MSE

A joint sampling-time error and channel skew background calibration technique for time interleaved analog to digital converters (TI-ADC) is presented. The technique is aimed at applications in dual-polarization QPSK/QAM receivers for coherent optical communications at high data rates (e.g., 40Gb/s and beyond). Unlike previous proposals, the calibration algorithm introduced here is used to jointly compensate for samplingtime and channel skew errors. Estimates of the gradient of the mean squared error (MSE) or the bit error rate (BER) with respect to the sampling phases of the different signal lanes and interleaves are computed and used to iteratively minimize a cost function (i.e., MSE or BER). Computer simulations demonstrate the excellent behavior of the proposed compensation technique. The calibration algorithm can be implemented with minimal hardware requirements and with a slow clock. This allows power dissipation in a CMOS VLSI implementation to be minimized.

Oral cancer is a potentially preventable disease due to its association with well-known risk factors and easy detectability. There is a significant deficiency in the awareness of oral cancer and its risk factors among the public. Raising public awareness could effectively contribute to achieving a significant reduction in the incidence of oral cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mouth self-examination (MSE) in improving the awareness of oral cancer and its risk factors as well as test its feasibility as an oral cancer-screening tool. The study was carried out in a high-risk population of 57,704 from India, of which, 34,766 individuals who have met the eligibility criteria formed the study population. MSE brochures and trained health workers were employed for the purpose of health education and cancer screening. The present study compared their efficacy to detect oral lesions. Subjects with suspicious lesions were referred to the trained oral cancer specialist for confirmation. A questionnaire to assess the awareness of oral cancer and its risk factors was developed and validated. SPSS (v.11.0) was used for data analysis. The program identified 216 cases of potentially malignant lesions as well as three cases of oral cancer. The findings of MSE and health workers showed 72% concordance, while that of health workers and oral cancer specialist showed 100% concordance. MSE had a low sensitivity of 18%, while the specificity was 99.9%. Though the technique identified high-risk lesions such as red patches (66.7%) and non-healing ulcers (42.9%), the detection rate of white patches was low (12.7%). Overall awareness of oral cancer and its risk factors after introduction of MSE program was over 80%; but the compliance to seek treatment was poor (32%). Mouth self-examination may be used as an effective tool to improve the awareness of oral cancer and for the early detection of lesions.

A new image compression algorithm is proposed, based on independent Embedded Block Coding with Optimized Truncation of the embedded bit-streams (EBCOT). The algorithm exhibits state-of-the-art compression performance while producing a bit-stream with a rich set of features, including resolution and SNR scalability together with a "random access" property. The algorithm has modest complexity and is suitable for applications involving remote browsing of large compressed images. The algorithm lends itself to explicit optimization with respect to MSE as well as more realistic psychovisual metrics, capable of modeling the spatially varying visual masking phenomenon.

We have developed a full-custom IC design flow based on Synopsys custom design tools and the recently released Synopsys 90nm generic library. The developed design flow can be used for teaching VLSI and digital IC design courses. We have also developed a fullcustom design project that was used as a course project in teaching "Digital VLSI Design" course at San Francisco State University. The design project is to design a 4-bit ripple carry adder in a full custom fashion from schematic to layout in the generic 90nm CMOS technology. The developed design flow and the course project provide a very effective hands-on approach to teaching digital IC design and VLSI design in advanced CMOS technologies. The team project was conducted in a competition based format providing great enthusiasm and motivation among the students, enhancing their learning experience. The competition was to achieve the best design quality defined as the product of following design metrics: propagation delay, power dissipation, and layout area for the 4-bit ripple carry adder. The winning team achieved a delay of 82.2ps, power dissipation of 30.7 W, and layout area of 112.8 m 2 for the 4-bit adder.

In modern days, image processing methods are widely adopted in the medical field for enhancing the earlier detection of certain abnormalities, such as the breast cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer and so on. This paper mainly concentrates on the
segmentation of lung cancer tumors from X-ray images, Computed Tomography (CT) images and MRI images. Image processing methods are adopted in segmenting the images. In the pre-processing stage mean and median filters are used. In the image segmentation stage, Otsu's thresholding and k-Means clustering segmentation approaches are used to segment the lung images and locate the tumors. To evaluate the performance of the methods used for segmentation, the performance evaluation parameters such as Signal to noise Ratio(SNR) ,Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal Noise to Ratio (PSNR)) are computed on the segmented images of the two different segmentation methods used for segmentation. Better results are obtained for the K-Means segmentation irrespective of the images.

