Juvenile Delinquency

O presente trabalho estuda a relacao entre Literatura e Direito, sendo escolhida a obra ''Capitaes da Areia'', de Jorge Amado, como objeto de analise, a fim de abordar a questao da crianca abandonada e o descaso do Estado em relacao a elas, face a legislacao vigente na epoca, o Codigo de menores, em paralelo a lei atual, o Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente. Os estudos voltados ao Direito e a Literatura, mostram a Literatura como uma forma de melhor compreender os fenomenos juridicos, cuja percepcao e limitada pelo tecnicismo. “Capitaes da Areia'', ao abordar como tema criancas abandonadas, denuncia a marginalizacao e a repressao sofrida por elas e mostra como funcionava o controle da delinquencia juvenil a epoca, possibilitando um dialogo com a legislacao atual. Para tracar um paralelo com a sociedade atual, sera evidenciado como o abuso de poder e da violencia, vistos nas figuras daqueles que representam o Estado, como um todo, afastam as criancas de inst...

Studies that examine the effects of adolescent religiosity on the initiation of, persistence in, and desistence from delinquency are rare. Yet, religion may differentially affect dimensions of delinquency in the early life course. Therefore, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we examine the relationship between measures of adolescent religion, as well as changes in religious involvement, and later patterns of marijuana use. We also examine the extent to which religious effects, if any, are mediated by key predictors of delinquency drawn from prominent criminological theories. The results suggest that the primary effect of religion on marijuana use is to prevent its initiation in the first place. Only part of religion's preventative effect on initiation is mediated by social bonds, delinquent peers, or self control. Although religious youth are less likely to ever use marijuana, adolescent religious involvement does not significantly predict desistence from marijuana use. Sociologists since Durkheim have recognized that religion is a core element of culture, and that it therefore is a powerful potential motivator of and control on behavior (Smith 2003; see also Vaisey 2009). Religion has powerful but insufficiently understood effects on behavior (Pargament 2008; Pargament et al. 2005). Religion is known to exert both mediated and unmediated effects on motivation, health, coping with distress, and other behaviors (Koenig et al.

Humor plays a crucial role in psychological functioning, influencing goal achievement, emotional regulation, and interpersonal interactions. This study explores the effects of dark triad on humor styles and to inquire about the inconsistent relations previously reported between narcissism and self-enhancing humor within a Turkish sample. Utilizing the Humor Styles Questionnaire and the Dirty Dozen Dark Triad inventory, data were collected from 468 white-collar employees working in various companies through online questionnaire. The results indicated that Narcissism positively affects all humor styles, while Psychopathy significantly associated with aggressive, self-enhancing and selfdefeating humor. In contrast, Machiavellianism shows a negative effect with self-defeating humor. These findings underscore the complex interplay between personality traits and humor, suggesting that while Narcissism may enhance both positive and negative humor styles, Psychopathy predominantly influences negative styles, and Machiavellianism appears less involved. The study discusses the implications of these results and provides suggestions for future research.

Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts (JDTC) emerged in the mid-1990s as a potential solution to concern about substance use among youth in the juvenile justice system (JJS). Despite substantial research, findings on the JDTC effectiveness for reducing recidivism and substance use remain inconsistent, hampered by methodological problems. In 2016, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention published research-based JDTC Guidelines for best practices, and funded technical assistance for implementation and a multisite national outcomes study among JDTCs implementing the Guidelines. Ten sites were originally selected for this study, with a JDTC and Traditional Juvenile Court (TJC) participating. In two sites, moderate-to high-risk youth were randomized to

Parental culpability for juvenile delinquency has permeated social welfare thought and practice throughout U.S. history. This article presents a case study of one Midwestern municipality's efforts to create a training school for parents as a remedy for delinquency in the 1940s. The case study illustrates how city leaders attempted to put theory about delinquency causation into practice by forging a collaborative intervention strategy among various community partners including public schools, social welfare agencies, and law enforcement. In light of the case study, this article examines historical and contemporary efforts to punish parents of juvenile delinquents.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of parental migration and alternative caretaking arrangements on children's delinquency in rural China. Using data from the Parental Migration and Children's Well-Being Survey, our results suggest that children's delinquency is influenced by a dynamic interaction between caretaking arrangements and children's selfcontrol. More specifically, grandparenting appears to be an equivalent substitution for normative nuclear family parenting and has some advantage over caretaking by a remaining parent, especially for children with low selfcontrol. These findings can serve as a starting point for a further conversation on the benefit of extended families and collective parenting, and on how to best use cultural resources in rural China under the constraint of parental migration and other structural barriers. Keywords caretaking arrangements, juvenile delinquency, left-behind children, rural-tourban migration in China, self-control

