Investigación Experimental

AUTORES:
1) El Dr. Octavio Reyes López es Profesor de Tiempo Completo en la Dirección de Investigación y Postgrado de la Universidad Virtual del Estado de Guanajuato (UVEG). (autor de correspondencia). Su correo electrónico es: [email protected]
2) El Dr. Rafael Espinoza Mosqueda es Profesor de Tiempo Completo en la. División de Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra.
3) El Dr. Ramón Olvera Mejía es Coordinador del Centro de Estudios Estratégicos [CEDE] de la Universidad Latina de México y Catedrático Invitado del Postgrado en diversas instituciones educativas.


RESUMEN:
El presente reporte, corresponde a una investigación cualitativa de tipo longitudinal que ha sido piloteada tres años, en donde se adoptó el diseño de Teoría Fundamentada y se utilizó la metodología EMFIS, este trabajo fue desarrollado con el objetivo de apoyar las investigaciones del postgrado en la determinación, argumentación y validación del tamaño de muestra en estudios descriptivos. Para tal fin se abordan diferentes planteamientos para que el investigador justifique de manera correcta y en forma apropiada la determinación del tamaño y la representatividad de la muestra seleccionada, dependiendo de la naturaleza de los datos disponibles y/o del propósito del proyecto de investigación.

Los criterios para la determinación del tamaño de muestra, serán diferentes en caso de tratarse de una investigación cualitativa a diferencia de trabajar con énfasis cuantitativo, incluso éste último dependerá del propósito del proyecto por si requiere la estimación de medias o de proporciones y si el valor de "N" es indeterminado o conocido; por otra parte los criterios para la determinación de "n" como tamaño de muestra variarán en el caso de ensayar con pruebas piloto, o tratándose de comunidades muy dispersas, así también cuando se busca muestrear cada localidad en un amplio universo de estudio.

Palabras clave: Tamaño y representatividad de la muestra. Estudios descriptivos.

Resumo: Os fundamentos éticos da pesquisa social incidem, basicamente, sobre o processo e a aplicação da investigação. Intimamente associadas a estas duas etapas, sequenciais e holísticas, temos as questões relacionadas com a integridade da ciência, a integridade do investigador e a responsabilidade social.
É sobre o processo e a aplicação da investigação, relacionados com estes aspetos conexos e transversais, como os aspetos que devem ser observados na integridade do investigador, as condições necessárias à integridade da ciência bem como a responsabilidade social do próprio investigador que pretendemos, de seguida, refletir.
Podemos concluir que, como princípio ético enformador da sua conduta, o investigador, deve orientar a sua investigação no sentido de promover os valores da liberdade, da segurança individual, da diversidade, da equidade e da solidariedade, ajudando a encontrar e a cimentar um quadro institucional exigente, democrático e colaborativo, que garantisse o respeito pelos direitos humanos, o primado da lei no plano internacional, a democracia e a participação dos cidadãos na causa pública. Deve também, numa regulação ao serviço do cidadão, fomentar as atividades empresariais que respeitem os princípios da responsabilidade, eficácia e subsidiariedade.

Abstract: The ethical foundations of social research essentially focus on the process and application of research. Closely associated with these two sequential and holistic stages, we have issues related to the integrity of science, the integrity of the researcher, and social responsibility.
It is about the process and the application of research, related to these interconnected and transversal aspects, such as the aspects that must be observed in the integrity of the researcher, the necessary conditions for the integrity of science as well as the social responsibility of the researcher himself that we intend to reflect next.
We can conclude that, as an ethical principle that shapes his conduct, the researcher must guide his research in order to promote the values of freedom, individual security, diversity, equity and solidarity, helping to find and cement a demanding, democratic and collaborative institutional framework, that guarantees the respect for human rights, the rule of law at the international level, democracy and citizen participation in public affairs. It should also, in a regulation in the service of the citizen, promote business activities that respect the principles of responsibility, effectiveness and subsidiarity.

Keywords: Ethical issues, Social research, methodology
Palavras-chave:  Questões éticas, Pesquisa social, metodologia

Transonic wind tunnels (TWT) are sophisticated tools for the investigations of flows with Mach numbers of order one. The most characteristic feature of a facility such as this is, for sure, the openings in the walls of the test section. The openings in the walls permit the proper relief effect, and this, on the other hand, makes possible the experimentation at the transonic range. The results to be presented in this paper correspond to an analysis of the flow in the test section of a TWT containing a NACA 0012 airfoil. Both numerical and experimental investigations were conducted. For the numerical investigation, a three-dimensional, finite-difference code, based on the diagonal algorithm, was employed, whereas for the experimentation, the classical static-pressure taps as well as the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) techniques were used. The classical static-pressure tap method is indicated as PSI technique. The pressure distributions were investigated for Mach numbers in the range of 0.6 – 0.8 and angles of attack from 0° up to 8°. The relief effect due to the slots, which provides for avoiding choking effects, is clearly demonstrated when one compares the flow along both solid and perforated walls. In the first part of this research report, the main focus will be on the numerical results. Notwithstanding this, and for comparison purposes, some experimental results will be called upon here, together with some literature data.