Indexing (Information Organisation)

Un des grands enjeux pour les bibliothèques et archives numériques aujourd’hui est celui de permettre à tout usager une appropriation active de leurs fonds textuels et, plus particulièrement, audiovisuels. Appropriation active veut bien dire, adaptation des données audiovisuelles aux besoins et intérêts spécifiques d’un utilisateur ou d’un groupe d’utilisateurs. Une question particulièrement centrale dans ce contexte est celle du métalangage de description nécessaire pour permettre à toute personne de procéder à des analyses concrètes et personnelles d’un corpus de textes audiovisuels documentant l’univers du discours d’une archive audiovisuelle. Divisé en quatre grandes parties, ce livre explicite d’abord le cadre théorique et méthodologique de référence qui est celui de la sémiotique du texte audiovisuel. Dans les deux parties suivantes est décrit et expliqué d’une manière détaillée et concrète le travail de l’analyste d’un corpus audiovisuel à l’aide d’un métalangage de description développé dans le cadre d’un projet R&D financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). Enfin, dans la quatrième partie sont décrits les différents éléments métalinguistiques qui composent le métalangage en question. Le contenu de ce livre peut être également consulté en ligne sur Google Books: https://books.google.fr/books?id=JNu2AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Indexing languages have traditionally been an essential tool for organizing and retrieving documental information. The inclusion of indexing languages into the digital environment leads to new frontiers, but also new opportunities. This study shows the historical evolution of the indexing languages and its application in document management field. We analyze diverse trends for their digital use from two perspectives: its integration with other digital and linguistic resources, and the adjustment of it to the Web environment. Finally, it is analyzed how these languages are used in the Web 2.0, and the incorporation of ontologies in the Semantic Web.

Thanks to a grant of the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste, the Bielefeld University has started a project of fifteen years length (2015–2030) which includes the critical edition of Niklas Luhmann’s extant works and manuscripts and the digitalization of his famous card index. Such valuable enterprise has re-aroused interest for what is regarded by many scholars as a Gral, a marvellous instrument which ensured the German sociologist a huge creativity and an incredible scientific production. The feeling is that looking inside the filing cabinet is like looking inside the mind of a genius at work. This article suggests a different point of view which deals with the Enlightenment project of the sociologist of Bielefeld. The main hypothesis is that in the use of a card index as surprises generator there is nothing particularly surprising if one takes into consideration the evolution of knowledge management in early modern Europe. Rather, the question should be how it is possible to explain the evolutionary improbability of the social use of ‘machines’ as secondary memories for knowledge management and production. This article provides some suggestions for research and tries to display where Luhmann’s card index comes from.

Resumo: A indexação é a representação do conteúdo dos documentos por meio da transcrição de uma linguagem natural em linguagem documentária. Para o desenvolvimento da atividade, deve-se elaborar procedimentos de indexação nos quais se defina quais critérios serão utilizados pelo corpo indexador, levando-se em consideração a infraestrutura da organização, seus recursos humanos e seus usuários. Os instrumentos resultantes do processo de indexação podem ser listas de cabeçalhos de assuntos, tesauros ou vocabulários controlados. Esse controle implica diretamente na organização de acervos, já que nomeia de forma consistente os pontos de acesso que levam à informação dos documentos. Apesar de normalmente realizada em documentos bibliográficos, a indexação adquiriu importância na arquivologia a partir do momento em que a documentação arquivística adquiriu diversidade de gênero e conteúdo. Para uma indexação consistente e aplicável aos documentos arquivísticos, alguns procedimentos precisam ser adotados, a fim de evitar repetição de informações e resultados ineficientes. Palavras-chave: Recuperação da Informação. Política de Indexação. Controle de Vocabulário. Documentos Arquivísticos. 1 INTRODUÇÃO Indexar é construir representações do conteúdo do documento de forma que sua inclusão possa ser recuperada em algum tipo de base de dados. As suas etapas geralmente compreendem o conhecimento prévio do documento, a determinação de seu tema principal, a identificação dos elementos do conteúdo que devem ser descritos e a extração dos termos correspondentes, a verificação da pertinência dos termos escolhidos, a tradução dos termos da linguagem natural para termos correspondentes da linguagem documentária, a verificação

