Involution

ion from the system of the universe, and that it is the business of speculative philosophy to exhibit this truth; this character is its coherence. Whitehead mentions the concept 'adequacy' of the scheme and says that what is required is that the texture of observed experience, in illustrating the philosophic scheme, is such that all related experience must exhibit the same texture. Thus the philosophic scheme should be 'necessary,' in the sense of bearing in itself its own warrant of universality throughout all experience, provided that we confine ourselves to that which communicates with immediate matter of fact. He says that what does not so communicate is unknowable, and the unknowable is unknown; and so this universality defined by 'communication' can suffice. This doctrine of necessity in universality means that there is an instance in the universe which forbids relationships beyond itself, as a violation of its rationality. Speculative philosophy seeks ...

Let G be a connected bipartite graph. An involution α of G that preserves the bipartition of G is called bipartite. Let G α be the graph obtained from G by adding to G the natural perfect matching induced by α. We show that the k-cube Q k is isomorphic to the direct product G × H if and only if G is isomorphic to Q α k−1 for some bipartite involution α of Q k−1 and H = K 2 .

The aim of this work is to study norm preserving extensions of positive functionals on some spaces of fractions. The main result is stated in the case of unitary complex Banach algebras with involution. Moreover, we deal with C*-algebras and the commutative case as well. An application is also given.

Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign cystic lesions of the sella that arise from the remnants of Rathke pouch. Although most are asymptomatic, symptoms can result from mass effect and commonly include headache, endocrinopathy, or visual field disturbance. Although asymptomatic patients undergo conservative treatment, patients with symptoms are typically treated surgically. The authors report 9 patients with symptomatic cystic sellar lesions and imaging characteristics consistent with an RCC; in all cases there was spontaneous involution of the lesions, and in 5 of 7 patients presenting with headache the symptom resolved. Spontaneous involution of an RCC may be more common than the paucity of prior reports would suggest, especially because the natural history of both symptomatic and asymptomatic RCCs is poorly understood. The potential for spontaneous involution, together with the clinical course of the patients reported here, supports a conservative approach for patients with sympto...

Infantile hemangiomas typically appear in the first few weeks of life as areas of pallor, followed by telangiectatic patches. They then grow rapidly in the first 3 to 6 months of life. Superficial lesions are bright red, protuberant, and sharply demarcated and are often referred to as " strawberry hemangiomas ". Deep lesions are bluish and dome-shaped, feel like a " bag of worms " , and are compressible. Infantile hemangiomas have a predilection for the head and neck region. Most infantile hemangiomas exist as solitary lesions. Infantile hemangiomas continue to grow until 9 to 12 months of age, at which time the growth rate slows down to parallel the growth of the child. Half of these lesions will show complete involution by the time a child reaches age 5; 70% will have disappeared by age 7; and 95% will have regressed by ages 10 to 12. The majority of infantile hemangiomas require no treatment. Indications for active intervention include severe or recurrent hemorrhage unresponsive to treatment, threatening ulceration in areas where serious complications might ensue, interference with vital structures, pedunculated hemangiomas, and significant disfigurement. Treatment options include systemic corticoster-oids, intralesional corticosteroids, topical and oral beta blockers, pulsed-dye laser, and less commonly interferon-α or surgical resection. In recent years, propranolol, a nonselective β-blocker, has been preferentially used as a first-line treatment of problematic infantile hemangioma.

THAI JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS ISSN 1686-0209 ABSTRACT: In this paper we describe generalized left *-derivation F: R --> R in *-prime ring and prove that if F acts as homomorphism or anti-homomorphism on R, then either R is commutative or F is a right *-centralizer on R. Analogous results have been proved for generalized left *-biderivation and Jordan *-centralizer on R.

