Marijuana

All too often neglected, maximal quality improvement in the setting of life-limiting illness and noxious symptomatology is a worthy medical, public health, and humanitarian goal. The World Health Organization estimates that, globally, about 60% of all people who die would benefit from palliative care before death; however, palliative care is not exclusively reserved for patients at the end of life 1 .

The state has an interest in protecting the ability of its citizens to act freely in pursuit of the good life. Psychoactive drugs that negatively affect one’s cognitive capacities conflict with this goal by undermining the conditions needed for free action. Accordingly, the state has an interest in legally prohibiting certain classes of drugs, including marijuana and other cognition-disrupting substances.

With the legalization of recreational marijuana, the concerns about its potential negative impact on abusers' cognitive and mental health have not been being discussed thoroughly. Driven by commercial interests, many marijuana-related scientific research results have not been well considered in the policy making process. When people subconsciously indulge in something that is already notorious , they avoid it and overemphasize what seems good, while using illogical analogies to obliterate the disadvantages. We herein will objectively review the potential short-and long-term effects of marijuana, so as to sound the alarm for the legal use of marijuana.

Abstract: Cannabis is a federally controlled substance, it’s very familiar to many but its neurobiological substrates are not well-characterized. In the brain, most areas prevalently having cannabinoid receptors have been associated with behavioral control and cognitive effects due to cannabinoids. Study over the last several decades suggested cannabinoids (CBs) exert copious oftentimes opposite effects on countless neuronal receptors and processes. In fact, owing to this plethora of effects, it’s still cryptic how CBs trigger neuronal circuits. Cannabis use has been revealed to cause cognitive deficits from basic motor coordination to more complex executive functions, for example, the aptitude to plan, organize, make choices, solve glitches, remember, and control emotions as well as behavior. Numerous factors like age of onset and duration of cannabis use regulate the severity of the difficulties. People with the cannabis-linked deficiency in executive functions have been found to ...

Background: A recent research focus is a set of hypothesized adult-onset mental health disturbances possibly due to early-onset cannabis use (EOCU, onset <18 years). We seek to estimate the suspected EOCU-associated excess odds of experiencing an incident depression spell during adulthood, with comparisons to never cannabis smokers and those with delayed cannabis onset (i.e., not starting to smoke cannabis until adulthood).
Methods: The National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) assess non-institutionalized community-dwelling residents of the United States after probability sampling each year. In aggregate, the NSDUH analytical sample included 173,775 adult participants from survey years 2005-2009 (74-76% of designated respondents). Standardized computer-assisted interviews collected information on background determinants, age of first cannabis use, and depression spell onset. Logistic regression was used to estimate EOCU-depression spell associations in the form of odds ratios, with statistical adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, years of cannabis involvement, tobacco cigarette onset, and alcohol onset.
Results: About 1 in 10 experienced a depression spell during adulthood, and both early-onset and adult-onset cannabis smokers had a modest excess odds of a depression spell compared to never cannabis smokers, even with covariate adjustment (OR = 1.7 & 1.8, respectively; both p<0.001). Estimates for early- and adult-onset cannabis smokers did not statistically differ from one another.
Limitations: Shared diathesis that might influence both EOCU and adult-onset depression spell is controlled no more than partially, as will be true until essentially all known early-life shared vulnerabilities are illuminated.
Conclusion: Cannabis smoking initiated at any age signals a modest increased risk of a spell of depression in adulthood, even when adjusted for suspected confounding variables studied here. Delaying cannabis onset until adulthood does not appear to diminish the cannabis-associated risk.

