-structured interviews with ten young people and eight parents whose lives were impacted by the loss of a missing loved one. These 18 participants are related to nine long-term missing people, who had been missing between two-and-a-half and 43 years, at the time of interview. Study 3 employed an anonymous survey questionnaire targeting service providers coming into contact with families and young people left behind when a loved one is a missing person. It sought information about their response to and understanding of the support needs of young people whose loved one is a missing person.
A phenomenological approach to inquiry and thematic data analysis identified four themes - living with not knowing, recognising young people, a growing awareness, and supporting young people, and revealed a number of significant findings. These findings are: 1) young people experience the loss of a missing loved one as traumatic and
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distressing; 2) living with not knowing becomes even more challenging for young people when those within the young person's network do not understand the nature of ambiguous loss and its impact on young people; 3) young people feel supported when their presence is recognised and they are purposefully included by those who are able to be emotionally available to them and provide a secure base.
Finally, the study recommends that service providers within the missing persons sector and others who may have contact with those left behind, including law enforcement, educators, and mental health professionals, need to be trauma-informed about the nature and impact of ambiguous loss and to work collaboratively in an interagency context. A trauma-informed approach that recognises and includes young people, and is responsive to their psychosocial support needs delivers best practice.

(Full citation): Brymer, M. J., Layne, C. M., Vernberg, E. M., Steinberg, A. M., Watson, P. J., Jacobs, A., Ruzek, J. I., &  Pynoos, R. S. (2009). Psychological first aid for children and adolescents. In E. Foa, T. Keane, M. Friedman, & J. Cohen (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD (2nd ed.). (pp. 106-116). New York: Guilford.

Aims and method The upsurge of cyberbullying is a frequent cause of emotional disturbance in children and young people. The situation is complicated by the fact that these interpersonal safety issues are actually generated by the peer group and in contexts that are difficult for adults to control. This article examines the effectiveness of common responses to cyberbullying.
Results Whatever the value of technological tools for tackling cyberbullying, we cannot avoid the fact that this is an interpersonal problem grounded in a social context.
Clinical implications Practitioners should build on existing knowledge about preventing and reducing face-to-face bullying while taking account of the distinctive nature of cyberbullying. Furthermore, it is essential to take account of the values that
young people are learning in society and at school.
Declaration of interest None.

THIS IS YOUR CUE: TIME TO TAKE ACTION
Call upon the community or general public, parents and youths, mental health professionals, physicians and nurses, educators, Facebook and other internet social media, religious groups, athletes, celebrities, secular and SBNR, school administrators, news media, Hollywood, academia, scientists, employers and employees, business owners and managers, private individuals and public officials, to join their talents, opportunities, and influence to support student mental health and end school shootings. Sharing this article is one way you can help https://www.academia.edu/35809557

Submission Form for papers, workshops and posters Name and Affiliation Abstract: 300 words for papers, posters or workshops. Use the abstract form overleaf for symposia. In the abstract please include information about the aims, method and findings to be discussed in your presentation.

This chapter excerpt focuses on the most common mental health disorders that occur in children and adolescents: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, substance use disorder, and youth suicide.  It ends with an examination of ways to promote or develop positive mental health.  The information here is not designed to enable you to make diagnoses; rather, the goal is to raise your awareness so that you might be able inform parents and involve the appropriate mental health professionals when there are concerns.

ARMY WIVES AND CHILDREN: THE IMPACT OF INTERMITTENT FATHER ABSENCE.  A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HEALTH, DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG ARMY AND CIVILIAN CHILDREN

by Dr Shân Margaret Newhouse

Fifty-nine Army and forty-six civilian children, from two-parent families, were examined in routine infant school entrance medicals. Their mothers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, the General Health, and Rutter Behaviour Questionnaires. Army fathers were Privates or NCOs, and civilians in Social Classes three or four. Army parents were younger (mothers, p<0.01, fathers, p<0.001), parental smoking rates slightly higher, and family size smaller (p<0.05).

  Military children had slightly more health problems, caught more colds (p<0.05), and had more hearing problems (p<0.05). Their birth weights were slightly lower, possibly because their mothers smoked in pregnancy more (p<0.02). Both groups had similar GP consultation rates. Army children ate more fruit (p<0.005) and more sweets (p<0.05). Mothers knew little about the Community Paediatric Service, but appreciated school medicals. Both groups managed child health issues similarly.