Depression affects the lives of young offenders and requires treatment. However, too few therapists, high service costs, and stigma are barriers preventing them from accessing mental health services in many countries. Although, computer-assisted psychotherapy has been proven a revolutionary intervention for reducing depression and enhancing accessibility, it has not been used for depressed youths with delinquency problems both in Thailand and abroad. This randomized control trial investigated the effectiveness of the Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy program for reducing depression among youths with delinquency problems. The youths in a juvenile vocational training center in northern Thailand who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned into an experimental group receiving the program in addition to usual activities, while the control group received only the usual activities (n=42 per group). Depression was measured using the Thai Patient Health Questionnaire before the program started, then 1 and 2 months after the intervention. Repeated measure ANOVA, and independent t-test were used to test the program efficacy. Results revealed that participants in the experimental group after entering the program, and 1 and 2 months after the intervention had significantly lower mean scores of depression than before receiving the program. Additionally, they had a significantly lower mean score of depression than that of the control group immediately after completing the program. The findings indicated that the CCBT program can reduce depression among youths with delinquency problems. Nurses should integrate this program as a depression intervention for youths in this group. However, further study is needed for examining the sustainability of the long term impacts of the program in reducing depression.

The article discusses a three-wave longitudinal study that investigates the relationship between self-control and aggressive and delinquent behavior of early adolescent boys and girls. The sample consists of 1,012 Dutch adolescents (mean age = 12.3) in their first year of secondary education. Structural equation modeling analyses reveal that high levels of self-control consistently decrease aggressive and delinquent behavior in the subsequent 6 months follow-up intervals. Results for the total sample do not support the hypothesis that self-control is influenced by previous levels of aggression or delinquency. For boys, the partial evidence found indicates reciprocal effects of self-control and delinquency.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal determinar los patrones de personalidad en adolescentes con familias disfuncionales de una institución educativa pública de Ate, 2019. Esta investigación fue de tipo básico con diseño no experimental, de corte transversal y de enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra fue de 152 estudiantes mujeres con familias disfuncionales con edades que oscilan entre 13 y 17 años. El instrumento suministrado fue el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon (MACI), el cual dio como resultados que la mayoría de estudiantes mostraron ser independientes y tener confianza en sí mismas, por otro lado expresaban mayor preocupación en insensibilidad social, descrita como la combinación de advertencias, elogios y modelado implícito, las que forman una personalidad indiferente al dolor y la incomodidad por los otros; y el síndrome clínico más notorio es Predisposición a la delincuencia, cuyo resultado se da por una convivencia familiar llena de numerosos conflictos y ...

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal determinar los patrones de personalidad en adolescentes con familias disfuncionales de una institución educativa pública de Ate, 2019. Esta investigación fue de tipo básico con diseño no experimental, de corte transversal y de enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra fue de 152 estudiantes mujeres con familias disfuncionales con edades que oscilan entre 13 y 17 años. El instrumento suministrado fue el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon (MACI), el cual dio como resultados que la mayoría de estudiantes mostraron ser independientes y tener confianza en sí mismas, por otro lado expresaban mayor preocupación en insensibilidad social, descrita como la combinación de advertencias, elogios y modelado implícito, las que forman una personalidad indiferente al dolor y la incomodidad por los otros; y el síndrome clínico más notorio es Predisposición a la delincuencia, cuyo resultado se da por una convivencia familiar llena de numerosos conflictos y ...

We propose a parsimonious model with adverse selection where delinquency, renegotiation, and bankruptcy all occur in equilibrium as a result of a simple screening mechanism. A borrower has private information about her cost of bankruptcy, and a lender may use random contracts to screen different types of borrowers. In equilibrium, some borrowers choose not to repay, and thus become delinquent. The lender renegotiates with some delinquent borrowers. In the absence of renegotiation, delinquency leads to bankruptcy. We apply the model to analyze effects of a government intervention in debt restructuring. We show that a mortgage modification program aimed at limiting foreclosures that fails to take into account private debt restructuring may have the opposite effect from the one intended.