Federal and state laws present marijuana as a dangerous substance requiring coercive control and forbid private citizens from possessing, selling, or growing it. Possession cases brought under these laws depend on a forensic confirmation of taxonomic identity as Cannabis sativa to establish and successfully prosecute a case. Hemp Industries Association v. DEA (2003), a recent federal appeals court ruling, is at odds with this forensic process. American citizens may legally possess and even consume a similar substance—hemp and its derivatives—which can be made into such everyday objects as clothing, rope, and food products. Yet these two plants are both Cannabis sativa and differ only in physical structure and degree of natural

Guided by the integrative model of behavioral prediction and research on information seeking, we tested a mediation model of information seeking about marijuana across two samples of young adults from the United States (N = 498) and Israel (N = 426). Results of online surveys showed direct associations between information seeking and (nonmedical) marijuana use intention in both samples. In addition, across both samples, results showed indirect associations between information seeking and behavioral intention through changes in attitude and perceived normative pressure. Cross-comparative differences were also examined. Findings suggest that information seeking may shape determinants of behavioral intention to use marijuana nonmedically. Information seeking may serve as an indicator of risk behavior and as a target for drug prevention efforts.

Atomik Seeds’ aim is to distribute easy to grow, productive and affordable feminized cannabis seeds to professional and amateur growers, as well as sector dealers. They offer the opportunity of working with new varieties, with exquisite aromas and remarkable power selected by their flavour, production and quality. Atomik Seeds cannabis seeds make up a collection of feminised and autoflowering marijuana strains that are world-renowned for their fast-flowering properties as well as for their amazing organoleptic characteristics. www.atomikseeds.com

Cannabis is a federally controlled substance, it's very familiar to many but its neurobiological substrates are not well-characterized. In the brain, most areas prevalently having cannabinoid receptors have been associated with behavioral control and cognitive effects due to cannabinoids. Study over the last several decades suggested cannabinoids (CBs) exert copious oftentimes opposite effects on countless neuronal receptors and processes. In fact, owing to this plethora of effects, it's still cryptic how CBs trigger neuronal circuits. Cannabis use has been revealed to cause cognitive deficits from basic motor coordination to more complex executive functions, for example, the aptitude to plan, organize, make choices, solve glitches, remember, and control emotions as well as behavior. Numerous factors like age of onset and duration of cannabis use regulate the severity of the difficulties. People with the cannabis-linked deficiency in executive functions have been found to have trouble learning and applying the skills requisite for fruitful recovery, setting them at amplified risk for deterioration to cannabis use. Exploring the impacts of cannabis on the brain is imperative. Therefore the intention of this study was to analyze the neuropsychological effects and the impact of CBs on the dynamics of neural circuits, and its potential as the drug of addiction.

It is looking at practices of territory when new imperial regime takes over. Looking at Mexico as historical practices in the Western United States, looking at laws a clauzwitz method of conquering versus practice at hand. Propaganda, strategic, and medicine.

Neither non-lethal violence nor psychochemical weapons are new concepts. History provides examples of attempts to use these both to limit the scope of war and to turn mind-altering compounds into weapons. One of these substances has been marijuana. Although previous efforts to find its military applications failed, the idea persists – as indicated by a US patent granted in 2017. As “weaponized cannabis” may again attract the interest of government agencies, the consequences of its potential deployment call for a debate. In an attempt to encourage such a discussion, in the context of the ongoing decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some countries and US states, the article raises ethical issues pertaining to weaponized cannabinoids. It argues against the militarization of the drug, on the basis that such a development would constitute an ultimate instrumentalization of marijuana and result in a dangerous destabilizing reconstruction of its meaning along the lines of state coercion.

This comment is a response to Al-Hamdani et al. (forthcoming) in this issue. The authors of that paper advocate plain packaging and warning label regulation for cannabis drawing on research from Canadian tobacco labelling and based on the public health dangers of cannabis. While we acknowledge the harmful

For centuries across most of Africa, farmers have valued Cannabis for multiple reasons. Historic crop selection produced genetic diversity that commercial bioprospectors value for marijuana production. African colonial and post-colonial administrations devalued the crop, enacted Cannabis controls earlier than most locations worldwide, and excluded Cannabis from agricultural development initiatives. Public agricultural institutions exclude Cannabis as an extension of drug-control policies. Only private companies conserve crop genetic diversity for psychoactive Cannabis, without recognizing intellectual property rights embedded in landraces. Cannabis decriminalization initiatives should stimulate evaluation of its roles in African agriculture, and of worldwide control and management of its genetic diversity.