  Army families faced considerable transiency, and a third of mothers found this difficult. Most children had moved home three times and countries once. Average posting length was twenty-two months. Army mothers had less family help with childcare (p<0.02), and fewer friends (p<0.001). They disliked official Army welfare channels, but had lower housing costs so were better off (p<0.02).

  Military fathers were often away, with half absent for over three months of the past year. Half the Army mothers felt lonely and found intermittent father absence difficult to cope with. One third had problems with children’s behaviour and discipline during father absence.

  Army children had more high scores on the Rutter Child Behaviour Questionnaire (p<0.05), mostly due to higher rates of conduct (p<0.01) and over activity behaviour disorders (p<0.02). Half developed one or more behavioural problems during father absence. These accounted for most of the difference in RBQ scores between the groups, and were closely related to children’s feelings about father absence, and less so to their mothers’ GHQ scores. Mothers who coped best with the cycle of deployment, and did not get depressed, enabled children to manage better.

  Intermittent father absence tells us much about the importance of the father’s role, and is best discussed in terms of attachment theory. Army children’s health is similar to comparable civilian children, but the pressures of transiency and intermittent father absence on family relationships need to be reduced or ameliorated.

Duodecim 2002;118:856-66 Hoitosuositusryhmä Hoitosuositusryhmä Taulukko 3. Syömishäiriöpotilaalle tavallisimmin diagnoosivaiheessa tehtäviä tutkimuksia. Verenkuva Lasko Natrium, kalium, kalsium, fosfori ja kloridi AFOS Kreatiniini, albumiini ASAT, ALAT Verenglukoosipitoisuus Amylaasi Kilpirauhasen toiminta Keliakiavasta-aineet Happo-emästasapaino EKG Lasten ja nuorten syömishäiriöiden hoito HOITOSUOSITUSTYÖRYHMÄ Puheenjohtaja HANNA EBELING, LT, lastenpsykiatrian ja nuorisopsykiatrian erikoislääkäri Oulun yliopisto ja yliopistollinen sairaala, lastenpsykiatrian yksikkö PL 26, 90029 OYS Jäsenet RIITTA HASSINEN, fysioterapeutti OYS:n lastenpsykiatrian yksikkö PL 26, 90029 OYS AULI JOUTSENOJA, LL, lastenpsykiatrian erikoislääkäri OYS:n lastenpsykiatrian yksikkö PL 26, 90029 OYS LEEA JÄRVI, ravitsemusterapeutti OYS:n lääkinnällinen kuntoutus PL 23, 90029 OYS MINNA KOSKINEN, LL, lastenpsykiatrian ja nuorisopsykiatrian erikoislääkäri OYS PL 26, 90029 OYS LIISA LAHTI, LL, yleislääketieteen erikoislääkäri Oulun terveyskeskus PL 51, 90015 Oulun kaupunki LAURE MORIN-PAPUNEN, LT, gynekologian erikoislääkäri OYS:n naistentautien klinikka PL 24, 90029 OYS MARIA MUHONEN, LL, psykiatrian erikoislääkäri HYKS, Jorvin sairaala, Matinkylä-Olarin psykiatrian poliklinikka Kuunkehrä 2 A, 02210 Espoo AILA RISSANEN, professori, sisätautien erikoislääkäri HYKS, Lapinlahden sairaala PL 320, 00029 HYKS PÄIVI TAPANAINEN, dosentti, lastentautien ja lastenendokrinologian erikoislääkäri OYS:n lastentautien klinikka PL 23, 90029 OYS KRISTIAN WAHLBECK, vt. professori, psykiatrian erikoislääkäri (Käypä hoito -toimittaja) HYKS, Lapinlahden sairaala PL 320, 00029 HYKS

Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are conventionally recommended in mental health
care literature as an important way to offer holistic treatment provision to patients. This
study aims to explore multidisciplinary teamwork in contemporary mental health
settings, particularly what aids and hinders the process of multidisciplinary teamworking,
and the social work contribution in such teams. In order to attain an in-depth
exploration of these phenomena, a single case study design was employed. Within this
design, data were generated through semi-structured interviews and structured
observation of a mental health MDT in Ireland. These data were analysed using
interpretative phenomenological analysis. The research highlights how the concept of
mental illness is contested within this MDT, with the medical model dominant within
an environment of fluid working arrangements. Professional role blurring and
stereotyping were found to impact the division of labour on this team, with role
negotiation found to be an integral part of retaining a professional’s practice identity.
This research raises concerns for social work’s capacity to function within mental
health MDTs in Ireland, and highlights ways in which social work educators might
respond in order to empower Irish social workers to meet the challenges of mental
health multidisciplinary teamworking.