Psychologists and other mental health professionals practicing in essentially all clinical settings are called on to assess and manage clients who may pose a risk of violence to third parties. Over the past 25 years much has been learned about the relationship between violence and mental disorder, and about assessing violence risk. In this article risk factors for violence among persons with mental disorder are reviewed, clinical assessment strategies are discussed, and a model for thinking about treatment and other types of interventions designed to minimize violence risk is offered.

The relationship between forensic clinical psychology and the juvenile courts and juvenile justice system is a special one. Psychologists and other mental health professionals have been involved in the juvenile courts since their inception a little over 100 years ago, and some commentators have offered that forensic psychology can trace its roots to psychologists' involvement in juvenile matters (Otto & Heilbrun, 2002). In this chapter, after providing an overview of the juvenile justice system and its history, we review a number of clinical issues critical to understanding adolescents and their involvement in the juvenile justice system, and we finish with a discussion of the law and clinical factors surrounding evaluation in this context. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM The juvenile court and juvenile justice system are relatively new legal institutions, having just celebrated their 100-year anniversaries a few years ago. The first juvenile court came into existence in Illinois in 1899, and other states rapidly adopted the concept thereafter (Grisso, 1998a). Indeed, the impact of the first juvenile court has even expanded beyond the borders of the United States since special courts for juveniles exist in almost all developed nations (Zimring, 2000). Prior to the establishment of juvenile courts, minors age 14 and older who were accused of criminal acts were processed through (adult) criminal court and received adult sanctions (Tanenhaus, 2000). Children between the ages of 7 and 14 were

Victimization is linked to externalizing outcomes in adolescents and recent theorizing suggests that sleep plays a role in this relationship; however, there is little evidence examining sleep as a mediator. This study examines associations between victimization experiences and changes in aggression, delinquency, and drug use. Data were obtained from three waves of a school-based study with middle-school youth (n = 785; 55 % female; 20 % African American; M = 12.32, SD = .51 years at T1), and path analyses were used to test the key hypotheses. Analyses controlling for major life events, demographic factors, and school site revealed that victimization indirectly affected delinquency and drug use, but not aggression, through its relationship with sleep problems. Further, the effects of sleep problems on drug use were specific to females. These data suggest that intervening to address sleep problems resulting from victimization may serve to reduce some forms of externalizing behavior.

It has been pointed out by the Task Force on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (1976) that too often programs have been planned and implemented on the basis of uninformed speculation. In order to determine the major concerns of youths for purposes of delinquency prevention and resources allocation, a study was conducted in the Cleveland area of Ohio. This study was designed to compare the perspectives of youths and adults toward teenage problems. While the exact ranking of problems were not identical, the eleven problem statements ranked highest by both populations were highly similar. The problems that are drawing the most concern and attention include alcohol and drug abuse as well as unemployment. As a result of this concordance, it may be asserted that program planners, administrators and direct service workers are able to reflect accurately the needs and perceptions of youths. It must be recognized, however, that the findings of this effort may vary over time and across geographic locations.

Adolescents emancipating from foster care exhibit high rates of both delinquency and substance use, although it is less clear how these behaviors relate to one another. We aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between these risk behaviors while accounting for relevant child welfare factors. We use data from the Multi-Site Evaluation of Foster Youth Programs to explore longitudinal associations between delinquent behaviors and substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) among youths ages 17 and 18 (N = 429). Delinquency at age 17 was a positive predictor of substance use at age 18, after controlling for baseline use of substances. In contrast, substance use at age 17 was not predictive of increased delinquency at age 18 after baseline delinquency was controlled. Findings indicate that among youths emancipating from the foster care system, delinquent behavior might increase vulnerability for future substance use, as opposed to the latter.

Violence can adversely affect teenagers. Teenagers rarely report violence to their friends or family. Teens who are experienced with violent outbreaks have symptoms such as depression and anxiety, deviant behaviours such as smoking, drugs and alcohol and even attempted suicide. This Study used a cross-sectional design. The sample of the study were student aged 15-19 years who came from 18 Junior High School in Yogyakarta City. The study was conducted during August 2017. Sample size is 481 adolescents. Technique sampling used multistage random cluster sampling. The instrument used questionnaires on violence, knowledge, attitudes, self-confidence, family roles, peer roles, teacher roles and information sources. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis used chi square test. Results showed that 77.5% of adolescents were violent and 68.4% were physically abused. Peers are a risk factor for adolescents to engage in violence (PR: 1.335; CI 95%:1.205-1.479) and families also pla...