This paper presents a comparison between unoptimized and optimized video steganography. In today’s world of internet communication, video is considered to be an effective and important tool for communication. Video steganography is a technique of hiding secret information in the video frames or the audio beats of the given cover video so that the presence of the secret information is concealed. The un-optimized base technique used in this paper for video steganography is a 3-3-2 LSB based technique. The unoptimized video frames were then optimized using Modified Genetic Algorithm which generated an optimum imperceptibility of hidden data. Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE) and image fidelity (IF) are the important mathematical measures for analyzing any steganographic technique. In this paper, we have compared all these three parameters for both un-optimized and optimized video steganography. Experimental results show a considerable improvement in these param...

Most electrolarynges do not allow hands-free use or pitch modulation. This study presents the potential of pattern recognition to support electrolarynx use by predicting fundamental frequency (F0) and voicing state (VS) from neck surface EMG and respiratory trace. Respiratory trace and neck surface EMG were collected from 10 normal, adult males (18-60 years old) during different vocal tasks. Time-domain features were extracted from both signals, and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was employed to model F0 and VS. An average mean-squared-error (MSE) of 8.21 ± 3.5 semitones 2 was achieved for the estimation of vocal frequency. An average classification accuracy of 78.05 ± 6.3 % was achieved for the prediction of voicing state from EMG and 65.24 ± 7.8 % from respiratory trace. Our results show that pattern classification of neck-muscle EMG and respiratory trace has merit in the prediction of F0 and VS during vocalization.

Steganography is a branch of information security which deals with transmission of message without being detected. Message, to be send, is embedded in a cover file. Different types of digital can be used as cover object, we used (.WAV) audio as our cover file in the research work. The objective of steganography is to shield the fact that the message exists in the transmission medium. Many algorithms have so far derived for this purpose can be categorized in terms of their embedding technique, time and space complexity. LSB is the acronym of „Least Significant Bit‟, is one of the algorithm that is considered as the easiest in way of hiding information in a digital media, also it has good efficiency. It perform its task by embedding secret message in the least significant bits of each data sample of audio file. Ease of cracking this algorithm makes it more prone to visual and statistical attacks. Keeping this in mind few improvisation are being done on LSB algorithm that reduces the e...

Auxiliary information is frequently used to improve the accuracy of the estimators when estimating the unknown population parameters. In this paper, we propose a new difference-cum-exponential type estimator for the finite population mean using auxiliary information in simple random sampling. The expressions for the bias and mean squared error of the proposed estimator are obtained under first order of approximation. It is shown theoretically, that the proposed estimator is always more efficient than the sample mean, ratio, product, regression and several other existing estimators considered here. An empirical study using 10 data sets is also conducted to validate the theoretical findings.

Ozetçe Holografi gerçeküç boyutlu (3B) görüntüleme imkânı saglamaktadır fakat kaydetme ve yeniden yapılandırma sırasında kaçınılmaz olarak ortaya çıkan sıfır derece imgesi ve eşlenik imge sanal nesne imgesinin kalitesini düşürmektedir. Bu makale hologram kaydetme ve yeniden yapılandırma sürecinin anlatılımı ile başlamaktadır. Holografide filtreleme kavramının açıklanmasının ardından hali hazırda bulunan filtreleme yöntemleriözetlenmiş ve gerçekleme sonuçlarıyla desteklenmiştir. Daha sonra Hilbert dönüşümü tabanlı yeni bir filtreleme yöntemiönerilmiştir.Önerilen filtreleme yönteminin performansı Ortalama Kare Hatası (OKH) ile degelendirilmiş ve sinyal gürültü oranında kayda deger bir gelişme gözlenmiştir.

Noise is consistently presents in digital images during image acquisition, coding, transmission, and processing steps. The main purpose of de-noising the image is to restore the detail of original image as much as possible. Depending on the types of disturbance, the noise can affect the image to different extent. Salt and Pepper noise arises in the image because of sharp and sudden changes of image signal. Dust particles in the image acquisition source or over heated faulty components can cause this type of noise. In the field of image processing, several type of linear and non-linear filtering techniques have been proposed for reducing the noise in images. Filters like Median, Gaussian and Wiener are used to do this comparative study of different images of same type in Gray scale. The quality of the enhanced images is measured by the statistical quantity measures: Peak Signal-to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) metrics. An application specific measure for natural flower images correlation is defined and known as Deviation Measure. A Deviation Measure (DM) is obtained by the comparison of filtered and original image which shows the deviation in the images.