PROBLEM: Pregnancy and estrogen are known to suppress B lymphopoiesis as well as lead to thymic involution in the mouse. Additionally, estrogen deficiency by oophorectomy reportedly causes a selective increase in the B220+ B cells in the murine bone marrow. The purpose of this study was to determine if estrogens played a regulatory role in T cell development. METHODS: The first experimental group consisted of 5-6-week-old Balb/c mice that received subcutaneous pellets of placebo, estriol, estradiol, or progesterone. The thymus glands were examined 2-4 weeks after treatment. The second group consisted of 6-week-old Balb/c mice who underwent either bilateral oophorectomy or a sham procedure. Two weeks after the surgery, extensive phenotypic characterization of the thymus and spleen cells was performed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to surface markers of T cell subsets. RESULTS: Estrogen treatment causes a dramatic reduction of thymic size and cellularity. All defined T cell subsets of CD4 and CD8 were reduced, with a disproportionate loss of CD4+CD8+ double positive cells. Examination of the triple negative (CD3-CD4-CD8-) subset revealed a striking loss of TN developmental progression of the early precursor cells. Based on the expression of CD44 (pgp-1) and CD25 (IL-2Ra) markers, the TN thymic compartment was composed almost entirely of the earliest population (CD44+, CD25-), with the remaining maturational stages (CD44+, CD25+; CD44-, CD25+; CD44-, CD25-) depleted. In contrast, all T cell developmental stages in the thymus were found to be in normal proportions in the oophorectomized mice, with no differences in the splenic T and B cell subsets. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that estrogen but not progesterone blocks T cell development in the thymus. However, contrary to our expectation, estrogen deprivation by oophorectomy does not enhance T cell development.

The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following result: Let R be a 2-torsion free semiprime *-ring. Suppose that θ, φ are endomorphisms of R such that θ is onto. If there exists an additive mapping F: R → R associated with a (θ, φ)-derivation d of R such that F(xx*) = F(x)θ(x*) + φ(x)d(x*) holds for all x ∈ R, then F is a generalized (θ, φ)-derivation. Further, some more related results are obtained.

Evidence indicates that the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and high prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels contribute to the pathogenesis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition to overproduction by COX-2, PGE2 concentrations also depend upon the levels of the PGE2 catabolic enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). We find a dramatic down-regulation of PGDH protein in NSCLC cell lines and in resected human

One shows the existence of a smooth projective curve over F2 and of representations of the arithmetic fundamental group of X ⊗ k with values in SL2(k[[t]]), with k suitable finite field of characteristic 2, such that the image of the geometric fundamental group is infinite. This gives a negative answer to a question of A.J. de Jong.  2001 Académie des sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS Une famille non triviale de fibrés fixés par le carré du Frobenius Résumé. On montre l'existence d'une courbe projective lisse X sur F2 et de représentations continues du groupe fondamental arithmétique de X ⊗ k à valeurs dans SL2(k[[t]]), avec k corps fini convenable de caractéristique 2, telles que l'image du groupe fondamental géométrique soit infinie. Cela répond par la négative à une question de A.J. de Jong.  2001 Académie des sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS Version française abrégée On montre dans cette Note l'existence d'une courbe projective X, lisse de genre 2 définie sur le corps à 2 éléments et d'une famille paramétrée par une courbe lisse S de fibrés vectoriels de rang 2 sur X, à déterminant trivialisé, qui est isomorphe à son image inverse par le carré du Frobenius (corollaire 3.2). On associe alors à tout point fermé s de S une famille de représentations continues du groupe fondamental arithmétique π 1 (X ⊗ k) dans SL 2 (k[[t]]) (muni de la topologie t-adique), où k est une extension finie convenable du corps résiduel k(s), telles que l'image du groupe fondamental géométrique de X ne soit pas finie. Ceci répond négativement à une question posée par de Jong. Dans [2], il conjecture que tout F [[t]]faisceau lisse sur X, avec un nombre premier différent de p, a une monodromie géométrique finie. Ce résultat assure en particulier que l'hypothèse = p est indispensable, même si X est projective. On utilise la description du Verschiebung agissant sur l'espace des modules de fibrés de rang 2 et de déterminant trivial sur une courbe ordinaire de genre 2 obtenue par C. Pauly et l'auteur dans [4]. Note présentée par Pierre DELIGNE. S0764-4442(01)02109-7/FLA  2001 Académie des sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. Tous droits réservés

A signature ε = (p, q) dependent transposition anti-involution T ε˜o f real Clifford algebras Cℓ p,q for non-degenerate quadratic forms was introduced in [1]. In [2] we showed that, depending on the value of (p − q) mod 8, the map T ε˜g ives rise to transposition, complex Hermitian, or quaternionic Hermitian conjugation of representation matrices in spinor representation. The resulting scalar product is in general different from the two known standard scalar products [12]. We provide a full signature (p, q) dependent classification of the invariance groups G ε p,q of this product for p + q ≤ 9. The map T εĩ s identified as the "star" map known [14] from the theory of (twisted) group algebras, where the Clifford algebra Cℓ p,q is seen as a twisted group ring R t [(Z 2) n ], n = p + q. We discuss and list important subgroups of stabilizer groups G p,q (f) and their transversals in relation to generators of spinor spaces.

