Korean

This study aims at figuring out how native Korean speakers perceive and categorize Arabic phonemes into their phoneme inventory. Two perception experiments are conducted on two groups of Korean speakers (22 in total) with stimuli based on 25 of Arabic consonant phonemes, designed into 176 pairs. Experiment I is an AX discrimination task designed to tease out the acoustic cues relevant to native Korean speakers in identifying Arabic phonemes. Experiment II is designed to see how Arabic phonemes are mapped onto Korean phonemes by means of orthography and to see Korean speakers' perceived similarity of Arabic phonemes to Korean phonemes by a similarity rating task.

The rationale for lexical studies rests on the assumption that the most meaningful personality attributes tend to become encoded in language as single-word descriptors. We articulate some key premises of the lexical approach and then review a number of studies that have been conducted examining the factor structure of personality descriptors extracted from dictionaries. We compare lexical studies in English and 12 other languages, with attention to delineating consistencies between the structures found in diverse languages. Our review suggests that the Anglo-Germanic Big Five is reproduced better in some languages than in others. We propose some organizing rules for lexical factor structures that may be more generalizable than the contemporary Big-Five model. And, we propose several candidate structural models that should be compared with the Big Five in future studies, including structures with one, two, and three very broad factors, an alternative five-factor structure identified in Italian and Hungarian studies, and a seven-factor structure represented in Hebrew and Philippine studies. We recommend that in future studies more Work on this article was supported by Grant MH-49227 from the

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens. This study was conducted to clarify the clinical features and outcome of patients with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia. Patients with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia treated at a medical center in northern Taiwan between November 1998 and July 2006 were reviewed. Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis were compared. Twelve patients (6 males and 6 females) were included for analyses. The mean age was 69.3 years (range, 40 to 86 years), and 8 cases (66.7%) were older than 65 years. All patients had underlying disease. Two patients received total hip replacement before development of VRE bacteremia. Twelve patients had prior exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Ten patients had prior intensive care unit stay and prior mechanical ventilation before VRE bacteremia. All of the patients (n = 12) had an intravas...

In this study we explore Korean immigrant parents’ attitudes toward heritage language maintenance for their children and their efforts to help their children maintain Korean as their heritage language in Montreal. Some implications for mainstream school policies and classroom practices are touched on briefly. Data were collected from nine Korean immigrant parents who had a child (or children) between the ages of 6–18 in 2005, using a questionnaire and interviews. The interviews asked about Korean immigrant parents’ attitudes toward heritage language and cultural identity maintenance for their children and attitudes toward the Korean language, the Korean community, and the Korean churches; four items designed to obtain information about parents’ efforts to help their children maintain the heritage language both at home and outside of the home were also included. The findings suggest that Korean immigrant parents are very positive toward their children’s heritage language maintenance. Korean parents believe that their children’s high level of proficiency in the Korean language would help their children keep their cultural identity as Koreans, ensure them better future economic opportunities, and give them more chances to communicate with their grandparents efficiently.

Nonstationary processes, such as self-modulation and chaos in a relativistic backward-wave oscillator (RBWO), are investigated using a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. Self-modulation is followed by chaotic regions, which develop in a complex sequence with increasing electron beam current. When the beam current is increased, the nonlinear processes of self-modulation and chaos are repeatedly observed due to the complex cross-excitation instability before the final stage of fully developed chaos. The cross-excitation is observed to occur to the second nearest mode, not to the nearest one, with sufficient beam current. Here, a moderate power reflection ratio of 0.2 was chosen for the weakly-resonant RBWO. The dynamics of a weakly reflective RBWO follows that of a resonant RBWO with an especially long transient time in cross-excitation instabilities.

Background: Lip augmentations are commonly performed procedures in the United States, with annual numbers surpassing 100 000. While lips contribute to facial beauty, the relative influence of this feature to whole facial appeal has not yet been established. What is also of increasing interest is the consideration of ethnic differences in the evaluation of beauty. However, most current anthropometric measurements refer to Caucasians, and their use in the treatment of Asian American patients would be inappropriate. Methods: Three-dimensional models of 197 male and female Caucasian, Chinese and Korean subjects were created using surface-imaging technology. The lips and corresponding faces from these models were ranked according to subjective aesthetic appeal by 20 male and female raters of various ages, occupations and ethnicities. The raters' results were subsequently compared with individually measured lip parameters. Results: Rankings between lips and their corresponding whole faces differed greatly. Lips that were rated as the most attractive were smaller than average in midline upper lip surface heights, bilateral paramedian lip surface heights, upper lip angles and volume in the lower lip. Both Asian groups exhibited significantly different lip parameters and lipprojection volumes from that of Caucasians. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that there are indeed measurable differences in the baseline Asian lip morphology as compared with Caucasians. Tailoring lip enhancement treatment to each individual's anatomy, ethnic background and personal goals can optimise outcomes. What is also of interest is that lips did not contribute as much to facial attractiveness as previously thought. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.