Kompendium na temat utrzymania aktywności zawodowej pracowników w wieku 50+ zostało opracowane w ramach projektu pt. STAY. Wsparcie aktywności zawodowej osób 50+ w przedsiębiorstwie. Zdrowy i zmotywowany pracownik – zadowolony pracodawca, współfinansowanego ze środków Unii Europejskiej. W kompendium odnajdą Państwo praktyczne przykłady rozwiązań z zakresu zarządzania wiekiem. Pokażemy również, jak projektować i wdrażać rozwiązania sprzyjające utrzymaniu w zatrudnieniu osób 50+ oraz jak czerpać korzyści z różnorodności wiekowej pracowników. To nowe spojrzenie
na zarządzanie pracownikami, sięganie do potencjału wszystkich
– niezalenie od ich wieku, przynosi bowiem wymierne korzyści, zarówno pracownikom, jak i przedsiębiorstwu.

Image Compression is a wide area. Compression of Images increasing because the raw images need large amounts of disk space seems to be a big disadvantage during transmission & storage. Even though there are so many compression technique already present a better technique which is faster, memory efficient and simple surely suit the requirements of the user. The work is to explain use of different compression techniques more suitable for particular data compression algorithm based on compression ratio, Bit per Pixel, Mean Square Error and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio. Using all four parameters image compression works and gives compressed image as an output.

Continuous infrastructural development in the country consumes a massive amount of natural resource materials which could be replaced partially or fully in future by the wide variety of industrial waste materials available in the country. Such case is the construction of MSE walls for the smooth flow of traffic over the state highways and National highways which requires huge amount of non-plastic granular fine aggregates for backfilling. In this study, most of the potential industrial waste materials that can be used in place of standard structural fill materials and analyzed and compared. The tabular comparison helps in understanding the scope of using such waste materials in MSE walls at present time or in future. The material acceptability flow chart clearly describes the process of choosing a waste material for using as a backfill material in MSE walls.

ABTRACT One of vital parts of the mobile wireless channel is channel estimation significantly improve the performance of the system, especially for 4G LTE and 5G systems. The main goal of this project is to test the time-variant channel estimation using F-OFDM model. It investigates the Mean Square Error (MSE), the Least Squares (LS) method and compares performance of OFDM and F-OFDM using BER vs SNR.

Water marking scheme is use for secure the data to protect digital content from unauthorized modification. The digital image watermarking technology is an important aspect about multimedia authentication and copyright protection, in order to enhance its reliability and security. Image watermarking scheme can effectively be used in medical image processing to authenticate or investigate the integrity on medical images. Join cryptography and watermarking is efficient method for security. Peak Signal to Noise Ratios and Normalized Correlation are computed to accesses the quality of the watermarked images and extracted the information of images.

The Data rates and spectrum efficiency of Wireless Mobile Communication have been significantly improved over the last decade or so. Recently, the advanced systems such as 3GPP LTE and terrestrial digital TV broadcasting have been sophisticatedly developed using OFDM and CDMA technology. In general, most mobile communication systems transmit bits of information in the radio space to receiver. The radio channels in mobile radio systems are usually multipath fading channels, which cause inter symbol interference (ISI) in the received signal. To remove ISI from the signal there is a need of strong equalizer which required the knowledge on the channel impulse response. (LMS) Least Mean Square, (RLS) Recursive Least squares and (PSO) Particle swarm optimization algorithms are used to implement the adaptive channel equalizer. The results are measured in terms of mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) Vs the number of iterations.

We have developed a full-custom IC design flow based on Synopsys custom design tools and the recently released Synopsys 90nm generic library. The developed design flow can be used for teaching VLSI and digital IC design courses. We have also developed a fullcustom design project that was used as a course project in teaching "Digital VLSI Design" course at San Francisco State University. The design project is to design a 4-bit ripple carry adder in a full custom fashion from schematic to layout in the generic 90nm CMOS technology. The developed design flow and the course project provide a very effective hands-on approach to teaching digital IC design and VLSI design in advanced CMOS technologies. The team project was conducted in a competition based format providing great enthusiasm and motivation among the students, enhancing their learning experience. The competition was to achieve the best design quality defined as the product of following design metrics: propagation delay, power dissipation, and layout area for the 4-bit ripple carry adder. The winning team achieved a delay of 82.2ps, power dissipation of 30.7 μW, and layout area of 112.8 μm 2 for the 4-bit adder.