Под влиянием современных технологий изменяется тип человека. Личность превращается в актора, человеческий фактор и агента. В содержательном плане агент напоминает зомби — существ без внутреннего мира и способностей к рефлексии. Различается два типа зомби: слабые, остающиеся в сфере логоса, и сильные, дигитально программируемые. Зомби — начальная стадия «улучшения» и трансгуманистической модификации человека. Его дальнейшая перспектива — превращение в роботообразное, что ведет земную жизнь и основанный на ней разум к самоотрицанию. Для предотвращения подобного сценария необходимы честное описание и понимание смертельно опасного характера неуправляемой технологической эскалации современного мира.

In this paper we describe generalized left $\ast$-derivation $F:R\to R$ in $\ast$-prime ring and prove that if $F$ acts as homomorphism or anti-homomorphism on $R$, then either $R$ is commutative or $F$ is a right $\ast$-centralizer on $R$. Analogous results have been proved for generalized left $\ast$-biderivation and Jordan $\ast$-centralizer on $R$.

This article explains relation of social economic strategy applied by the community on the setting of watershed area with dinamics and complexity of urban life. To explain the problem, this article use the perspective of ecological anthropology and urban anthropology. This research uses indepth-interview, participatory observation, and focus group discussion. This research was conducted on the community of Ciliwung watershed on Kampung Melayu and Cawang village in East Jakarta. This research shows that the community on Ciliwung watershed area have social organization based on primordial and religion. The social organization have inclusive orientation and have goal to overcome everyday social problem. The community have model of ecological adaptation and socialeconomic strategy that have characteristics of resistance (control, protect, defend, and resist) as response to the uncertainty of policy and involution of Ciliwung watershed development.

We prove that a Jordan system satisfies a polynomial identity if and only if it satisfies a homotope polynomial identity. In the obtention of that result, we also prove an analogue for associative pairs with involution of Amitsur's theorem on associative algebras satisfying a polynomial identity with involution.

The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following result: Let R be a 2-torsion free semiprime *-ring. Suppose that θ, φ are endomorphisms of R such that θ is onto. If there exists an additive mapping F: R → R associated with a (θ, φ)-derivation d of R such that F(xx*) = F(x)θ(x*) + φ(x)d(x*) holds for all x ∈ R, then F is a generalized (θ, φ)-derivation. Further, some more related results are obtained.

Shri Aurobindo (1872-1950) was an Indian scholar, teacher, politician, writer and mystic. He wrote prolifically, including his Magnum Opus "The Life Divine". He developed a philosophical system based on subjective knowledge obtained during experiences of higher states of consciousness. His theory states the cause of creation was Brahman's desire to experience more delight. A creation cycle comprising a downward movement (involution) and an upward movement (evolution) was fashioned for that purpose. At every stage of creation the essence of Brahman remains present in His creation, which makes Brahman both Immanent and Transcendent. The importance of this theory is the intended effect that it can have on the future evolution of mankind, which is now on the evolutionary leg. Humanity, knowing its ultimate goal, and by using Yogic techniques, can evolve to higher states of consciousness right up to the level of Brahman, which is inherent in man at present.Religious Studies...

Let G be a connected bipartite graph. An involution α of G that preserves the bipartition of G is called bipartite. Let G α be the graph obtained from G by adding to G the natural perfect matching induced by α. We show that the k-cube Q k is isomorphic to the direct product G × H if and only if G is isomorphic to Q α k−1 for some bipartite involution α of Q k−1 and H = K 2 .