Abstract:  Presents  the  methodology  of  indexing  with  images  based  on  Saussure’s  semiology  and Peirce’s semiotics theory. So, it is explained how the traditional indexing mechanisms are related to the words of the language,  lexicon,  discourse  and  in terminology  to  represent  documents’  contents. Indexing processes are though analysed under the perspective of the sign, both as a word and as image, to show the relationships between literal and imagetic universes. Presents the Peirce’s logic of image description in its simplified triad  form of icon, index and symbol, which is used to elaborate new  messages. In that context some examples are built to show the resulting indexing card meaning to establish the reversed procedure  of  the  indexing  with  images’  methodology,  based  on  Jacques  Bertin’s  studies  about  the principles  of  intentional  image  construction.  Using  images  to  tie  relationships  between  users  and documents is a vast field for scientific research and development.

Accreditation bodies call for curriculum development processes open to all stakeholders, reflecting viewpoints of students, industry, university faculty and society. However, communication difficulties between faculty and non-faculty groups leave unexplored an immense collaboration potential. Using classification of learning objectives, natural language processing, and data visualization, this paper presents a method to deliver program plan representations that are universal, self-explanatory, and empowering. A simple example shows how the method contributes to representative program planning experiences and a case study is used to confirm the method's accuracy and utility.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal conhecer, de modo
detalhado, o perfil profissional dos bibliotecários escolares
do Brasil, Espanha e Portugal. Nesse sentido, foram definidos
três objetivos específicos: a) conhecer o marco legal que rege
o seu desempenho profissional, nesses países, b) identificar e
descrever as funções e tarefas executadas pelo responsável
pela biblioteca da escola, incluindo seu tempo de dedicação
e c) conhecer a formação inicial e contínua específica dos
bibliotecários escolares. Para o efeito, procedeu-se a uma
análise de literatura e de legislação relevantes, além da recolha
de dados sobre uma amostra de bibliotecários dos três países,
através de um inquérito por questionário. Entre os principais
objetivos alcançados, destaca-se a caracterização detalhada dos
perfis profissionais dos responsáveis por bibliotecas escolares,
no Brasil, Espanha e Portugal, identificando o seu trabalho e as
suas funções, o tipo de formação educacional que possuem, o
nível alcançado, as áreas e matérias de que se ocupam em seu
desempenho profissional, a educação formal e continuada que
possuem e o número de horas dedicadas à biblioteca da escola.

Indexing languages have traditionally been an essential tool for organizing and retrieving documental information. The inclusion of indexing languages into the digital environment leads to new frontiers, but also new opportunities. This study shows the historical evolution of the indexing languages and its application in document management field. We analyze diverse trends for their digital use from two perspectives: their integration with other digital and linguistic resources, and the adjustment of them into the Web environment. Finally, there is an analysis of how these languages are used in the Web 2.0 and the incorporation of ontologies in the Semantic Web.

Indexing languages have traditionally been an essential tool for organizing and retrieving documental information. The inclusion of indexing languages into the digital environment leads to new frontiers, but also new opportunities. This study shows the historical evolution of the indexing languages and its application in document management field. We analyze diverse trends for their digital use from two perspectives: their integration with other digital and linguistic resources, and the adjustment of them into the Web environment. Finally, there is an analysis of how these languages are used in the Web 2.0 and the incorporation of ontologies in the Semantic Web.

