Kiva

Peer-to-peer microfinance connects philanthropic citizens with poor entrepreneurs in the developing world, offering new ways to channel charitable contributions. Although the literature suggests that donors’ perceptions of effectiveness affect charitable giving, very little is known about what types of projects individuals perceive as more effective. Using data from Kiva.org, this article presents evidence on the relative popularity of competing development projects. We present estimates of the impact of publicly visible project characteristics on funding speed. Assuming that Kiva lenders are motivated by poverty alleviation, the results shed light on individual philanthropists’ perception of project effectiveness. Knowing this can help practitioners design fundraising strategies more effectively, especially for projects that are inherently less popular. Le microcrédit pair-à-pair (P2P) connecte les citoyens philanthropes aux entrepreneurs pauvres dans le monde en voie de développement, proposant ainsi des manières nouvelles pour acheminer les dons caritatifs. Bien que les publications suggèrent que les perceptions par les donateurs concernant l’efficacité ont un impact sur les dons caritatifs, on en sait fort peu pour ce qui a trait aux types de projets perçus par les individus comme plus efficaces. Cet article, se basant sur des données issues du site Kiva.org, expose des éléments indicateurs de la popularité relative de projets de développement concurrents. Nous présentons des estimations de l’impact sur la rapidité du financement des caractéristiques d’un projet ayant une visibilité publique. Si l’on tient pour acquis que les prêteurs de Kiva ont pour motivation de réduire la pauvreté, les résultats apportent un éclairage sur la perception par les philanthropes de l’efficacité d’un projet. Cette connaissance est susceptible d’aider les intervenants à concevoir des stratégies de collecte de fonds plus efficaces, notamment pour des projets qui sont par nature moins populaires. Die Peer-to-Peer (P2P)-Mikrofinanzierung verbindet philanthrophische Bürger und mittellose Unternehmer in Entwicklungsländern und bietet neue Wege zur Einbringung wohltätiger Beiträge. Zwar lässt die Literatur darauf schließen, dass gemeinnützige Spenden davon abhängen, wie die Spender ihre Effektivität einschätzen, doch ist nur sehr wenig darüber bekannt, welche Projektarten einzelne Personen als effektiver betrachten. Mithilfe von Kiva.org erfassten Daten erbringt der vorliegende Beitrag den Nachweis über die relative Beliebtheit konkurrierender Entwicklungsprojekte. Wir schätzen den Einfluss öffentlich sichtbarer Projektmerkmale auf die Geschwindigkeit bei der Mittelbeschaffung ein. In der Annahme, dass Kiva-Geldgeber von einer angestrebten