In the present study a reliable and structural decision system for production sequence of polymeric products is developed. Minimization of the amount of off-specs is the main objective in the decision of production sequence to maximize profit. Off-specs are generated when the production sequence of polymeric products is changed. The amount of off-specs depends on changes of product grades. In the present study we applied the traveling salesman problem (TSP) to achieve optimal decision of production sequence. To solve the optimal decision problem formulated by TSP, we employed three different approaches such as Branch and Bound (B&B) method, Dynamic Programming (DP) method and Hopfield Neural Network (HNN) method. Production sequences computed based on the actual plant off-spec data were compared with the sequences employed in the actual plant operation. From the comparison the decision method proposed in the present study showed increased profits and reduced off-specs.

This paper introduces the emerging new variety of Korean English to what may be a relatively new audience. suggested that Korean English was codified in the form of school textbooks by the end of the 1980s; now, more than 20 years later it would be reasonable to expect a number of Koreanised forms to be detectable in contemporary Korean spoken English but, to my knowledge, there has never been a corpus-driven study that explores this variety. With a theoretical backdrop based on a new theory of language, Hoey's theory of Lexical Priming (Hoey, 2005), I explore three high frequency lexical strings, 'do you know', 'but you know' and 'and you know' and their variation in two corpora of Korean English and two of British English. The results suggest that Korean speakers use certain strings as extended connectives to 'buy' extra processing time and the study raises interesting questions about the relationship between string form and meaning.

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared:
http://quizlet.com/42556891/4-4-flash-cards/

orea yang kita kenal saat ini adalah Korea yang telah melalui transformasi besar-besaran di berbagai bidang dalam kurun waktu 3 dekade terakhir. Apabila kita harus melihat kenyataan bahwa Indonesia yang pada tahun 1960an keadaannya lebih baik daripada Korea, maka harus ada yang kita lihat lagi pada diri kita sebagai bangsa Indonesia. Apa yang telah dilakukan Korea sehingga secara fisik dan nonfisik, baik negara maupun rakyatnya, telah menjadi salah satu kekuatan dunia di bidang ekonomi, teknologi, dan budaya? Inilah yang akan saya bicarakan dalam makalah atau catatan sederhana mengenai Korea dahulu dan sekarang.

Dorsal vein rupture of the penis is a rare condition, and few cases have been reported in the literature. Herein we report a 41-year-old man who presented with mildly painful and acute swollen penis, which initially imitated a penile fracture but was surgically explored and shown to be a superficial dorsal vein rupture.

This study of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigrant junior high and high school students (N = 319) investigated the association between age, acculturation, cultural adjustment difficulties, and general mental health concerns. Hierarchical regression analyses determined that among all of the independent variables, age, acculturation, and cultural adjustment difficulties had significant predictive effects on mental health symptoms. Implications for theory, research, and practice are addressed, particularly as they relate to developmental issues among immigrant youths.

Purpose: To evaluate a customized, portable Farnsworth-Munsell 100 (FM 100) hue viewing booth for compliance with colour vision testing standards and to compare it with room illumination in subjects with normal colour vision (trichromats), subjects with acquired colour vision defects (secondary to diabetes mellitus), and subjects with congenital colour vision defects (dichromats). Methods: Discrete wavelengths of the tube in the customized booth were measured using a spectrometer using the normal incident method and were compared with the spectral distribution of sunlight. Forty-eight subjects were recruited for the study and were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, Normal Trichromats (30 eyes); Group 2, Congenital Colour Vision Defects (16 eyes); and Group 3, Diabetes Mellitus (20 eyes). The FM 100 hue test performance was compared using two illumination conditions, booth illumination and room illumination. Results: Total error scores of the classical method in Group 2 as mean±SD for room and booth illumination was 243.05±85.96 and 149.85±54.50 respectively (p=0.0001). Group 2 demonstrated lesser correlation (r=0.50, 0.55), lesser reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.625, 0.662) and greater variability (Bland & Altman value, 10.5) in total error scores for the classical method and the moment of inertia method between the two illumination conditions when compared to the other two groups.