Background
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health services in Chile have been primarily provided through health centers. Although some school-based initiatives have been implemented, to date, these have not been assessed. This study aims to identify strengths and challenges of the affectivity and sexuality component of the school-based 3A Program, a health program which seeks to prevent risk behaviors and promote healthy lifestyle habits within public schools (addressing health topics which in Spanish begin with the letter ‘A’, hence ‘3A’), implemented in the municipality of Lo Prado, city of Santiago.
Methods
We carried out a qualitative study with a descriptive-interpretative approach in three schools. We conducted in-depth interviews with students, teachers, health professionals, and school principals (N = 44); and focus groups with students (N = 3), teachers and health personnel (N = 3). The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results
Participants highlight the integrative approach to health and to sexual and reproductive health promoted in the 3A Program, which is enhanced by the collaboration of interdisciplinary health teams. Permanent and expedited student access to sexual and reproductive health care is achieved, and affectional bonds are developed between students and the Program’s health staff. The Program assists female participants to imagine and form identities that are not inherently tied to motherhood. It also assists boys and LGBTQ+ adolescents in feeling included as relevant actors in sexual and reproductive health and decision making. The delivery of contraception in schools is highly valued. The most significant challenge identified is ensuring effective and ongoing collaboration between health staff and teachers.
Conclusion
Participants value the effectivity and sexuality component of the 3A Program as an initiative to improve adolescents’ access to sexual and reproductive health care. Our findings suggest that this Program could be replicated throughout the region and the country to improve the quality and accessibility of health services for adolescents.

Previous research on young people's satisfaction of inpatient services has often relied on the responses of carers and relevant practitioners. It is difficult to ascertain to what extent such reporting accurately represents the satisfaction levels of young people, with emerging research suggesting wide discrepancies. As part of a wider study evaluating the effectiveness of a Supported Discharge Service (SDS) operating within SLaM, this paper examines how young people's experience inpatient services, on a social and emotional level. Twenty young people, (ten SDS and ten TAU) participated in a semi-structured visual-interview study to examine their experiences of admission, ward-life and treatment. A thematic analysis was conducted on the data and specific themes relevant to satisfaction and engagement with inpatient services was examined in-depth. These include a) Behavioural surveillance as care surrogate and b) Managing the delicate emotional ecology of the ward: openness, triggering, sterility and relational engagements. Finally, we explore some of the implications of these inpatient experiences for supported discharge services.

Im Umgang mit Halluzinogenen erfährt die Jugendkultur eine Veränderung. Neben dem individuellen Gebrauch von Drogen und dem Gebrauch in kleinen, geschlossenen Gruppen ist eine Housepartykultur entstanden, in der große Gruppen junger Menschen versuchen, besondere und intensive Erfahrungen zu machen. Auf Partys mit vielen hundert Jugendlichen, die einander größtenteils nicht kennen, ist der Gebrauch von Drogen ein Bestandteil des Spektakels. Diese großen Treffen bekommen Züge von Theatervorstellungen, bei denen es keine Zuschauer mehr gibt. Jeder einzelne ist Teilnehmer eines Rituals: ein Ereignis, bei dem jeder ein lustvolles, stabilisierendes Erlebnis mit kathartischer Wirkung sucht und dieses auch regelmäßig findet. Politiker und Mitarbeiter der Drogenarbeit haben ein zunehmendes Interesse an Analyseansätzen, die als Grundlage zur Erneuerung von bestehenden Interventions- und Behandlungsmethoden dienen können. In diesem Kapitel wird, ausgehend von einer klinischen, kulturvergleichenden Studie, ein Ansatz für ein präventives, praxisorientiertes Rahmenkonzept zum Umgang mit Suchtverhalten geliefert. Wir gehen dabei von der Hypothese aus, dass Jugendliche bei dem Genuß von bewustseinserweiternden Mitteln, neben Verminderung ihrer Spannungen und Lustlosigkeit, auch neue Erfahrungen suchen, die ihnen den Schritt in die Erwachsenenwelt erleichtern. Bei dem einen Kind wird sich dieser Schritt ohne viele Schwierigkeiten vollziehen. Andere Kinder haben mehr Probleme mit den einschneidenden hormonellen und sich ihnen aufdrängenden gesellschaftlichen und sozialen Veränderungen. Die Welt der Jugendlichen hat sich seit dem Krieg drastisch und definitiv verändert. Die Ereignisse der sechziger Jahre haben unter anderem dazu geführt, daß Jugendliche in stärkerem Maße ihr Leben und ihre Zukunft selbst bestimmen. Eltern, fanden sie, konnten nichts dazu beitragen. Als Folge haben die Erwachsenen die Jugendlichen in den folgenden Jahrzehnten sich selbst überlassen und haben die Jugend bei ihrer Transition zum Erwachsensein mehr oder weniger allein gelassen (van Bekkum 1995).