Armutsverminderung motivert werden, gaben die Ergebnisse Aufschluss über die Wahrnehmung individueller Philantropisten hinsichtlich der Projekteffektivität. Diese Kenntnis kann den Praktizierenden helfen, Strategien zur Mittelbeschaffung effektiver zu gestalten, insbesondere für Projekte, die von sich aus schon weniger beliebt sind. Las microfinanzas de igual a igual (P2P) conecta a los ciudadanos filantrópicos con los emprendedores pobres en el mundo en vías de desarrollo, ofreciendo nuevas formas de canalizar las aportaciones caritativas. Aunque el material publicado sugiere que las percepciones de los donantes sobre la efectividad afectan a las donaciones caritativas, se sabe muy poco sobre qué tipo de proyectos perciben los individuos como más efectivos. Utilizando datos de Kiva.org., este documento presenta pruebas sobre la relativa popularidad de proyectos de desarrollo que compiten. Presentamos estimaciones del impacto de las características de los proyectos visibles públicamente sobre la velocidad de financiación. Asumiendo que los prestamistas de Kiva están motivados por aliviar la pobreza, los resultados esclarecen la percepción de los filántropos individuales sobre la efectividad de los proyectos. Conocer esto puede ayudar a los profesionales a diseñar estrategias de recaudación de fondos de manera más efectiva, especialmente para proyectos que son inherentemente menos populares. 在发达国家,点对点(P2P)小额贷款是连接善心人士和贫困企业主的桥梁,是传递慈善捐款的新方法。有资料表明,捐赠人如何看待善款的使用效果,会影响他们捐赠的积极性,但对于捐款人认为哪些项目更富成效,我们所知甚少。本文利用 Kive.org 的资料,提出了相互竞争的发展项目较受欢迎的证据。我们估计了公开可见项目的自身特点对筹款速度的影响。假设 Kiva 的放款人是为了扶助贫困,则扶贫结果可以解释慈善人士对项目成效的看法。了解这一点有助于从业者设计出效果更佳的筹款策略,尤其是那些天生就不太受欢迎的项目。 ピアツーピア(P2P)マイクロファイナンスは、偽善的な貢献という新しい方法を提供して、慈善的な市民を開発途上国における貧しい企業家に結び付ける。文献では、援助資金供与者の有効的な認知が偽善活動の提供を決定づけるが、個人がどのようなプロジェクトを最も効果的であると認識しているかについてはほとんど知られていない。本論ではKiva.org(キヴァ)のデータを用いて、競合する開発計画に相対的に人気の高い論拠を提示する。資金調達の速度において公的に可視できるプロジェクトの特性が与える影響を予測して提示する。キヴァの金融業者が貧困救済に動機づけられていると仮定すると、結果として個々の慈善家がプロジェクトの有効性を認知していることが解明できる。これを知るとそれほど人気がないプロジェクトにおいても、実践者がより効果的に資金集めをする戦略策定に役立つといえる。 التمويل الأصغر النظير للنظير (P2P) يربط بين المواطنين المحسنين وأصحاب الأعمال الفقراء في العالم النامي، يقدم وسائل جديدة لتوجيه التبرعات الخيرية. على الرغم من أن الأدب يشير إلى أن تصورات المانحين يؤثر على فعالية العطاء الخيري، القليل جدا هو المعروف عن أنواع المشاريع التي يعتبرها الأفراد أكثر فعالية. بإستخدام بيانات من(Kiva.org)، فإن هذا البحث يقدم دليلاً على شعبية المشاريع الإنمائية المتنافسة. نقدم تقديرات لتأثير خصائص المشروع الظاهرةعلناً على سرعة التمويل.على إفتراض أن المقترضين من كيفا (Kiva) لهم دوافع التخفيف من حدة الفقر، النتائج تسلط الضوء على تصور الفرد المحسن لفعالية المشروع. معرفة هذا يمكن أن يساعد الممارسين أن يصمموا إستراتيجيات لجمع التبرعات على نحو أكثر فعالية، خصوصاً للمشاريع التي هي بطبيعتها أقل شعبية.