The phenomenon of bullet embolization has been documented in various organs or major organ systems. A case report of a gunshot wound injury to the left hemithorax with penetration of the esophagus and embolization to the stomach is presented. Diagnostic evaluation and therapy are discussed.

This study examined the menace of juvenile delinquency among secondary school students in Rivers
State to the society. The dysfunctional remand homes, ineffective juvenile system and the absence of
borstal institution in Rivers State have necessitated the increase of delinquent activities because there
are no functional correctional institutions to remand, correct and rehabilitate the delinquents from
their unacceptable behaviour and actions. Three null hypotheses were derived from the main
objectives which takes a critical analysis on the socio-economic factors that spur juveniles to
commit delinquency, namely: There is no significant relationship between social/vocational skills
and high rate of juvenile delinquency; there is no significant relationship between levels of economic
status of parents and high rate of juvenile delinquency; and there is no significant relationship
between delinquent peers influence and high rate of juvenile delinquency. The research design
adopted in this study is survey and questionnaire was used as the instrument of data collection.
Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were also used in the study while study samples
across the state were Port Harcourt City, Ahoada and Degema Towns. A sample size of 345
respondents was used as well as Pearson Product Moment Correlation with one way analysis of
variance were statically adopted to analyze the data collected from the field. The findings of the
study revealed that the three null hypotheses were rejected while the alternative hypotheses were
accepted. Majorly, the findings revealed that parents are central in creating affective environment in
their homes through vigilant parenting and giving financial support, physical and health needs,
emotional care, counselling, guidance and supervision of their juveniles‘ conduct and actions. While
the government and community authorities should create enabling laws, effective juvenile system
and establishment of borstal schools with well equip vocational training centres to complement the
efforts of parents. It is therefore advocated that: there should be effective structural institutions like
parents‘ council of Nigeria from the community level to the national level and the strengthening of
parent-teachers association in schools to accommodate behavioural skills training amongst others to
handle juveniles with delinquent behaviour before it escalates to an uncontrollable proportion.

This study evaluates the impact of the Family Integrated Transitions (FIT) program on juvenile recidivism. FIT is a family-based intervention for youths with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders transitioning to home from incarceration. We used administrative data to compare 36-month recidivism rates for youths receiving FIT (N ¼ 105) versus usual care (N ¼ 169). Participation in FIT was associated with a 30% reduction in felony recidivism, but not related to overall, violent felony, or misdemeanor recidivism. This study provides cautious evidence for a promising approach toward reducing felony recidivism for youths with co-occurring disorders transitioning out of the juvenile justice system. KEYWORDS community transition planning, co-occurring, evidence-based, juvenile justice Partially supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant 5 R21 DA 13275-03 ''Developing Prime Time Project for Double Jeopardy Youth.'' The purpose of this project is to determine the efficacy of the Prime Time program for African American, justice-involved youth with co-occurring disorders who are transitioning back into the community.

In this study, an environmental impact assessment was conducted on three wood-based panel products namely particleboard, MDF and plywood. The objectives of this study were to determine and assess the environmental impacts of wood-based panel products and to compare the environmental impacts between these panel products and between three different subsystem which are panel preparation, panel shaping and panel finishing, th e scope of this study covers the whole process of particleboard, MDF and plywood manufacturing from the raw material preparation until board finishing (gate-to-gate LCA). Input and output data were collected through survey questionnaire that was developed for easy understanding and distributed to industries. The results from SimaPro 7.2 Software showed that the among three products i.e particleboard, MDF and plywood, the environmental impact on each of the ten categories is greatest for the particleboard followed by plywood and MDF. This could be explained by logs,...