Anxiety is a common and disabling condition for children and can lead to lifelong difficulties.  Anxiety is more common in parents of children with anxiety.  There is some evidence that Mindfulness-Based Interventions can have benefits for anxiety and parenting, although there are limitations in current research.
Six children, aged 9 to 14, presenting with anxiety symptoms, attended a six week mindfulness and compassion programme with their mothers.  A mixed method approach was adopted using pre- and post-intervention questionnaires and post-intervention interviews.  Consideration is given to the challenge of respecting the mindfulness ethos in research.
The joint child and parent sessions were found to be engaging and enjoyable.  Shorter practices, especially those related to embodiment, breath awareness and kindness were preferred.  All but one family, continued to practice together, although finding time was challenging. The additional resources were felt to be helpful.  All but one young person found the course helped with anxiety and this was linked to the preferred practices, increased awareness of feelings and greater understanding, leading to making better choices.  Parents felt their practice allowed them to support their child more effectively.  The quantitative data supported the reports of reduced anxiety but not the other reported benefits, this is explored further.
The number of limitations to this study are discussed.  However, this research supports the findings of other studies of the benefits of mindfulness- and compassion- based interventions for anxiety.  It would also suggest that further consideration should be given to teaching children and parents together due to the reports of positive intrapersonal and interpersonal changes.

In April 2018, the US government introduced a ‘zero tolerance’ illegal immigration control strategy at the US-Mexico border resulting in the detention of all adults awaiting federal prosecution for illegal entry and the subsequent removal of their children to separate child shelters across the USA. By June 2018, over 2,300 immigrant children, including infants, had been separated from their parents for immigration purposes. Media reports and scenes of distraught families ignited global condemnation of US immigration policy and fresh criticism of immigration detention practices.

Detention of children for immigration purposes is known to be practiced in over 100 countries worldwide, despite a significant body of research demonstrating the extensive harm of such policies.  This review explores and contextualises the key potential impacts of family separation and detention of children for immigration purposes including damaged attachment relationships, traumatisation, toxic stress and wider detrimental impacts on immigrant communities.  As such, it is critical for host nation governments to cease the practice of family separation and child detention for immigration control and promote post-migration policies that protect children from further harm, promote resilience and enable recovery.

A PhD studentship is available for UK and EU citizens only. The studentship will attract an annual tax-free stipend of £14,777 for up to 3 years, subject to satisfactory progress and will cover the UK/EU tuition fees. You should hold a first degree equivalent to at least a UK upper second class honours degree in a relevant subject. This project would suit a student with a strong background in international health policy and systems. Candidate whose first language is not English must provide evidence that their English language is sufficient to meet the specific demands of their study, the Faculty minimum requirements are: • British Council IELTS-score of 6.5 overall, with no element less than 6.0 • TOEFL iBT-overall score of 92 with the listening and reading element no less than 21, writing element no less than 22 and the speaking element no less than 23.