Author: EunHee Lee. Series Editors: Jaehoon Yeon and Jae Jung Song. Commissioning Editor: Sajid Rizvi. ISBN 1872843433/9781872843438. The author argues for a discourse-based treatment of the temporal and aspectual categories in Korean through the quantitative analysis of corpus data, providing a systematic semantic analysis of those categories using a dynamic semantic tool, Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle, 1993; van Eijck and Kamp, 1997). It represents the first formal discourse-level analysis of the Korean tense and aspect system and makes a valuable contribution not only to the study of Korean linguistics but also to the general linguistics of temporal semantics. In addition to her analysis of tense and aspect, Dr Lee also examines the current research methods of dynamic semantics and the contemporary issues at the forefront of natural language semantics. For ordering info go to saffronbooksandart.net website

The data for this study consisted of a longitudinal corpus of narratives from 17 English second language (L2) children, mean age of 5;4 years at the outset, with first languages (Lls) that do not have definite/indefinite articles (Chinese, Korean and Japanese) and Lls that do have article systems (Spanish, Romanian and Arabic). We examined these children's acquisition of articles in order to determine the role of L1 transfer and, in so doing, test the Fluctuation Hypothesis, and also to compare our findings to those from research on adult L2 learners. Three tendencies were found over two years: (1) All children substituted the for a in indefinite specific contexts (i.e. showed fluctuation) regardless of L1 background; (2) all children were more accurate with use of the in definite contexts than with a in indefinite contexts, regardless of L1 background; and (3) children with [-article] Lls had more omitted articles as error forms than children with [+article] L1s, but only at th...

The suitability of groundwater for irrigation uses was assessed in Alathur Block located in Perambalur District of the state of Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from ten villages were analyzed in two seasons for major cations, anions and other parameters such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Kelly's ratio, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), magnesium ratio, % sodium, chloro-alkaline indices, residual sodium carbonate and permeability index to know the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. Piper trilinear diagram interpretations were made to know the suitability of chemical type of the groundwater. It reveals that the subsurface water is alkaline (Na ? K) than the alkaline earth (Ca ? Mg) type. According to the SAR values plotted in the USSL Staff diagram, most of the groundwater samples belong to class high-salinity hazard and low-sodium hazard (C3-S1) and high-salinity hazard and medium-sodium hazard (C3-S2), which indicate that the groundwater of most stations require a special type of irrigation method.

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared:
http://quizlet.com/42557043/4-5-flash-cards/

Author: Minju Kim. Series Editors: Jaehoon Yeon and Jae Jung Song. ISBN 9781872843926 PB. Cross-linguistically, verbs denoting existence have been one of the most fertile sources for the development of grammatical markers (e.g., English “be”). In the history of the Korean language as well, the verb is(i)- (the old form of iss-) has participated in the emergence of eleven different grammatical markers, including past tense/anterior -ess-, progressive -ko iss-, resultative -e iss-, connectives -ese “and”, “since”, -kose “and”, and -myense “while”, subject marker -kkeyse and four locative particles (“at”, “from”). This book analyzes diachronic and synchronic corpus data of Korean, and investigates the multiple developmental pathways of the Korean existential verb is(i)- with cross-linguistic perspectives. This is the first book on Korean grammaticalization written in English. Additional materials about this book will be uploaded here, please revisit or Follow.

Quan niệm về chữ hiếu ở mỗi nền văn hóa là khác nhau. Không chỉ thế, ngay cả trong cùng một nền văn hóa, nếu xuất phát điểm khác nhau thì cách nhìn nhận về chữ hiếu cũng khác nhau. Tham luận này nghiên cứu trường hợp chữ hiếu trong nền văn hóa Korea nhằm góp phần làm sáng tỏ nhận định vừa rồi. Bằng phương pháp so sánh sử - văn hóa, chúng tôi sẽ làm nổi bật những đặc trưng của truyền thống hiếu đạo trong văn hóa Korea thông qua những câu chuyện chính sử mang tính Nho giáo trong “Samguk sagi” (Tam quốc sử ký) và những câu chuyện huyền sử mang tính Phật giáo trong “Samguk yusa” (Tam quốc di sự).