Games are increasingly recognized for their educational potential. However, when used as a learning resource, games can differ substantially from other educational media. They often combine high-fidelity audio and video content with experiential, social, or exploratory pedagogy. As educators increasingly turn to technology to support the delivery and management of content, the capability to describe and package serious games effectively as reusable learning objects (LOs) is increasingly vital. Doing so requires developing the capability to express games not in terms of technical boundaries, but as coherent and discrete LOs, which can be reused and combined. Enabling this requires metadata be attached to games, whilst making the metadata schema explicit to allow the use of the metadata beyond its original scope. Furthermore, standardisation of metadata schema means that systems are able to work together and use data interchangeably. However, current standards for describing educational content cannot directly be utilized to describe these serious games as educational resources. This makes it difficult to include serious games in repositories of learning objects and to describe them in a coherent way in the various online repositories. This paper introduces a metadata schema for describing serious games as educational resources, based on existing standards, so that serious games content can be described within online repositories.

Βασικές έννοιες - όροι και ορισμοί εννοιών - πρότυπα - εφαρμογή - παραδείγματα

Basic concepts - terms and definitions of concepts - standards - application - examples

Indexes and vocabularies. Lecture at Dept. of Archives, Library Science and Museology, Ionian University, 18/11/2015.

Asked to edit and critically review the exchange between philosopher Rafael Capurro and Linda Treude on the concept of information, the below linked document presents the final version of the exchange, including my contributions to copy and content editing as well as bibliographic suggestions from my review. The final version of the document can be accessed at http://www.capurro.de/moraes.html

- Jared Bielby


"The term information is omnipresent in academic research as well as in everyday life. Buzz words such as information society, information age or information overload are floating around everywhere. But what do we mean exactly with 'information' in different contexts?

The philosopher Rafael Capurro dealt with this question in the late 1970's in his PhD thesis on the concept of information. Especially the philosophical community was suffering at that time from a lack of reflection thereupon. Capurro tried to fill this gap. The following remark by the physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912-2007) had a particular impact on him.

"Today we are getting accustomed [...] to understand information as something different from matter and consciousness. What we have discovered is an old truth in a new place. It is the Platonic eidos, the Aristotelian form, expressed in words such that also a human being in the 20th century can learn about them."

Weizsäcker’s step back to the history of ideas motivated Capurro also to deal with ethical issues of the information society particularly since the rise of the internet. The handling of digital information requires new cultural skills that are addressed with the term 'information literacy.' In the last ten years many projects in the Library and Information Science field (LIS) include or are even focused on information literacy (IL). In many of these projects there is a pre-understanding that IL has to do with the ability to find, filter, and process digital information. At the same time, there is a gap between this pre-understanding and an the ongoing academic discussion on the concept of information. The following dialogue deals particularly with this gap."

~ Linda Treude

Accreditation bodies call for curriculum development processes open to all stakeholders, reflecting viewpoints of students, industry, university faculty and society. However, communication difficulties between faculty and non-faculty groups leave unexplored an immense collaboration potential. Using classification of learning objectives, natural language processing, and data visualization, this paper presents a method to deliver program plan representations that are universal, self-explanatory, and empowering. A simple example shows how the method contributes to representative program planning experiences and a case study is used to confirm the method’s accuracy and utility.

The Greek Reference Index for the Social Sciences and Humanities (GRISSH) is a service that collects, documents, stores and, where possible, provides access to peer-reviewed publications in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (SSH) by Greek publishers. It also provides long-term preservation for the digital and print files of the publications. The GRISSH was conceived by the National Documentation Centre (EKT) and the documentation and access platform is developed by the organization itself (OpenABEKT). The GRISSH is, in essence, a collaborative project that advances with the assistance and active participation of the publishing and scholarly community in Greece. It is intended as an essential reference service for the research and publishing community in Greece and abroad. The present contribution presents the goals, objectives and key benefits of the project; the evaluation criteria for the selection of content; the specifications for the development of the index; the methodology of documentation; the emerging collaborations with stakeholders. It also, present how the GRISSH project is aligned with the national and international agendas in view of a coordinated development and e-infrastructure that will support the sectors of academia, research and academic publishing.