Legal research, at its core, is the cornerstone of legal scholarship and practice, bridging theory and application. In the contemporary era, where societal, technological, and environmental challenges continuously reshape the legal landscape, a multidisciplinary approach to legal research has become imperative. This edited volume, New Frontiers in Legal Research: A Multidisciplinary Approach, is a testament to the dynamic interplay between law and other fields of study, offering fresh perspectives and innovative insights. The edited book brings together diverse contributions that explore the intersections of law with technology, , Environment Law, Intellectual property, constitution, women and Law etc. Each chapter delves into critical and emerging issues, including artificial intelligence in legal systems, gender justice in a globalized world, sustainable development goals and legal frameworks, and the evolving discourse on human rights in the digital age. These topics underscore the necessity of looking beyond traditional legal doctrines to address the complexities of modern societies. This volume aims to inspire legal scholars, practitioners, and students to embrace interdisciplinary methods in their academic and professional pursuits. By broadening the horizons of legal inquiry, we can develop holistic solutions that address the multifaceted challenges of our time. We extend our gratitude to the contributors for their thoughtful analyses and to our reviewers for ensuring the highest quality of scholarship. We are also deeply appreciative of the publisher the lawway with lawyers support that made this publication possible. It is our hope that this book serves as a valuable resource for advancing legal research and fostering innovation across disciplines.

The number of juvenile delinquency continues to increase, it can be seen from the high number of brawls, drugs and illegal racing carried out by teenagers. Some of the influencing factors are self-control and spirituality. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between self-control and spirituality with juvenile delinquency. The research design used a cross sectional study method with a sample of 175 teenagers at Di Kota Padang, using a stratified random sampling technique. This research was conducted in January - July 2022. The measuring instruments used were self-control questionnaires, DSES (Daily Spiritual Experience Scale) and juvenile delinquency. Data processing was carried out using the chi-square method. The results of this study indicate that most (54.9%) of respondents have a good spirituality level and most (65.7%) of respondents have less self-control and most (58.3%) of respondents commit juvenile delinquency, there is a significant relationship b...

Objective-Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at heightened risk for maltreatment in childhood and criminality as they enter into adolescence and early adulthood. Here, we investigated the effect of moderate to severe childhood maltreatment on later criminality among adolescents/young adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood while accounting for the contributions of other known risk factors such as early conduct disorder (CD). Methods-Eighty-eight participants from a longitudinal study of children diagnosed with ADHD and screened for comorbid disorders at age 7-11 years were assessed for maltreatment histories at the time of the 10-year adolescent follow-up. Detailed juvenile and adult criminal records were obtained from the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services approximately 3-years after commencement of the follow-up study. We used regression analyses to determine predictors of adolescent/young adult criminal behavior. Results-Moderate to severe childhood maltreatment increased the risk of adolescent/young adult arrest over and above the risk associated with childhood CD, while both childhood maltreatment and childhood CD significantly increased the risk of recidivism. ADHD youth classified as maltreated were three and a half times more likely to be arrested when compared to ADHD youth without a maltreatment classification. Conclusion-We established maltreatment as a risk factor for criminality in ADHD youth and demonstrated that this relationship was independent of the contributions of CD, and established risk factor for antisocial behavior in this population. The findings highlight the need for maltreatment screening in children with ADHD in order to identify those at heightened risk for criminal activity, and target treatment to improve outcome in this high-risk group of children.

Therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) is a recent legal practice reform, requiring judges and lawyers to attend to offenders' wellbeing. Despite being lauded as the 'most prolific vector' of the Comprehensive Law Movement, TJ has also been condemned as ineffectual, even dangerous. In this paper we review TJ in three sections: the problems TJ seeks to address, how TJ is applied and its requirements, and the new problems TJ produces. This paper exposes tensions between established legal principles and efficacy or recidivism concerns that drive the TJ agenda. It concludes that a judiciary that concerns itself with offenders' social and psychological problems may undermine established legal principles.

BACKGROUND: The school is a primary context for social interaction, cultivation of interpersonal skills, formation of peer groups, self-expression, and development of self. Several studies have demonstrated that the social context of the school has important implications for determining the likelihood that an adolescent will follow a prosocial path through adolescence as opposed to becoming involved in delinquent behavior. METHODS: Using a data set of 4,216 youth in 32 middle schools and junior high schools across the United States, this paper examines the effect of a student's own level of school attachment as well as the contextual level of school attachment (the normative level of school attachment in a school) on 5 alcohol-related measures: recent use of alcohol, intention to use alcohol, normative beliefs about peer use of alcohol, attitudes toward alcohol use, and aspirations consistent with alcohol use. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that regardless of a student's own level of school attachment, students who attend schools where the pupils overall tend to be well attached to school are less likely to use alcohol. In addition, they also have lower intentions to use alcohol, perceive that fewer of their peers at school use alcohol, and more strongly hold aspirations that are inconsistent with alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings, along with the findings of related studies, provide support for the hypothesis that improvement of school climate may result in less substance use among students.