This thesis examines the paradigms of masculinities during and after Northern Ireland’s conflict to understand how societal transition from intrastate conflict impacts males’ identities and mental health. Focusing on fieldwork conducted predominately in Derry/Londonderry and applying masculinity theories, this thesis explores the experiences of males aged 29 to 40 who grew up during the 1990s’ peace process. Social and mental health professionals and community and youth workers have expressed concern for the mental health and well-being of this population of men, as well as young men born after the peace process. With this concern in mind, this thesis argues that the continuous presence of contested images of masculinity that existed prior to the conflict and that emerged during the conflict, along with the cultural practice of silence, has resulted in an ambiguous understanding of masculinity in the post-conflict era, and has had a negative impact on males’ mental health.

The aim of this study was to obtain the values of validity and reliability of the Instrument of Selfefficacy to Realize Healthy Behaviors in Healthy Children. The participants were 309 children between 6 and 12 years, without chronic diseases. A test-retest application of the instrument was carried out. The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha obtained showed an internal satisfactory consistence. There were no statistical differences between test-retest application, which means temporary
stability. The exploratory factorial analysis did found two factors that explained 41.93 % of the variance: health protective activities and independence activities. In conclusion, the instrument showed sufficient psychometric properties to assess the dominion.

In April 2018, the US government introduced a &#39;zero tolerance&#39; illegal immigration control strategy at the US-Mexico border resulting in the detention of all adults awaiting federal prosecution for illegal entry and the subsequent removal of their children to separate child shelters across the USA. By June 2018, over 2300 immigrant children, including infants, had been separated from their parents for immigration purposes. Media reports and scenes of distraught families ignited global condemnation of US immigration policy and fresh criticism of immigration detention practices. Detention of children for immigration purposes is known to be practised in over 100 countries worldwide, despite a significant body of research demonstrating the extensive harm of such policies. This review explores and contextualises the key potential impacts of family separation and detention of children for immigration purposes including damaged attachment relationships, traumatisation, toxic stress...

Digital health interventions (DHIs), including computer-assisted therapy, smartphone apps and wearable technologies, are heralded as having enormous potential to improve uptake and accessibility, efficiency, clinical effectiveness and personalisation of mental health interventions. It is generally assumed that DHIs will be preferred by children and young people (CYP) given their ubiquitous digital activity. However, it remains uncertain whether: DHIs for CYP are clinically and cost-effective, CYP prefer DHIs to traditional services, DHIs widen access and how they should be evaluated and adopted by mental health services. This review evaluates the evidence-base for DHIs and considers the key research questions and approaches to evaluation and implementation. We conducted a meta-review of scoping, narrative, systematic or meta-analytical reviews investigating the effectiveness of DHIs for mental health problems in CYP. We also updated a systematic review of randomised controlled trial...

Policy on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in England has undergone radical changes in the last 15 years, with far reaching implications for funding models, access to services and service delivery. Using corpus analysis and critical discourse analysis, we explore how childhood, mental health and CAMHS are constituted in 15 policy documents, 9 pre-2010 and 6 post-2010. We trace how these constructions have changed over time and consider the practice implications of these changes. We identify how children’s distress is individualised, through medicalising discourses and shifting understandings of the relationship between socio-economic context and mental health. This is evidenced in a shift from seeing children’s mental health challenges as produced by social and economic inequities to a view that children’s mental health must be addressed early to prevent future socio-economic burden. We consider the implications of CAMHS policies for the relationship between child...

Written submission as part of the Children and Young People’s Mental Health and Wellbeing coalition’s submission in response to the Privacy Legislation Amendment (Enhancing Online Privacy and Other Measures) Bill 2021 (Australia), December 2021.

Along with Dr Hannah Jarman, this coalition included the following organisations:

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists: The College is responsible for
training, educating and representing psychiatrists in Australia and New Zealand. We are
accredited by the Australian Medical Council and the Medical Council of New Zealand.
• ReachOut: ReachOut is the most-accessed online mental health service for young people and
their parents in Australia.
• InsideOut Institute: Australia’s national institute for research and clinical excellence in eating
disorders. The Institute comprises a team of expert researchers, clinicians and public policymakers
dedicated to solving the tyranny of eating disorders.
• Orygen: is Australia’s Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health. We deliver clinical services,
translational research, policy advice, advocacy and workforce development to support young
people grow into adulthood with optimal mental health.
• SANE Australia: SANE Australia is a national mental health charity making a real difference in
the lives of people affected by complex mental health issues through support, research and
advocacy