We study absolute valued algebras with involution, as defined in Urbanik (1961). We prove that these algebras are finite-dimensional whenever they satisfy the identity (x, x 2, x) = 0, where (·, ·, ·) means associator. We show that, in dimension different from two, isomorphisms between absolute valued algebras with involution are in fact *-isomorphisms. Finally, we give a classification up to isomorphisms of all finite-dimensional absolute valued algebras with involution. As in the case of a parallel situation considered in Rochdi (2003), the triviality of the group of automorphisms of such an algebra can happen in dimension 8, and is equivalent to the nonexistence of 4-dimensional subalgebras.

That milk secretion is not the final differentiated state of the mammary alveolar cells is a relatively new concept. Recent work has suggested that secreting, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) have another function to perform before they undergo cell death in the involuting mammary gland. That is, they help in the final clearance and breakdown of their neighboring cells (and likely residual milk as well.) They become, for a short time, amateur phagocytes, or efferocytes, and then are believed to die and be cleared themselves. Although relatively little study has been made of this change in the functional state of the MEC, nevertheless we may speculate from the involution literature, and extend findings from other systems of apoptotic cell clearance, on some of the mechanisms involved. And with the finding that involution may represent a unique susceptibility window for the progression of metastatic breast cancer, we may suggest areas for future research along these lines as well.

The age-related decline in lymphocyte development and function coincides with impaired zinc status in the elderly. Thymic involution and reduced immune responsiveness are classic hallmarks of both aging and zinc deficiency, resulting in decreased host defense and an increased susceptibility to infections. Thus, compromised zinc status associated with aging may be an important contributing factor in reduced thymopoiesis and impaired immune functions. Our goal in this study was to understand how dietary zinc supplementation affects thymopoiesis in aged mice. We hypothesized that impaired zinc status associated with aging would mediate the decline in thymic function and output and that restoring plasma zinc concentrations via zinc supplementation would improve thymopoiesis and thymic functions. In this study, groups of young (8 wk) and aged (22 mo) mice were fed a zinc-adequate (30 mg/kg zinc) or zinc-supplemented diet (300 mg/kg) for 25 d. Aged mice had impaired zinc status, with zinc supplementation restoring plasma zinc to a concentration not different from those of young male C57Bl/6 mice. Zinc supplementation in aged mice improved thymopoiesis, as assessed by increased total thymocyte numbers. In addition, improved thymic output was mediated in part by reducing the age-related accumulation of immature CD4 2 CD8 2 CD44 + CD25 2 thymocytes, as well as by decreasing the expression of stem cell factor, a thymosuppressive cytokine. Taken together, our results showed that in mice, zinc supplementation can reverse some age-related thymic defects and may be of considerable benefit in improving immune function and overall health in elderly populations.

A numerical Godeaux surface X is a minimal surface of general type with ðO X Þ ¼ K 2 X ¼ 1. Over C such surfaces have p g ðXÞ ¼ h 1 ðO X Þ ¼ 0, but p g ¼ h 1 ðO X Þ ¼ 1 also occurs in characteristic p > 0. Keum and Lee [9] studied Godeaux surfaces over C with an involution, and these were classified by Calabri, Ciliberto, and Mendes Lopes [4]. In characteristic p ! 5, we obtain the same bound jTors Xj 5 as in characteristic 0, and we show that the quotient X= of X by its involution is rational, or is birational to an Enriques surface. Moreover, we give explicit examples in characteristic 5 of quintic hypersurfaces Y with an action of each of the group schemes G of order 5, and having extra symmetry by

Let M be a 2-torsion free C-ring with involution I satisfying the condition xaybz ¼ xbyaz for all x; y; z 2 M and a; b 2 C. The object of our paper is to show that every Jordan left-I-centralizer on a semiprime C-ring with involution I, is a reverse left-I-centralizer. We solve some functional equations in prime and semiprime C-rings with involution I by means of the above results. Moreover, we discuss some more related results.