Objective Development of a rational and enforceable basis for controlling the impact of cannabis use on traffic safety. Methods An international working group of experts on issues related to drug use and traffic safety evaluated evidence from experimental and epidemiological research and discussed potential approaches to developing per se limits for cannabis. Results In analogy to alcohol, finite (non-zero) per se limits for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood appear to be the most effective approach to separating drivers who are impaired by cannabis use from those who are no longer under the influence. Limited epidemiological studies indicate that serum concentrations of THC below 10 ng/ml are not associated with an elevated accident risk. A comparison of meta-analyses of experimental studies on the impairment of driving-relevant skills by alcohol or cannabis suggests that a THC concentration in the serum of 7-10 ng/ml is correlated with an impairment comparable to that caused by a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%. Thus, a suitable numerical limit for THC in serum may fall in that range. Conclusions This analysis offers an empirical basis for a per se limit for THC that allows identification of drivers impaired by cannabis. The limited epidemiological data render this limit preliminary.

A fair and properly informed social policy on cannabis legalization should consider the positive as well as the negative effects of its use. A review of published studies on the subjective effects of cannabis use from 1970 to 2019 identifies 134 reported positive effects of cannabis on cognition, perception and creativity.  A review of unpublished anecdotal evidence suggests 73 additional enhancement effects. These comprise a pool of items that may potentially be further analyzed to produce a standard checklist or psychometric instrument to assess positive cognitive effects of cannabis. Use of cannabis to enhance cognition, creativity and self-insight may constitute a legitimate category of cannabis use distinct from medicinal and recreational use. The commonly reported subjective effect of improved mental clarity suggests that cannabinoids might yield novel medications to treat thought disorder in anxiety-related and other psychiatric conditions.

Why is support for marijuana legalization among African Americans notably modest given that such a policy would drastically reduce the number of African Americans arrested annually for nonviolent drug offenses? In this article I assess whether the urban frustration argument is an adequate explanation for Blacks’ generally low levels of support for marijuana legalization. I analyzed merged Supplemental Homicide Report and Drug Arrest data and General Social Survey data to determine the extent to which race-specific murder victimization rates and race-specific drug arrest rates in U.S. cities are predictive of support for marijuana legalization among Blacks and Whites between 1990 and 2000. Findings indicate that Blacks’ level of support for marijuana legalization is greatest in those cities with the highest Black drug arrest rates. Consequently, these findings provide no support for the urban frustration argument.

Adding cannabinoids to anorexia-stricken mice helped the animals recover from the eating disorder and return to a normal weight, according to a new research report from Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Brussels.
Cindy Casteels, a post-doctoral researcher, has also published a PhD thesis in molecular imaging of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in movement disorders. Cannabinoids are chemical compounds found in the brain, and the most well-known cannabinoid is THC, the psychoactive compound in marijuana.

Os queremos contar la historia de un traficante de cannabis en la frontera de México con Estados Unidos que realizaba sacrificios humanos. Desde el rancho de Santa Elena (en la ciudad fronteriza de Matamoros, México), Adolfo de Jesús Constanzo y su banda transportaban semanalmente una tonelada de cannabis al país vecino. En 1989 fueron acusados de asesinar a más de una docena de personas durante unos rituales de un culto afroamericano llamado palo mayombe. Fueron llamados narcosatánicos.

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Este trabajo es un estudio de la historia universal sobre el consumo de cannabis. Vemos como el cannabis es una sustancia que se encontraba restringida a un determinado ámbito geográfico, se introdujo progresivamente en el comercio mundial, en diferentes épocas y lugares. La expansión del consumo de cannabis se produjo gracias a soldados, marineros, mercaderes, diplomáticos, estudiantes, inmigrantes, trabajadores extranjeros, refugiados y por último turistas que a lo largo de la historia han llevado su consumo desde Asia central a cualquier punto de nuestro planeta. El transporte del cannabis por diferentes fines ha sido una variable crucial para el éxito de la mundialización de esta planta.