Background. Malnutrition is a public health problem in Vietnam. Child health and the status of women have been targets for various health programs in the country. In general, reports in the literature suggest that care is positively correlated with positive nutritional status of children. In the household, the father is considered a resource for care. However, the role of paternal care in health programs has not received the attention it deserves. Objective. To identify associations between the involvement of fathers in child care and housework and the nutritional status of children under 3 years of age. Methods. This cross-sectional study was based on a random sample of 547 children under 3 years of age from intact families and their biological parents. The main outcome variable was child nutrition. Predictor variables represented two domains of father's involvement. Multivariable general linear modeling and multivariable logistic regression modeling were performed with the use of a combination of stepwise and hierarchical approaches in data analysis. Results. The overall prevalence of underweight among children was 19.1%, and the prevalence of stunting was 14.4%. Children whose fathers did not bring them to a medical facility for immunization were about 1.7 times more likely to be underweight and stunted than those whose fathers did bring them for immunization after child's age, household economic status, and mother's education were controlled for. Father's involvement in housework was not found to be related to the prevalence of malnutrition. Conclusions. Paternal involvement in child immunization should be encouraged by health-care providers who manage immunization programs.

This research examines the frameworks and practices of criminal rehabilitation in Sri Lanka, emphasizing the critical need for an integrated approach within the broader criminal justice system. It advocates collaboration among law enforcement, health, education, and social welfare sectors to address the root causes of crime and support offender reintegration. Drawing comparisons with the established rehabilitation practices in the United Kingdom, the analysis highlights strengths and areas for improvement in Sri Lanka's system. Recommendations are proposed to enhance rehabilitation efforts, reduce recidivism, and promote public safety. Ultimately, this study contributes to the discourse on creating a more holistic and just criminal justice system in Sri Lanka, fostering societal trust and breaking the cycle of crime.

This article examines and evaluates the evidence supporting Kohlberg's theory concerning the development of moral thought. A systematic review of the published research literature suggests that there are several conceptual and methodological problems with the approach. The problems include the derivation, administration, and scoring of the model's primary measurement device; the lack of evidence for both the reliability and validity of that device; and the absence of direct evidence for the basic assumptions of the theory. On the basis of the review, it seems that the empirical utility of the model has yet to be demonstrated.

Primary Care Physicians (PCP) play a key role in the recognition and management of child/adolescent mental health struggles. In rural and under-serviced areas of Canada, there is a gap between child/adolescent mental health needs and service provision. From a Canadian national needs assessment survey, PCPs' narrative comments were examined using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Using the phenomenological method, individual comments were drawn upon to illustrate the themes that emerged. These themes were further analyzed using chi-square to identify significant differences in the frequency in which they were reported. Out of 909 PCPs completing the survey, 39.38% (n = 358) wrote comments. Major themes that emerged were: 1) psychiatrist access, including issues such as long waiting lists, no child/adolescent psychiatrists available, no direct access to child/adolescent psychiatrists; 2) poor communication/continuity, need for more systemized/transparent referral processes,...

Background: The aesthetically appealing eyebrow shape has been defined by its arch, located near the junction between the medial two-thirds and lateral one-third. The position of this arch has been historically described by arbitrary anatomical landmarks that have no logical structural relationship. Moreover, selection of endoscopic brow lift incision sites that define vector of pull and fixation points have been variably described. Objectives: The authors examine the position of the deep temporal fusion line to determine whether it can act as a more accurate and functional landmark than prior anatomical landmarks for the eyebrow peak position. Methods: Eyebrows were measured in 50 subjects from the medial aspect of the eyebrow to the a) deep temporal fusion line (ridge), b) eyebrow peak (arch), c) lateral aspect of the brow, and d) lateral limbus. Pearson's correlation, descriptive statistics, and student's t test results were obtained. Results: Eyebrow measurements demonstrated that the deep temporal fusion line is the most precise indicator of brow peak position among all examined landmarks. The Pearson correlation value was strongest between brow peak and deep temporal fusion line (P = .860) and a t test confirmed this observation with no significant difference between brow peak and deep temporal fusion line. The lateral limbus and medial two-thirds lateral onethird junction more accurately predict brow peak in females, but the deep temporal fusion line is an equally reliable predictor of brow peak for males and females. Conclusions: These findings suggest that placement of endoscopic brow lift incisions and subsequent fixation points may be best defined along the deep temporal fusion line.