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared: http://quizlet.com/42556713/4-3-flash-cards/

South Korea enjoys much success with the exportation of popular media, including music, movies, and TV shows. One underlying component of this success seems to be Korea’s powerful and precise media manufacturing system. For Korean boy bands, Jung (2011) claims that constructing a “transnational” identity that relies on the production of a “manufactured versatile masculinity” allows idol boy groups to appeal transculturally to fans across borders with their flexible masculine identities. This hybrid masculinity is “multi-layered, culturally mixed, simultaneously contradictory, and most of all strategically manufactured”. Consistent with the performative nature of gender (Butler 1990), this multi-faceted masculinity is constructed through performances in different outlets such as music programs, reality TV, and game shows.

In the past, Kpop idol groups largely focused on the pretty-boy, soft-masculine image. In the last decade, though, more “tough, manly, and beast-like” groups have emerged, combining their hyper-masculine image with “soft masculinity” performances (Jung 2011). According to Jung’s analysis, each of the members in these idol groups is capable of producing a variety of masculinities individually. However, I argue that some boy bands adopt a strategy by which their group’s collective hybrid masculine image is constructed cooperatively through discourse, distributing the gender-work across its members. This effort, what I call distributed masculinity, depends on the discursive work done by all participants involved, including band members and TV hosts. By looking at the interaction that takes place in “Aegyo Contests,” a common segment on Korean variety TV, I show how each group member’s masculinity is negotiated and defined vis-à-vis requested performances of aegyo. Aegyo is a concept that is shaped largely by culturally shared ideas of cuteness in South Korea. One aspect of aegyo is a speech style that is strongly associated with women and femininity (cf. Moon under review, Abelmann 2003).

This collective expression of hybrid gender shows that gender’s performative nature allows for creative expressions of femininity and masculinity beyond that of just an individual. The process suggests how groups can express collective gender identity and how that identity is molded interactionally.

The major goal of this study is to investigate conceptual emotion metaphors of Korean, particularly those of ANGER, HAPPINESS, and SADNESS, by utilizing a corpus-based analysis. The universality of conceptual metaphors continues to be a controversial topic in cognitive linguistics and thus, more cross-linguistic and language-specific studies are needed to support the theoretical framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). To this end, the current study identifies and examines Korean metaphorical expressions through a conceptual analysis, supported by both quantitative and qualitative methods, and aims to find out the types of concepts with which ANGER, HAPPINESS, and SADNESS are associated, and thus, to what extent these associations comprise primary (universal) and complex (cultural) metaphors, as suggested by the current view of the CMT. I argue that while it is important to distinguish between universal and cultural metaphors, the hierarchical mapping of variation also describes the characteristics of a language vis-à-vis universality or cultural specificity. Furthermore, I claim that the characteristics of metaphorical expressions should also be determined based on analysis of their occurrences in language use. The data suggest a positive correlation between frequency and productivity. Understanding the frequency and productivity of emotion metaphors through analysis of their occurrence in actual language use will allow better understanding and provide a basis for further investigation of native speakers' cognitive styles and cognitive tendencies.

MethodsaaWe constructed the MMSE-DS using the items of the two current Korean versions of MMSE and then construct the SMMSE-DS consisted of 13 items from the MMSE-DS based on the diagnostic accuracy of individual items for dementia. We investigated reliability and validity of MMSE-DS and SMMSE-DS on 1,555 subjects (1,222 nondemented controls, 333 dementia patients). We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the SMMSE-DS with that of the three full Korean versions of MMSE, and examined its' age-and education-specific optimal cutoff scores for dementia.

The effects of pressure drop on the dynamics of fixed-beds were theoretically studied. The system used was an H2/CO mixture (70 vol% H2, 30 vol% CO) in zeolite 5A. The pressure drop at the pressurization step affected the breakthrough time at an adsorption step in the PSA process. As a result, the combined effects of pressure drop during adsorption and pressurization steps led to earlier breakthrough compared to the case without a pressure drop. The effect of pressure drop at the adsorption step under the non-isothermal condition was slightly larger than that under the adiabatic condition. In the case of pressurization and blowdown steps with large pressure drop, the flow pattern near the open end during a short period of time had to be explained by the Ergun equation instead of Darcy’s law. However, there was only a slight difference in the results of a multi-bed PSA process depending on whether or not the pressure drops at the pressurization/depressurization steps as well as at the adsorption step were considered.