Public reporting burden for tis collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gatherng and maiftainng the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collecion of inlrmtation, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Higlway, Suite 1204, Azlingtbm, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Bud et, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

Typically, temporary soil nailing systems are not required to provide for design level earthquake occurrences consistent with the building or structure being constructed inside the excavation. However, the seismic response of the permanent soil nail walls during the earthquakes should be evaluated. On the other hand, evaluation of 3D response of soil nailing walls have some strange manners that should be considered in the numerical analysis. In this paper, numerical simulations of soil nail walls under vibrational input have been carried out, and the results are compared with the function of soil nail walls under ordinary statistical loading. The behaviour of geometry of nails are mentioned under static and seismic analysis. After that some investigations are carried out to find respond of soil nailing walls in some 3D excavation forms. The analysis is performed with finite difference software called FLAC3D. The results are prepared as lateral displacement of the walls and normalized maximum tensile forces for nails. These results can demonstrate the behavior of external and internal resistance of soil nail walls under seismic and static analysis. The deformation of wall under the static and dynamic manner varies in a wide range. On the other hand, tensile loads that are produced in nails under the static manner are namely 50% less than the dynamic manner.

In recent years, the development and demand of multimedia product is growing increasingly fast, contributing to insufficient bandwidth of network and storage of memory device. This justifies the use of different compression techniques to decrease the storage space and efficiency of transferring the images over the network to conserve the bandwidth. A quality constrained compression algorithm based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) having a spatial-frequency decomposition property which provides quality assessment for images is implemented. 3D spiral JPEG based lossy image compression method which was implemented is based on 3-dimensional formation of the original image by spiral order scanning and 3D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). An application of optimum vector quantization on image compression is studied in the Novel K-means algorithm which is similar to the LBG (Linde-Buzo-Gray) algorithm which provides an optimum codebook for training sequence which will minimize the average distortion over the training sequence, provided certain regularity conditions are satisfied is also evaluated. These image compression techniques are studied and compared for their performance. The results show that the ideal approach for compression of images depends on the type of image that is being compressed. This paper summarizes the different compression methods as it is necessary to reduce the amount of data needed for storage and transmission of information on the basis of different image parameters such as MSE, PSNR etc.

Image Compression addresses the matter of reducing the amount of data needed to represent the digital image. There are several transformation techniques used for data compression. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is mostly used transformation. The Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a method for transform an image from spatial domain to frequency domain. DCT has high energy compaction property and requires less computational resources. On the other hand, DWT is multi resolution transformation. The research paper includes various approaches that have been used by different researchers for Image Compression. The analysis has been carried out in terms of performance parameters Peak signal to noise ratio, Bit error rate, Compression ratio, Mean square error. and time taken for decomposition and reconstruction.

Process Design Kit (PDK), based on Scalable CMOS design rules, down to 45nm, for use in VLSI research, education and small businesses. This kit includes all the necessary layout design rules and extraction command decks to capture layout dependent systematic variation and perform statistical circuit analysis. The kit also includes a standard cell and pad library with the necessary support files to enable full chip place and route and verification for System on Chip designs. Test chips designed with this PDK are designed in such a way so that they can be fabricated by fabrication facilities allowing validation of the design rules so that the rules may be used in future multi-project runs and design contests.

Posidonia oceanica (L.) is an endemic sea grass in the Mediterranean Sea. Its dead leaves are accumulated in the beaches. Biomass based on dead leaves of P. oceanica is considered as a beach waste. Therefore, they are burned to keep beaches clean. In the present study, an alternative eco-friendly evaluation approach for removal of methylene blue by dead leaves of P. oceanica is studied. Dynamic removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution is performed in a fixed-bed column. Effects of different flow rates and bed heights on column performance are investigated and best flow rate and bed height are observed at 7.28 mL/min and 9 cm, respectively. Column performance has been modeled with Thomas and Artificial Neural Network models. The results confirm that dead leaves of P. oceanica can be used as a fixed-bed material for the dynamic removal of dyes in the waste waters from textile industry.► Posidonia oceanica is an important endemic sea grass in the Mediterranean Sea. ► Its dead leaves accumulated on touristic beaches are considered as beach wastes. ► This study presents an alternative evaluation method related to dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica. ► Modeling of MB biosorption by Thomas and Artificial Neural Network Models. ► These beach wastes can be used in dynamic removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.

Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal accidents than cars or trucks and buses. With the increase in the commonness of motorcycling, the safety of the riders has become an issue. Hence crash guards have become a necessary safety measure for motorcycles. But the crash guards available have a fixed and broad frame, this makes maneuvering through dense traffic difficult. Although subjective, some riders remove crash guards because it affects the motorcycle's appearance. This system proposes varying width crash guards. The crash guard has two modes retracted and extended. The crash guard ideally remains in retracted mode but, if the motorcycle crosses the threshold roll angle, the crash guard extends. Accelerometer sensor is used for sensing the roll angle of the motorcycle and, motors are used to extend and retract the crash guard. This system will prevent the motorcycle from falling on the rider's leg and protect its engine in case of an accident.

In the field of artificial intelligence, Adaptive Learning Technique refers to the combination of artificial neural networks. In this research paper the Adaptive Learning Technique has been implemented to carry out the Detection and Localization of Sound (S). In this technique two methods are used to detect the pure sound, In the first method wiener filter are used to reduce the amount of noise in a signal and minimize the mean square error (M.S.E), And in the second method wiener with bacterial foraging optimization are used for effectiveness in sound. These proposed methods are compared and the results reveal its superiority.

This paper proposed a transformed method of SUR model which provided unbiased estimation in case of two and three equations of high and low co-linearity for both small and large datasets. The generalized least squares (GLS) method for estimation of seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model proposed by Zellner (1962), Srivastava and Giles (1987),provided higher MSE. Although the Ridge estimators proposed by Alkhamisi and Shukur (2008) provided smaller MSE in comparison with others, it was not unbiased in case of severe multicollinearity.This study showed that our proposed method typically provided unbiasedestimator with lower MSE and TMSE than traditional methods.

The research aimed at determining factors influencing acceptance of mobile applications in enterprise management specifically testing whether relationship exists between demographic features, Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Risk (PR); and acceptance of mobile money payment among micro and small enterprises in Kisumu City, Kenya. The research exhibited descriptive correlational research design enabling the researcher to determine the strength of relationship between the variables of the study and the study employed simple random and purposive sampling technique for selection of the samples. The questionnaires were administered by the researcher with the help of two research assistants to the MSE " s Owners in Kisumu City CBD. A total of 271 respondents returned their questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 95.8% which was considered satisfactory for subsequent analysis. Due to the quantitative nature of the study, the results were analyzed with statistical tools using mean, mode, median, frequency tables and multiple regression. The results indicated that Demographic features, PU, PEOU and PR are significantly related to acceptance of MMP. PEOU was found to be the most influential determinant of acceptance with r= 0.872, p-value= 0.013 at 0.05% significant level. The analysis also revealed that PR on MMP was the major hindrance of users accepting the technology with a negatively strong relationship of r value =-0.548 and p value =0.003. The study also established joint contributions of the four independent variables on acceptance of MMP but failed to establish the individual contribution of each independent variable on MMP hence there is need for further studies.

In this paper we review some existing and propose some new estimators for estimating the ridge parameter. All in all 19 different estimators have been studied. The investigation has been carried out using Monte Carlo simulations. A large number of different models have been investigated where the variance of the random error, the number of variables included in the model, the correlations among the explanatory variables, the sample size and the unknown coefficient vector were varied. For each model we have performed 2000 replications and presented the results both in term of figures and tables. Based on the simulation study, we found that increasing the number of correlated variable, the variance of the random error and increasing the correlation between the independent variables have negative effect on the mean squared error. When the sample size increases the mean squared error decreases even when the correlation between the independent variables and the variance of the random error are large. In all situations, the proposed estimators have smaller mean squared error than the ordinary least squares and other existing estimators.