Rehabilitation will effectuate a beneficial transformation in our society. The primary aim of this study is to identify the causes of juvenile offences, explore methods for their eradication, and examine the correlation between educational deficiencies and juvenile delinquency, as well as government activities. Approximately 235 samples were obtained using a convenience sampling strategy. Sample frame - INDIA. This research indicates that the government is adopting various effective policies; however, these lack proper implementation. Additionally, family issues, poverty, peer pressure, and parental neglect are significant contributors to poverty. A substantial percentage of individuals advocate for the promotion of rehabilitation to enhance the overall development of society. It is imperative that children receive fundamental care and are not ignored by their parents; also, if a child commits an offence, they should be afforded an opportunity for rehabilitation. This study seeks to examine the societal perceptions of juvenile offenders and misdeeds in India. Juvenile delinquency is a multifaceted issue shaped by numerous factors, such as socioeconomic situations, familial environment, peer influence, educational elements, substance misuse, exposure to violence and trauma, and the absence of rehabilitation and reintegration programs. Social perception significantly influences attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours about juvenile offenders. The research will utilise a mixed-methods approach, incorporating surveys, interviews, and focus groups to collect data from the general population throughout various regions of India.

The role of beliefs, personality variables, and demographic factors in the sentencing of juvenile offenders was investigated. The subjects (1,030 members of the juvenile justice system) judged hypothetical juvenile perpetrators. Various personality, belief, and demographic variables were found to be related to sentencing severity; these relationships differed based on the type of crime judged. Further, relations among these variables and sentencing behavior indicated three coherent patterns or resonances. A liberal group of individuals, believing in rehabilitation, external causality of crime, a positive prognosis for the perpetrator, and nontraditional views of women, sentenced moderately. Two types of conservative individuals were defined. Both groups were punitive, and believed in internal causality of crime; however, they differed on attitudes toward women, needs for cognition, and beliefs about seriousness and harm. One group sentenced the most severely and the other the most leniently. Implications for the sentencing of juvenile offenders are discussed. Historically, sentencing in the juvenile court has emphasized rehabilitation. More recently, however, punishment has become a serious goal (McNally, 1984). With this shift in sentencing philosophy it becomes particularly important to understand factors affecting dispositions in thejuvenile system. How is it decided whether punishment, treatment, o r some combination of the two is most beneficial or most appropriate for a particular juvenile? Previous research on juvenile court sentencing decisions has focused on information about the defendant, such as race and socioeconomic status, and on the role of the offender's history (prior record), and current family and school support systems (Cohen & Kluegel, 1978; Horwitz & Wasserman, 1980). However, individual difference variables associated with the decision maker, such as personality characteristics, beliefs, and goals, have been relatively neglected. 'This project was financially supported by J. Michael Whitaker in his role as Executive Director, Allegheny Intensive Treatment Program for Violent Sexual Juvenile Offenders. The authors would like to thank Monica Biernat, Chris Crandall. and Kevin Doherty for valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript and James Algina for statistical consultation.

The role of beliefs, personality variables, and demographic factors in the sentencing of juvenile offenders was investigated. The subjects (1,030 members of the juvenile justice system) judged hypothetical juvenile perpetrators. Various personality, belief, and demographic variables were found to be related to sentencing severity; these relationships differed based on the type of crime judged. Further, relations among these variables and sentencing behavior indicated three coherent patterns or resonances. A liberal group of individuals, believing in rehabilitation, external causality of crime, a positive prognosis for the perpetrator, and nontraditional views of women, sentenced moderately. Two types of conservative individuals were defined. Both groups were punitive, and believed in internal causality of crime; however, they differed on attitudes toward women, needs for cognition, and beliefs about seriousness and harm. One group sentenced the most severely and the other the most l...