This paper investigates empirically the effect of competition between microfinance NGOs seeking subsidized capital from individual social investors. Although NGO behavior in competitive environments is often subject to controversy, there is little formal empirical evidence to illustrate theoretical findings and inform policy. Using data from Kiva, an online peer-to-peer (P2P) microfinance platform, we find that competition has a sizable negative impact on projects’ funding speed and that the effect is stronger between close substitutes. This is important because competition for subsidized capital implies organizational pressures similar to those faced when NGOs compete for donations.

On August 30, 1881, United States military commanders ordered the arrest of Nochaydelklinne, a spiritual leader thought to be exciting unrest among Apaches residing around Cibecue. A battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of Apaches and soldiers, in the only attack on Fort Apache, and in enduring misgivings between Apaches and non-Indians. A recent ethnohistory project conducted in collaboration with keepers of Western Apache oral traditions has re-examined the events on the basis of Apache recollections and new archaeological and documentary research.

The Pueblo I period (A. D. 750-900) in the northern Southwest was a dramatic time that witnessed large-scale population movements and the formation of the first large pueblo villages. By A.D. 860, there may have been more than 10,000 people settled in villages north of the San Juan River in southwest Colorado and southeast Utah. The populations of these villages appear to have come from at least two distinct cultural backgrounds. By A. D. 890, the population of this region had declined by at least two-thirds. Migration of substantial village populations to the south must be considered in any explanation of developments in the subsequent Pueblo 11 period, including the Chaco phenomenon.

Small seeds played an important dietary role during the Archaic period in the arid west of North America. The timing of the onset of intensive small seed use is of interest as it suggests a broadening of diets by early peoples and has implications for climatic change. Here we review both direct and indirect evidences of small seed use at critical sites in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. This information combined with new data from North Creek Shelter in the Escalante Valley of southern Utah suggests this shift occurred by 9,000 years ago. RESUMEN Semillas pequeñas eran parte importante de la dieta durante el periodo arcaico en el oeste árido de Norte América. La época en la que empezó el uso intenso de semillas pequeñas es de interés porque infi ere una expansión en la dieta de los primeros habitantes, y tiene implicaciones de cambio climático. Aquí, examinamos evidencias directas e indirectas del uso de semillas pequeñas en sitios importantes del Great Basin y el Colorado Plateau. Esta información junto con datos del North Creek Shelter en el Valle de Escalante del sur de Utah, indica que esta expansión ocurrió hace 9,000 años.

The incorporation of detailed chemistry models in internal combustion engine simulations is becoming mandatory as local, globally lean, low-temperature combustion strategies are setting the path towards a more efficient and environmentally sustainable use of energy resources in transportation. In this paper, we assessed the computational efficiency of a recently developed sparse analytical Jacobian chemistry solver, namely 'SpeedCHEM', that features both direct and Krylov-subspace solution methods for maximum efficiency for both small and large mechanism sizes. The code was coupled with a high-dimensional clustering algorithm for grouping homogeneous reactors into clusters with similar states and reactivities, to speed-up the chemical kinetics solution in multidimensional combustion simulations. The methodology was validated within the KIVA-ERC code, and the computational efficiency of both methods was evaluated for different, challenging engine combustion modeling cases, including dual fuel, dual direct-injection and lowload, multiple-injection RCCI, direct injection gasoline compression ignition (GDICI), and HCCI engine operation using semi-detailed chemistry representations. Reaction mechanisms of practical applicability in internal combustion engine CFD simulations were used, ranging from about 50 up to about 200 species. Computational performance for both methods was observed to reduce the computational time for the chemistry solution by up to more than one order of magnitude in comparison to a traditional, dense solution approach, even when employing the same high-efficiency internal sparse algebra and analytical formulations. This confirms that consideration of detailed chemistry is not a bottleneck anymore, allowing use of larger and more refined meshes. Further research that focused on algorithms for fast and efficient advection with a large number of species is suggested.

Archaeological studies have demonstrated the increasingly important role of turkeys in the lives of ancient Puebloan peoples of the American Southwest. The origin of domesticated turkeys, however, remains an unanswered question especially given the absence of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in early and middle Holocene contexts prior to the arrival of maize agriculture. This paper reports turkey remains from very early Holocene deposits in North Creek Shelter in southern Utah and reviews extant literature for early turkey remains in the Southwest. These

... Page 8. 14 MEGHAN CL HOWEY AND THOMAS R. ROCEK 1983, 1987; Bronitsky and Hamer 1986; Feathers 1989; Schiffer and Skibo 1987; Schiffer et al. ... In this process, potters balance different "performance characteristics" of vessels (Schiffer and Skibo 1987:607). ...

Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chronometric dates obtained from contexts dating prior to A.D. 1450, but until now these data have not been compiled into a single database. Using dendrochronological, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic dates, we analyze each of the chronometric data sets to identify patterns and biases that help us better understand the tempo and duration of fundamental transitions in the Mimbres archaeological record. We also identify critical gaps in our knowledge of the chronometric record that provide new research opportunities.