This book is a study of the universal history of cannabis use. We see how cannabis is a substance that was restricted to a specific geographical area, was introduced progressively in world trade, at different times and places. The expansion of cannabis use came from soldiers, sailors, merchants, diplomats, students, immigrants, foreign workers, refugees and lastly tourists throughout history have taken their consumption from Central Asia to any point on our planet . The transport of cannabis for different purposes has been a crucial variable for the success of the globalization of this plant.

The present study deals with the impact of 20 to 25- year -old youth attitude to life on the tendency to consume drugs, particularly
marijuana. Theoretically, we believe traditional values and norms related to the place and family among the young people fade out. The
youth attitude toward life is changing, it is momentary and pervasive media accelerate this trend. Methodologically, this study is
considered as a mixed cross-sectional one which has been used the online and offline survey to prepare quantitative data as well as in-depth
interview and direct observation to gather qualitative data. Analysis unit was included the 16 to 36-year-old internet users which the
sample size increased to 2347 individuals in the method of the research. By comparison, the interpretation of addicts born in two decades
(1971- 1981) and (1991-2001) of their addiction and evaluation of members’ comments in the virtual groups, namely the Ministry of
Education of marijuana, Marijuana Grass fans, Marijuana players and several other groups on Facebook have been used to understand
what is going on in their minds.
Keywords: Social Media, Addiction, Education

Is Marijuana harmless?
To answer this question, we evaluate the morality of recreational marijuana use from a virtue perspective guided by the theological synthesis of St. Thomas Aquinas. We examine: 1) Frequency and extent of marijuana use in different populations 2) Distinctions between medicinal use and recreational use -- a line which is often blurred in practice 3) Three criteria for virtuous recreation 4) Short-term and long-term effects of marijuana use 5) How getting "high" is analogous to "intoxication" 6) A virtue analysis of various motives for using marijuana

Despite extensive biomedical and social science research on cannabis, stereotypes and fears are often substituted for scientific fact. Moreover, a limited amount of research is presented to the general public so the public discourse on this topic is quite limited. Policy makers need accurate background on cannabis whereas general knowledge derived from mass media outlets may be biased toward only the most recent policy changes to have made the news or the most recent sensationalized research results. This paper reviews the socio-historical context of US marijuana policy along with a broader review of historical milestones and recent biomedical discoveries. The goal is to provide a factual wide-ranging overview for understanding drug effects, drug development and drug policy with regard to cannabis.

Describes the psychoactive constituents of cannabis and the effects on potency of growth conditions, genetics, harvesting techniques, and processing. Includes variations in THC and CBD content, species differentiation, seeds, grafting, cloning, bonsai marijuana, growing techniques, extraction of THC, preparation of hashish and hash oil, smoking vs eating, testing for THC and CBD, as well as legal concerns. Illustrated.

Is the "Woodstock generation" and its doings a factor in comprehending prophecy? Before one writes that off as but another flake view, consider that the word "sorceries" (Greek, pharmakeia) and its cognates are spoken of four times in the Book of Revelation, and not without reason. The drugs used at that time fell into a certain class, and they had a profound affect within the collective consciousness of humankind through the opening of an inter-dimensional gateway to the demonic realm, and that on a global scale.

The modified idealist (or eclectic) hermeneutic of Amillennialism isn't "standardized", that is, it remains—as its name indicates—open to modification, and this paper suggests the need for such.

This seeks to bring clarity to a field of vision that is cloudy, and understanding so that we may know—in general—about where we are, and how to prepare ourselves spiritually, as well as perceiving the causes for the escalating deterioration of our world.