Repensando la medicalización: posiciones discursivas de niños y de sus cuidadores sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH en Chile 1 This article is part of the research project "Trayectorias de malestar en niñas y niños diagnosticados con Trastorno de Déficit Atencional e Hiperactividad (TDAH): experiencia subjetiva y social de un sufrimiento multiforme", which received funding from the Concurso de Fortalecimiento de Productividad y Continuidad en Investigación (FPCI) of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Chile, as well as from CONICYT through its International Cooperation Program: Support for the Formation of International Networks between Research Centers (2017), nº REDES170095. Álvaro Jiménez-Molina received funds from the Millennium Science Initiative of the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, grant "Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay".

A preocupação deste artigo é fornecer elementos para a reflexão sobre questões impostas a pessoas em mobilidade, por um lado, e, por outro, sobre a perspectiva dos sujeitos destacados por serviços do Estado e da sociedade civil para dar conta desses fluxos em seus locais de chegada, debatendo especificamente os crescentes encaminhamentos de crianças e adolescentes imigrantes, em es-pecial bolivianas, realizados por escolas de São Paulo para Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenis (CAPS-IJ) por suspeita de possuírem alguma das muitas gradações do Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Aponto, então, para três dimensões importantes do fenômeno: primeiro, a patologização de migrantes e suas culturas, interpretada por um viés colonialista e crivado de um determinado racismo que consegue atribuir critérios de determinação de personalidade a culturas inteiras, e cria a ideia de culturas autistas ou autistizantes; segundo, para como a interrupção da mobilidade infantil é um evento crítico nesses contextos; e terceiro, para o caráter supostamente patogênico das relações entre mães e filhas migrantes, que resulta na hiper-responsabilização materna sobre a origem do autismo nas crianças. Palavras-chave: migrantes; autismo; maternidade.

ABSTRACT This paper concern is to provide elements for reflection on the matters imposed to people in mobility, by one side, and, by the other, on the perspective of individuals deployed by State and civil society services to handle these inflows at their places of arrival, debating the growing referrals of immigrant children and adolescents, specially bolivians, carried out by schools in São Paulo to Child and Youth Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS-IJ) on suspicion of possessing some of the many gradations of autism spectrum disorder. I point, then, to three important dimensions of the phenomenon: first, a pathologization of migrants and their cultures, interpreted by a colonialist bias and riddled with a certain racism that manages to attribute personality determination criteria to entire cultures, and creates the idea of autistic cultures; second, for how the interruption of child mobility is a critical event in these contexts; and third, for the supposedly pathogenic character of relations between migrant mothers and Dossiê | Dossier