PURPOSE. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of visual handicap in the pediatric population. To date, this disorder is thought to stem from deficient retinal vascularization. Intriguingly, functional electrophysiological studies in patients with mild or moderate ROP and in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model in rats reveal central photoreceptor disruption that overlies modest retinal vessel loss; a paucity of retinal vasculature occurs predominantly at the periphery. Given that choroidal circulation is the major source of oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptors, the authors set out to investigate whether the choroidal vasculature system may be affected in OIR. METHODS. Rat models of OIR treating newborn animals with 80% or 50/10% alternated oxygen level for the first two postnatal weeks were used to mimic ROP in humans. Immunohistology staining and vascular corrosion casts were used to investigate the vessel layout of the eye. To investigate the effect of 15-deoxy-⌬12,14-PGJ 2 (15d-PGJ 2 ; a nonenzymatic product of prostaglandin D 2) on endothelial cells, in vitro cell culture and ex vivo choroid explants were employed and intravitreal injections were performed in animals. RESULTS. The authors herein demonstrate that deficient vascularity occurs not only in the retinal plexus but also in the choroid. This sustained, marked choroidal degeneration is specifically confined to central regions of the retina that present persistent photoreceptor loss and corresponding functional deficits. Moreover, the authors show that 15d-PGJ 2 is a prominent contributor to this choroidal decay. CONCLUSIONS. The authors demonstrate for the first time pronounced, sustained choroidal vascular involution during the development of ROP. Findings also suggest that effective therapeutic strategies to counter ROP should consider choroidal preservation.

Let σ be a nontrivial automorphism of a compact connected Riemann surface X of genus at least two. Assume that σ fixes each of the theta characteristics of X. We prove that X is hyperelliptic, and σ is the unique hyperelliptic involution of X.

Mammary gland involution, characterized by extensive apoptosis and structural remodelling of the gland, is the process by which the gland is returned to the prepregnant state. A key advantage of the mammary gland is the ability to synchronize involution through forced weaning, thus allowing the dissection of biochemical pathways involved in the involution process. Over the past few years, significant advances have been made in understanding the signaling pathways and downstream effectors that regulate epithelial cell apoptosis in the first phase of involution, and the importance of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in both phases of involution. The precise nature of the triggers for apoptosis, however, and the ultimate perpetrators of cell death are not yet clear. This review focuses on genes whose perturbation, either by targeted deletion or overexpression in transgenic mouse models, leads to precocious involution. The accumulating data point to a complex network of signal transduction pathways that synergize to regulate apoptosis in the involuting mammary gland.

Mammary gland involution, characterized by extensive apoptosis and structural remodelling of the gland, is the process by which the gland is returned to the prepregnant state. A key advantage of the mammary gland is the ability to synchronize involution through forced weaning, thus allowing the dissection of biochemical pathways involved in the involution process. Over the past few years, significant advances have been made in understanding the signaling pathways and downstream effectors that regulate epithelial cell apoptosis in the first phase of involution, and the importance of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in both phases of involution. The precise nature of the triggers for apoptosis, however, and the ultimate perpetrators of cell death are not yet clear. This review focuses on genes whose perturbation, either by targeted deletion or overexpression in transgenic mouse models, leads to precocious involution. The accumulating data point to a complex network of signal transduction pathways that synergize to regulate apoptosis in the involuting mammary gland.

The plasminogen cascade of serine proteases directs both development and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. Plasminogen can be activated to plasmin by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and plasma kallikrein (PKal). The dominant plasminogen activator for mammary involution is PKal, a serine protease that participates in the contact activation system of blood coagulation. We observed that the prekallikrein gene (Klkb1) is expressed highly in the mammary gland during stromal remodeling periods including puberty and postlactational involution. We used a variant of ecotin (ecotin-PKal), a macromolecular inhibitor of serine proteases engineered to be highly specific for active PKal, to demonstrate that inhibition of PKal with ecotin-PKal delays alveolar apoptosis, adipocyte replenishment, and stromal remodeling in the involuting mammary gland, producing a phenotype resembling that resulting from plasminogen deficiency. Using biotinylated ecotin-PKal, we localized active PKal to connective tissue-type mast cells in the mammary gland. Taken together, these results implicate PKal as an effector of the plasminogen cascade during mammary development.