This paper identifies the development of theory and method in research pertaining to ecological aspects of delinquency and crime within urban areas. It is found that research effort in this field is focussed mainly on estimating the association between social area characteristics and delinquency and crime rates. It is suggested that incorporation of individual level determinants of delinquency and crime along with aggregate level properties of the area will enable us to derive the net effects of the area on occurrence of delinquency and crime. Hypotheses of this nature can be tested using the method of contextual analysis. This paper addresses the development of theory and method in research pertaining to ecological aspects of delinquency and crime. This area of research examines the spatial distribution of the levels of delinquency and crime among populations which have homogeneous social and cultural characteristics. The scope of this paper is confined to the methodological and theoretical aspects of the ecology of delinquency and crime within urban areas. The term delinquency and crime is taken to mean a large number of behaviors that violate legal norms [1]. EARLY STUDIES Many of the early studies on intra-urban variations in delinquency and crime stem from the Chicago school of human ecology. The most prominent among the early studies is that of Shaw and McKay [2], which examined the spatial distribution of male delinquents in Chicago. Shaw and McKay noted a few 101

One recent approach to juvenile delinquency has been to conceptualize it as involving a defect in social development. Croups of Indian-Metis and White boys were rated on a scale of interpersonal maturity, and differences calculated between those who subsequently became recidivists and those who did not. The findings suggested that, within both racial groups, potential recidivists differed from potential non-recidivists in that the non-recidivists were more aware of the abstract principles underlying relationships among people. This finding has implications both for identification of potential recidivists, and also for possible differential treatment. This paper is based upon an MA thesis prepared by the senior author at the University of Regina. The authors acknowledge their indebtedness to the staff of the Saskatchewan Boys School. Requests for reprints should be sent to AJ.

Objective: To predict teenage arrests from measures of childhood defiance in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) boys. Method: Defiance ratings that were independent of hyperactivity were obtained on two groups of ADHD boys. Official arrest data obtained on all subjects 9 years later were used as the outcome measure. Results: ADHD boys with high defiance ratings had significantly higher felony offender rates than did boys with low ratings. However, the ADHD boys with low ratings had significantly higher felony offender rates than did normal control boys. Conclusions: Clinicians and parents should be alerted to the fact that minor antisocial features in ADHD boys, such as defiance, signal an increased risk for later serious antisocial behavior. However, they should not be misled by the absence of defiance in ADHD boys to think that these boys are not at risk for serious antisocial behavior (arrests for serious criminal behavior) later in life.

IntroductionThere are high rates of treatment resistant psychoses and medical complexity among patients in secure forensic hospitals (Basrak et al., BJPsych Open (2021) 7, e31,1-7). Patients with schizophrenia in secure settings have a lower life expectancy compared to community peers of approximately 16 years. Evidence suggests patients in secure settings often gain significant amounts of body weight during their in-patient stays, many of whom develop complex obesity presentations.ObjectivesTo ascertain changes in Body Mass Index (BMI) among patients in a secure forensic hospital setting over a 3.5 year period.MethodsA prospective longitudinal study of repeated measures of BMI for all (n=91) patients in a National Forensic Mental Health Service (CMH Dundrum, Dublin, Ireland). BMI was measured six-monthly, giving up to seven time points for each patient. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis was conducted to ascertain changes in BMI over time. This study formed part of the...

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Criminal Law Practice & Procedure is a culmination of years of experience navigating the complexities of criminal law as both a practitioner and a scholar. This book is designed to bridge the gap between theory and practice, providing advocates, students, and scholars with a practical and comprehensive guide to understanding and applying criminal law. Grounded in real-life cases, statutory frameworks, and evolving jurisprudence, it explores critical topics such as bail and bond, evidentiary challenges, defense strategies, and procedural intricacies.
Notably, the book introduces novel concepts such as 'Bad Day Crimes'—an innovative exploration of unintended offenses committed under extreme emotional distress—and 'Crimes of Aging Mechanics', which examines how age-related cognitive and physical changes may influence criminal behavior and culpability. These discussions challenge traditional notions of mens rea, inviting readers to rethink justice through a more empathetic and progressive lens. By blending foundational principles with forward-looking perspectives, this book aims to inspire a deeper, more nuanced appreciation of criminal law's role in shaping society.