* De auteur is cultureel antropoloog en adviseur en trainer jeugdzorg. Hij werkte tien jaar in de klinische psychiatrie en geeft nu trainingen aan hulpverleners. Over zijn werk in de psychiatrie publiceerde hij meerdere antropologische veldwerkrapporten. (zie literatuurlijst) Met collega hulpverleners beschrijft hij interculturele methodieken die ontstaan in de klinische praktijk. Hij is lid van het platform Interculturele Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (IGGZ) te Amsterdam. Inleiding De jeugdcultuur verandert in haar gebruik van hallucinogene middelen. Naast individueel gebruik en gebruik in kleine besloten groepen is een houseparty cultuur ontstaan waar grote groepen jonge mensen proberen een bijzondere en intense ervaring te ondergaan. Op parties van honderden, grotendeels voor elkaar anonieme, jongeren is drugsgebruik een onderdeel van het spektakel. Deze grote bijeenkomsten krijgen trekken van theatervoorstelling waarin geen toeschouwers meer zijn. Iedereen is deelnemer aan een ritueel: een gebeurtenis waar iedereen genots-, catharsis-en stabiliserende ervaringen zoekt en regelmatig krijgt. Onder beleidsmakers en verslavingszorg werkers is een groeiende behoefte aan meer interculturele en integrerende analyse kaders op basis waarop bestaande interventie en behandelmethodieken kunnen worden vernieuwd. 1 In dit hoofdstuk wordt vanuit klinisch en cultuurvergelijkend onderzoek een aanzet gegeven voor een preventief en praktijkgericht kader van verslavingsgedrag. De these die hier verdedigd wordt is dat jongeren in het gebruik van geestverruimende middelen, naast soelaas voor hun spanningen en onlustgevoelens, vernieuwende ervaringen zoeken die hen helpen de stap naar de volwassen wereld te maken. De belevingswereld van jongeren is daarbij leidend. Bij het ene kind zal de stap zonder al te veel strubbelingen plaatsvinden. Andere kinderen hebben meer moeite met hun ingrijpende hormonale en de zich opdringende maatschappelijke en sociale eisen. De wereld van jongeren is sinds de oorlog ingrijpend en voorgoed veranderd. De gebeurtenissen in zestiger jaren hebben er onder andere toe geleid dat jongeren meer (dan ooit) hun eigen leven en toekomst bepalen. Ouderen, zo vonden zij, konden daar weinig aan bijdragen. Deze nu zelf volwassen geworden jongeren hebben in de decennia daarna als ouders hun handen af getrokken en laten de jongeren min of meer alleen in hun geworstel naar volwassenheid. (Bekkum 1995) Die ontwikkeling manifesteert de toenemende waarde die aan autonomie, individualiteit en ontplooiing in de puberteit wordt gehecht. De jongere heeft het recht om alleen gelaten te worden en zijn of haar eigen boontjes te doppen. Vanuit zijn antropologisch veldwerkonderzoek in de psychiatrie duidt de auteur excessief experimenteer gedrag van jongeren met roken, alcohol en drugs als uitingen van een behoefte aan geïnitieerd te worden: als een roep om ondersteuning, om begrenzing in hun vaak moeizame overgang naar volwassenheid. Uit cultuurvergelijkend onderzoek blijken veel culturen ondersteunende structuren voor risicovolle levensovergangen, zoals volwassenwording, te hebben. De Belgische Franstalige antropoloog Arnold van Gennep noemde deze overgangsstructuren 'rites de passage' (1906) Rites de passage kennen volgens van Gennep drie fasen: a) een separatiefase in de gangbare sociale context, b) een overgangs-of liminele fase waarin de verandering van kind-adolescent naar volwassene plaatsvindt en c) een reïntegratie fase waarin de persoon in de gemeenschap terugkeert als volwassene met alle rechten, plichten en privileges. In dit artikel ligt de nadruk op de tweede, transitionele fase. Die fase wordt beschreven, geanalyseerd en van een intercultureel kader voorzien. Een belangrijke functie van 'Peer Groups' in zijn positieve tot en met de destructieve vormen van jeugdbendes kan vanuit die visie beschouwd worden als pogingen tot zelfinitiatie. De isolatie van jongeren die zich met hun 'Peer Group' afsluiten van hun familie en andere volwassenen vormt de eerste fase: separatie van het gezin en maatschappij. In de tweede fase zijn de jongeren in transitie, zij zijn limineel: op de drempel. Geen vlees en geen vis. Om zich onder elkaar in hun liminaliteit te stabiliseren ontwikkelen zij eigen codes: haardracht, kleding, gebarentaal en zelfs een eigen taal die alleen zij begrijpen. Op het moment dat jongens vast werk krijgen en/of een vaste partner waarmee zij willen gaan trouwen komen zij in de derde fase: reïntegratie in de maatschappij. Over de pedagogische betekenis van jongeren in een Peer Group is in Duitsland uitstekend onderzoek gedaan. (Naudascher 1978) De hier gepresenteerde transitionele benadering is gebaseerd op basiselementen uit de 'rite de passage' en beschouwt beginnend verslavingsgedrag van jongeren als een onlosmakelijk aspect van hun transitionele kwetsbaarheid in de overgang naar volwassenheid. Een interculturele visie en praktijkgerichte benadering van drugsmisbruik onder jongeren vraagt om verbinding van de volgende werkelijkheden:-de belevingswereld van jongeren en hun ouders-de hen omringende samenleving: school, buurt, godsdienst-de visie en morele waardering die een familie of etnische groep van de jongere heeft naar drugs,-de visie en morele waardering die de omringende samenleving heeft t.o.v. (bepaalde) drugs. Dit brengt direct de volgende interculturele voorwaarde naar boven:-een interculturele visie op het gebruik en misbruik van drugs.