Histogram Equalization is a simple and effective contrast enhancement technique. In spite of its popularity Histogram Equalization still have some limitations –produces artifacts, unnatural images and the local details are not considered, therefore due to these limitations many other Equalization techniques have been derived from it with some up gradation. In this proposed method statistics play an important role in image processing, where statistical operations is applied to the image to get the desired result such as manipulation of brightness and contrast. Thus, a novel algorithm using statistical operations and neighborhood processing has been proposed in this paper where the algorithm has proven to be effective in contrast enhancement based on the theory and experiment.

The individualization of an object from a digital image is a common problem in the field of image processing. We propose a modified version of the watershed algorithm for image segmentation. We have presented an adaptive masking and a threshoding mechanism over each color channel to overcome over segmentation problem, before combining the segmentation from each channel into the final one. Our proposed method ensures accuracy and quality of the 10 different kinds of color images. The experimental results are obtained using image quality assessment (IQA) metrics such as PSNR, MSE, PSNR RGB and Color Image Quality Measure (CQM) based on reversible YUV color transformation. Consequently, the proposed modified watershed approach can enhance the image segmentation performance. Similarly, it is worth noticing that our proposed MWS approach is faster than many other segmentation algorithms, which makes it appropriate for real-time application. According to the visual and quantitative verification, the proposed algorithm is performing better than three other algorithms.

Secreted cysteine proteases are relevant actors in parasite biology, taking part in critical host colonization roles such as traversing tissue barriers, immune evasion and nutrient digestion. In the trematode Fasciola hepatica, the initial step to successful infection of the mammalian host is the excystment of metacercariae and the invasion through the intestinal wall by the newly excysted juveniles (NEJ). While the cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases secreted by the adult fluke have been extensively characterized, the cataloguing and description of the cathepsins B and L reported in the invasive stages is only sketchy. To identify the cathepsins expressed during excystment and early invasion we constructed cDNA libraries encoding NEJ cathepsins B and L. We found two cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases (CL3, CL4) and three cathepsins B (CB1, CB2, CB3) which are predominantly expressed in NEJ. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NEJ-expressed cathepsins L constitute a well-defined clade separate from the adult enzymes. Excystment induction resulted in a significant increment in activity towards cathepsin-specific fluorogenic substrates in metacercariae homogenates, consistent with the detection of precursor and mature forms of cathepsins B and L before and after induction. In NEJ culture supernatants, protein and relative activity profiles show subtle changes during the first 48 h, with prevalence of cathepsin L-like activity, although cathepsins CB3 and CL3 were detected by mass spectrometry. Noticeably, the hydrolysis of a substrate with proline in the P2 position was predominant, a property only shared with adult CL2 and vertebrate cathepsin K among the C1A subfamily of cysteine proteases. Collectively these mRNA, protein and enzymatic data demonstrate the existence of a NEJ-specific repertoire of cathepsins expressed early in invasion, distinct to those used by other trematodes, potentially relevant for specific vaccine and chemotherapy design. The diversity of proteases employed by trematodes in the invasion process is discussed.

There has been a remarkable raise in the data exchange over web and the general use of digital media. The interest with reference to digital watermarking right through the last decade is certainly due to the increase in the need of copyright protection of digital data. Applications of video watermarking in copy control, broadcast monitoring, video authentication, fingerprinting, copyright protection etc is immensely rising. The major aspects of information hiding are security, capacity and robustness. Capacity deals with the amount of information that can be concealed. The ability of anyone detecting the information is robustness and refers to the resistance to modification of the cover content before concealed information is destroyed. Video watermarking algorithms normally prefers robustness. In a robust algorithm it is not possible to eliminate the watermark without precise degradation of the cover content. In this paper, features required to design a robust watermarked video for a valuable application. We review several algorithms, and introduce commonly used key technique. Aspire of this paper is to focus on the various domains of video watermarking techniques. The best part of the reviewed methods based on video watermarking highlight on the concept of robustness of the algorithm. Video Watermarking is a young and rapidly rising field in the area of multimedia. The aim of this paper is to focus on the various domains of video Watermarking techniques.

With the increase in demand, product of multimedia is increasing fast and thus contributes to insufficient network bandwidth and memory storage. Therefore image compression is more significant for reducing data redundancy for save more memory and transmission bandwidth. An efficient compression technique has been proposed which combines fuzzy logic with that of Huffman coding. While normalizing image pixel, each value of pixel image belonging to that image foreground are characterized and interpreted. The image is sub divided into pixel which is then characterized by a pair of set of approximation. Here encoding represent Huffman code which is statistically independent to produce more efficient code for compression and decoding represents rough fuzzy logic which is used to rebuilt the pixel of image. The method used here are rough fuzzy logic with Huffman coding algorithm (RFHA). Here comparison of different compression techniques with Huffman coding is done and fuzzy logic is applied on the Huffman reconstrcted image. Result shows that high compression rates are achieved and visually negligible difference between compressed images and original images.