Ethical consumerism theory aims to describe, explain, and evaluate the ways in which producers and consumers use the market to support social and environmental values. The literature draws insights from empirical studies of sectors that largely take place on the legal market, such as textiles and agri-food. This paper takes a first step toward theorizing ethical consumerism in semi-legal sectors where market activities occur legally and illegally. How does extant theory extend to sectors such as sex work, cigarettes, and recreational drugs? This study draws on the case of recreational cannabis (marijuana) in Portland, Oregon (USA). Data from 33 interviews, structured fieldwork at 64 dispensaries, and the US Census Bureau American Community Survey are analyzed using qualitative, quantitative, and spatial methods. The findings are compared to twelve suggestions that emerge from the literature on fair trade, organics, alternative agriculture, and political consumerism. I argue that not all ethical consumerism theory extends to semi-legal sectors. Cannabis closely resembles theoretical expectations in terms of supply/demand, prioritization of ethical issues, and pervasiveness of false claims, but differs in terms of who organizes, which types of strategies are pursued, and how ethical products are framed. The differences stem from several pervasive stigmas about cannabis. I also argue that the stigmas that set cannabis apart from other (more legal sectors) and present challenges to ethical consumerism in cannabis are directly related to the War on Drugs. These insights suggest that prohibition (and its lingering effects) can inhibit the emergence of ethical consumerism.

Musico-analytical examination of Frank Ocean's album Blonde and the lyrical references and musical allusions to a marijuana high. Essay in the Routledge Companion to Popular Music Analysis: Expanding Approaches (ed. Brackett, Ciro Scotto and Kenneth Smith)

Notwithstanding a century of prohibition, marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance in Canada. Due to the growing public acceptance of recreational marijuana use and ineffectiveness of the existing control system in Canada, the issue surrounding legalizing this illicit drug has received considerable public and political attentions in recent years. Consequently, the newly elected Liberal Government has formally announced that Canada will introduce legislation in the spring of 2017 to start legalizing and regulating marijuana. This editorial aims to provide a brief overview on potential economic, social, and public health impacts of legal marijuana in Canada. The legalization could increase tax revenue through the taxation levied on marijuana products and could also allow the Government to save citizens’ tax dollars currently being spent on prohibition enforcement. Moreover, legalization could also remove the criminal element from marijuana market and reduce the size of Canada’s black market and its consequences for the society. Nevertheless, it may also lead to some public health problems, including increasing in the uptake of the drug, accidents and injuries. The legalization should be accompanied with comprehensive strategies to keep the drug out of the hands of minors while increasing awareness and knowledge on harmful effects of the drug. In order to get better insights on how to develop an appropriate framework to legalize marijuana, Canada should closely watch the development in the neighboring country, the United States, where some of its states viz, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska have already legalized recreational use of marijuana.

Cannabis has been a part of human society for more than 10,000 years. Despite this fact, common knowledge of cannabis is often limited to the fact that it can get the user high. The word cannabis has an interesting history as the plant migrated though the ancient civilizations toward Europe. The word cannabis has only been a part of the English language for 230 years. Derived from the Greek language, the etymology of cannabis originates from ganja, a Hindu word. The Chinese however, display their historical reverence for cannabis plant within the strokes making the pinyin character ma (麻). Some Biblical researchers believe cannabis has Semitic origins and was a likely ingredient in sacred anointing oils mentioned within the Old Testament. This literary research offers a unique etymological perspective into the history of cannabis.

Cartea aceasta, ne prezinta pentru prima data rezultatele unei cercetari ample de doctorat, Starea de sanatate si consumul de substante în randul tinerilor din Romania, desfasurata pe o perioada de patru ani (2015-2019) sub coordonarea profesorului Constantin Balaceanu-Stolnici în cadrul Institutului de Antropologie „Francisc Rainer” al Academiei Romane, cercetare sustinuta public în data de 4 septembrie 2019. Dupa cunostintele mele este cea mai mare cercetare efectuata vreodata în Romania care analizeaza aspect legate de consumul de substante în randul tinerilor. De fapt cred ca este singura cercetare doctorala, cel putin în domeniul stiintelor socio-medicale, care a cuprins peste 10.000 de participanti.Autorul

This is a semi-technical treatment of eschatological themes derived from the Book of Revelation, although quite accessible to popular readership.  A key section is "The Significance of 'Pharmakeia' References in Identifying 21st Century Babylon in Revelation", which then leads to an examination of what the very end of Apocalypse (the interadvental period) entails, including Armageddon.  It is written from the POV of the Amillennial "modified idealist" school (per G.K. Beale), with some conceptual ventures Dr. Beale may not approve of.