Long-term missing person The AFP definition of a long-term missing person is someone who has been missing for longer than three months (AFP, 2019), and for the purposes of this research, the AFP definition is used. All of the participants in Studies 1 and 2 had loved ones who had been missing long-term.

This thesis focuses on the menace of domestic violence and the impact that it has on the mental health of children in Nigeria. Domestic violence is an issue in most families in our society which is beyond the everyday assault and battery that we know, it includes acts such as name calling, constant criticism, starvation, neglect and deprivation of sexual intercourse between spouses. Contrary to public opinion, it has been observed that the victims of domestic violence are not just women. As a matter of fact, anybody can be a victim of domestic violence, irrespective of their sex or economic status. This thesis will show that so many perpetrators of crimes and violence in our society today were exposed to domestic violence as children. Though several laws have been put in place, they are not being enforced. The government is not doing enough to curb the menace in our society. Children, who may be direct or indirect victims of domestic violence, are also not being adequately protected. This thesis will show that when children witness violence, it can have grave effects on their mental health. This prevents them from being productive members of the society when they grow up. This thesis will use the doctrinal research method to articulate its findings. Recommendations will also be made on how the government can overcome the challenges which have served as road blocks to the effectiveness of the legal and institutional frameworks which have been put in place to combat the age-long menace.

. No cut-off scores for the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory-Brief (SPAI-B) are available to screen for young adults with and without social anxiety disorder (SAD). In addition, there is a currently heated debate on the utility of the performance-only specifier in DSM-5. The present study is aimed at covering these gaps. Participants included 124 young adults in higher education with a clinical diagnosis of SAD and 81 healthy controls. The SPAI-B scores revealed a continuum of severity among the nonclinical population, performance-only specifier participants, and those with both performance and social interactional fears. Data suggested to use a rounded cut-off of 24 to screen for patients with both performance and interactional fears, and a rounded cut-off score of 23 for young adults with performance-only specifier. Findings demonstrated that the SPAI-B is particularly useful as a screening measure among young adults in higher education, but the limited discriminative capacity of the performance-only specifier may call into question the clinical utility of this recently established specifier.

Objective: To describe the latest evidence of effectiveness and impact of networked communication interventions for young people with mental health conditions. Methods: Searching five databases from 2009 onwards, we included studies of any design investigating two-way communication interventions for the treatment of young people (mean age 1225) with a chronic mental health disorder. The data were synthesised using narrative summary. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria, covering a range of mental health conditions (depression, psychosis, OCD). Interventions included an online chat room (n ¼ 2), videoconferencing (n ¼ 3) and telephone (n ¼ 1). Where studies compared two groups, equivalence or a statistically significant improvement in symptoms was observed compared to control. Views of patients and clinicians included impact on the patient-clinician interaction. Clinicians did not feel it hindered their diagnostic ability. Conclusion: Networked communication technologies show promise in the treatment of young people with mental health problems but the current available evidence remains limited and the evidence base has not advanced much since the previous inception of this review in 2011. Practice implications: Although the available research is generally positive, robust evidence relating to the provision of care for young persons via these technologies is lacking and healthcare providers should be mindful of this.

Make Some Noise is the Youth Music Action Zone for Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent; funded  by  Youth  Music  and  managed  by  a  consortium  of  partners  led  by  Staffordshire County Council we deliver music projects for young people from 0 – 18 yrs.  The  SoundProof  Plus  project  will  deliver  8-session  modules  of  creative  music technology provision with young people attending Pupil Referral Units, Children in Care and the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service.    This  report  will  update  the  Interim  report.  The  main  aims  and  objectives  for  the programme  have  remained  unchanged  from  the  interim  report.  I  will  use  the  issues identified in the interim report as updates for this final report in so doing, highlighting the particular benefits that have been derived from the programme.  This  programme  has  been  a  particular  success  because  the  structure  and  aims  of  the SoundProof  Plus  were  firmly  established  at  the  evaluation  planning  stage.  Most  of  the smaller but important changes (such as developing an INSET programme) were able to be  implemented  quickly  as  the  programme  evolved  due  to  the  effective  feedback structure of the on-going evaluation. It would have been helpful to have had an interim evaluation  meeting  in  the  middle  of  the  project,  as  this  would  have  enabled  greater structural changes to have taken place, as will be discussed later.