In this paper, a new blur reduction method based on the new concept of Multiplicative Multiresolution Decomposition is presented. This method turns on specific corrections of coefficients in MMD domain. To appreciate the proposed approach performances, one could consider the classical method based on Shock filters and blind deblurring. The conventional methods for assessment like PSNR and MSE are invalid since there is no correlation with human perception. Therefore one could propose to use metrics which quantify the quantity of blur in images as it is proposed in [1]. In addition, one could compare the results visually and by plotting an original and deblurred transitions.

    PERBANDINGAN PREDIKSI HARGA SAHAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN BACKPROPAGATION DAN ARIMA ARIMA merupakan metode yang umum digunakan untuk memprediksi suatu data. Seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu, ada metode lain yang dapat digunakan memprediksi, salah satunya adalah JST backpropagation. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengetahui arsitektur jaringan syaraf tiruan yang optimal serta mengkomparasikan antara model ARIMA dan JST backpropagation. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, perumusan masalah, pemecahan masalah, analisis data dengan bantuan GUI MATLAB dan Minitab, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi data harga saham PT. Asuransi Bina Dana Arta (ABDA).Tbk dengan menggunakan JST backpropagation diperoleh nilai MSE dari proses training sebesar 0,000206 dan proses testing sebesar 0,00140. Arsitektur jaringan yang optimal adalah 1 neuron input layer, 1 neuron hidden layer dan 1 neuron input layer. Sedangkan model terbaik ARIMA, yaitu ARIMA (1,1,0) dengan nilai MSE sebesar 0,001145. Namun, karena selisih nilai MSE dari kedua metode tidak terlalu besar, maka kedua metode dapat digunakan untuk penelitian prediksi harga saham.

This paper presents an analysis of the joint estimation of target location and velocity using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. A theorem is formulated on the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate The joint Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is calculated for a Rayleigh fluctuating extended target. The mean square error (MSE) of the ML estimate is analyzed for orthogonal Gaussian pulses. It is shown that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) boundary between low and high MSE values can be lowered by increasing the number of antennas. The non-coherent MIMO radar ambiguity function (AF) is developed and illustrated by examples. It is shown that the product of the number of transmit and receive antennas can control the sidelobes level of the AF.

Everyday millions of data need to transmit through a distinct channel for various purposes; as a result there is a certain chance of third person interruption on that data. In this regards digital watermarking is one of the best solution. This paper proposes a new embedding algorithm (NEA) of digital watermarking. The algorithm is performed for digital image as data. The performance is compared for NEA and well established Cox's modified embedding algorithm. The watermarking is based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and discrete cosine transforms (DCT). The acceptance of the new algorithm is measured by the two requirements of digital watermarking. One is imperceptibility of the watermarked image, measured by peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) in dB; another one is robustness of the mark image, measured by correlation of original mark image and recovering mark image. Here a 512×512 gray scale "Lena" and "Cameraman's" image is taken as host images, and a 128×128 gray scale image is taken as mark image for 2 level of DWT. The simulation results for different attacking conditions such as salt and pepper attack, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) attack, jpg compression attack, gamma attack, histogram attack, cropping attack, sharpening attack etc. After different attacks the changing tendency PSNR for both algorithms are similar. But the mean square error (MSE) value of NEA is always less than Cox's modified algorithm, which means that after embedding the changes of the host image property lower for NEA than Cox's algorithm. From the simulation results it can be said that NEA will be a substitute of modified Cox's algorithm with better performance.

This paper deals with the performance of the use of fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) instead of conventional Fourier transform (FFT) in either symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is widely used in many systems due to advantages of theses technique compared with mono-carrier systems. In spite of his advantages, OFDM presents drawbacks such as sensitivity to timing and frequency offsets. Many techniques are used in the literature to estimate these two parameters in order to compensate them (synchronization task). These techniques used conventional Fourier transform. In this paper, we are interested in estimating STO and CFO using fractional Fourier transform. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates the performance of the use of FRFT instead of FFT.