Mammary glands are special tissue characterized by proliferation of the epithelium, during puberty and pregnancy and by programmed cell death, during involution. In this study, apoptosis was identified by TUNEL staining and then related to cell proliferation, as determined by Ki-67 staining. The apoptotic index was at its highest at 8 days of involution, whereas the proliferation index was at its highest during lactation. Caspase-3 was immunolocalised only in mast cells and along the basal membrane in the mammary tissue at −10 days from lambing, 150 days of lactation and at 8 days of involution. This finding could indicate that caspase-3 is not involved in sheep mammary gland apoptosis, but that other proteins-such as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF)-can trigger apoptosis, through the mitochondrial pathway, in a caspaseindependent manner. The expression of genes involved in the regulation of lactation and apoptosis was also investigated and determined relatively to −10 days from lambing. The relative expression level of LALBA, reached its maximum during lactation, whereas the expressions of BCL2, BCL2L1, BAX, STAT5A, STAT3, IGFBP5 and FOXO3A, increased significantly during involution in correlation with apoptotic index. This work shows for the first time the turnover of mammary cells and the interaction of their signals during the complete lactation cycle in sheep. The data on gene expression can contribute to elucidate the mechanisms controlling milk production and cell turnover in this species.

Freudenthal duality, introduced in [1] and defined as an anti-involution on the dyonic charge vector in d = 4 space-time dimensions for those dualities admitting a quartic invariant, is proved to be a symmetry not only of the classical Bekenstein-Hawking entropy but also of the critical points of the black hole potential. Furthermore, Freudenthal duality is extended to any generalized special geometry, thus encompassing all N > 2 supergravities, as well as N = 2 generic special geometry, not necessarily having a coset space structure.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that displays multiple biological activities in different cell types, but to date there has been no report on its expression in the normal mammary gland. In this study we found that LIF is expressed at low but detectable levels in postpubertal, adult virgin, and pregnant mouse mammary glands. However, LIF expression drops after parturition to become almost undetectable in lactating glands. Interestingly, LIF expression shows a steep increase shortly after weaning that is maintained for the following 3 days. During this period, known as the first stage of mammary gland involution, the lack of suckling induces local factors that cause extensive epithelial cell death. It has been shown that Stat3 is the main factor in signaling the initiation of apoptosis, but the mechanism of its activation remains unclear. Herein, we show that LIF expression in the gland is induced by milk stasis and not by the decrease of circulating lactogenic hormones after weaning. Implantation of LIF containing pellets in lactating glands results in a significant increase in epithelium apoptosis. In addition, this treatment also induces Stat3 phosphorylation. We conclude that LIF regulated expression in the mouse mammary gland may play a relevant role during the first stage of mammary gland involution. Our results also show that LIF-induced mammary epithelium apoptosis could be mediated, at least partially, by Stat3 activation.

... Page 6. people with no intellectual background who understand Sri Aurobindo very well, "I finally got an answer that made sense - one academic told me that all the people he met who talked about Sri Aurobindo were true believers." This makes sense to ...

The processes by which the involuting mammary gland clears residual milk and milk fat, as well as apoptotic cells, have gone largely unstudied in the modern literature. Here we review the evidence for and against the involvement of professional phagocytes of hematopoetic lineage in this process. Additionally we present evidence that mammary epithelial cells themselves are capable of phagocytosis and may be responsible for the majority of apoptotic cell and residual milk clearance during murine involution. In this scheme these cells regulate their cytokine production in response to apoptotic cells in a manner similar to other cells, including macrophages. The ensuing model describes a process of involution that actively suppresses an inflammatory response in the gland, allowing for effective tissue remodeling and damage prevention.

To evaluate the clinical course of multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) and to reveal any criteria indicating spontaneous involution. Material methods: Hospital records of patients with MCDK followed in two different institutions in 1994e2009 were reviewed and data were analyzed regarding involution. Results: Records of 96 patients were reviewed, of whom 46 were diagnosed antenatally and followed for more than 1 year. Fourteen patients had undergone nephrectomy. There was one case of hypertension which resided with nephrectomy. There was no malignancy. Involution rate was 53.6% (15/28) for right-sided and only 16.7% (3/18) for left-sided kidneys. The initial size of the kidney was found to be another predictive parameter for involution. Initial sizes of 43 (15 involuted and 28 non-involuted) kidneys were documented. Mean standard deviation score for involuting and non-involuting kidneys was À3.19 and 3.12, respectively. The chance of involution for a large kidney on the left was zero; however, involution risk for a small right-sided kidney was 67%. Conclusion: Reviewing a 15-year period of our patient records conveyed data supporting current literature mainly encouraging non-operative management of MCDK. Further studies are required; however, our two objective indicators, the initial size and side of dysplastic kidney, may contribute to the management.