The purpose of this study is to distinguish between cognitive, affective, and ev aluative components of social identity in the organization and to show how the components instigate behaviours that benefit in-group members. A new scale for measuring cognitive or ganizational identification (i.e., self-categorization) is developed and compared to a leadin g scale. Internal consistency, convergent validity, predictive validity, and generalizability of t he two scales are established on a sample of Italian (N = 409) and Korean (N = 283) workers. Next, convergent and discriminant validity for measures of organizational identification, affecti ve commitment, and group self-esteem are demonstrated. Then two antecedents of these components of social identity are examined: organization prestige and organization stereotypes. Final ly, the mediating role of the components of social identity are investigated between the antecedents and five forms of citizenship behaviours. The last three analyses are performed on t he Italian (N = 409) workers. Among other findings, the results show that affective commitment a nd selfesteem are the primary motivators of citizenship behaviours. Moreover, co gnitive identification performs as a central mediator between prestige and stereotypes on the one hand and affective

Происхождение и развитие корейского языка  Корейский язык -один из наиболее своеобразных языков мира, на котором говорит около 60 миллионов человек.  Выдвинуто несколько гипотез о генетической близости корейского языка с китайским, японским, тибетским, урало-алтайским, древнеиндийским, индоевропейским языками, а также языком айну и др.  Согласно ранним историческим летописям, на заре христианства в Манчжурии и на Корейском полуострове были распространены две группы языков: северная, или пуе , и южная, или хан .  В середине VII в. государство Силла завоевало королевства Пэкче на юго-западе Корейского полуострова и Когуре на его северной части. Это привело к тому, что язык этого государства стал доминирующим на полуострове. В результате произошло объединение языков трех государств на основе языка Силла.  В Х в. было основано государство Коре, а его столица была перенесена в г. Кэсон, расположенный в центральной части Корейского полуострова. В основу государственного языка был положен кэсонский диалект.  В конце XIV в. было образовано королевство Чосон, а столица была перенесена в Сеул. Однако это, поскольку Сеул географически расположен очень близко к Кэсону, не сказалось на развитие языка.  Образование после второй мировой войны двух корейских государств с различными политическими режимами, братоубийственная кровавая война и раскол страны неизбежно привели к разным путям языкового строительства.

This article reports the results of a questionnaire survey of how the teaching practicum is conducted in U.S. graduate TESOL programs. Information was sought on the objectives of the practicum, the kinds of training experiences and activities employed, and how the practicum is implemented. The results are discussed with reference to key issues in the field of practice teaching in TESOL. is a professor in the Department of ESL at the University of Hawaii, where he teaches courses in methodology, curriculum development, teacher training, and materials development. A frequent speaker at international conferences, he is the co-author (with T. Rodgers) of Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching (Cambridge University Press, 1986) and co-editor (with J. Platt and H. Weber) of the Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (Longman, 1985).

Since language is socially mediated and context dependent, it would be expected that learners’ use of language learning strategies may vary with the environment. Using the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) (Oxford, 1990), this study examines the language learning behaviors and thought processes of two geographically and socio-educationally different groups by comparing learning strategy use as reported by 428 monolingual Korean and 420 bilingual Korean-Chinese university students. Monolinguals reported using compensation strategies most and affective strategies least. Bilinguals preferred to use metacognitive strategies most and memory strategies least. Despite a less favorable formal English education environment in the Korean-Chinese community and less experience in learning English, bilingual Korean-Chinese reported higher use of learning strategies, which is arguably indicative of the positive effects of the bilingual context in learning a new language.

This paper deals with politeness phenomena which are general to all human societies, but draws many examples from Korea as understood by the writer (who is Australian). The emphasis in this analysis is on the problem of decoding politeness. It is noted that even within a culture, politeness signals can be manipulated, and that interlocutors calibrate their meaning according to knowledge of individual personalities. In Korean society, the requirement for formal politeness signals is very strong, both in body language and in fixed linguistic markers (such as verb endings). However, the pragmatic meaning of these signals is calibrated in ways that are difficult for foreigners to decode. The paper also considers the dilemma of that minority of Koreans who attempt to interact within the linguistic and social codes of English. It is noted that these attempts often go astray, both because the speaker misunderstands English politeness coding conventions and because listeners in English, almost by definition, come from radically different cultural backgrounds to the Korean.