The continuous information explosion through the Internet and all information sources makes it
necessary to perform all information processing activities automatically in quick and reliable
manners. In this paper, we proposed and implemented a method to automatically create and Index
for books written in Arabic language. The process depends largely on text summarization and
abstraction processes to collect main topics and statements in the book. The process is developed
in terms of accuracy and performance and results showed that this process can effectively replace
the effort of manually indexing books and document, a process that can be very useful in all
information processing and retrieval applications.

Abstract: This paper presents an exploratory study of four children who were asked to use concept-mapping techniques to arrange 60 concepts in a hierarchical taxonomy. It represents a step towards better understanding children's categorization in order more effectively to construct taxonomic subject directories for use by children on the Web.

The paper describes an application of indexing—the technology currently widely used for processing and comparing textual information—to multi-dimensional entities of knowledge domains. We propose a model for building a frame-based ontology, which contains a domain conceptual model as well as a controlled vocabulary of “base terms” used for indexing. Further, the ontology constitutes the structure for the knowledge base of the recommender system developed by us, whose task is to support human-computer interaction in web applications. The system automatically represents the interaction task being solved as a structured set of base terms, and compares it with the pre-indexed design guidelines representing practical knowledge of the domain. The interaction task context is defined by input data: 1) semi-structured attributes of target users and 2) natural-language requirements for a particular web application. The former are processed mostly via production model rules stored in the knowledge base, while the requirement text is mined for base terms from the controlled vocabulary. As a result of the comparison, the system provides a set of guidelines relevant for a particular interaction task context, seeking to save work effort of interface designers. Also, the proposed approach for indexing multi-dimensional entities can be applied in various recommender and knowledge-based systems.

Little attention has previously been paid to the use of controlled vocabularies and subject keywords for indexing archival finding aids in the UK. Qualitative and quantitative responses to a questionnaire of UK repositories concerning the use of subject keywords and controlled vocabularies are presented. Clear patterns of thesaurus usage emerge from responses, and diverse opinions are put forward. Issues raised include retrieval by free text versus controlled vocabulary, strengths and weaknesses of different thesauri, lack of suitable thesauri, use of multiple thesauri, retrospective conversion, consistency of indexing across repositories and consistency of indexing across networks. Possible ways forward for the subject indexing of finding aids are identified.

Indexing is the representation of documents' content through transcription of natural language to documentary language. Elaborating procedures of indexing in which criterias will be used by the indexers is necessary to the development of this activity. These procedures must consider the infrastructure of the organization or company, its human resources and its users. The final instruments resulted from the indexing process can be lists of subject headings, thesauri or controlled vocabularies. This control directly involves the archival description and organization, due its consistent appointment to the access points that lead to documents information. Although it is typically applied to bibliographic documents, the process of indexing gained importance in Archival Science meanwhile archival documents acquired diversity in gender and in content. To obtain a consistent indexation and application on archives, some procedures must be adopted in order to avoid information repetition ...

Accreditation bodies call for curriculum development processes open to all stakeholders, reflecting viewpoints of students, industry, university faculty and society. However, communication difficulties between faculty and non-faculty groups leave unexplored an immense collaboration potential. Using classification of learning objectives, natural language processing, and data visualization, this paper presents a method to deliver program plan representations that are universal, self-explanatory, and empowering. A simple example shows how the method contributes to representative program planning experiences and a case study is used to confirm the method’s accuracy and utility.

Accreditation bodies call for curriculum development processes open to all stakeholders, reflecting viewpoints of students, industry, university faculty and society. However, communication difficulties between faculty and non-faculty groups leave unexplored an immense collaboration potential. Using classification of learning objectives, natural language processing, and data visualization, this paper presents a method to deliver program plan representations that are universal, self-explanatory, and empowering. A simple example shows how the method contributes to representative program planning experiences and a case study is used to confirm the method's accuracy and utility.

Abstract: Indexing languages have traditionally been an essential tool for organizing and retrieving documental information. The inclusion of indexing languages into the digital environment leads to new frontiers, but also new opportunities. This study shows the historical evolution of ...

Modern database applications like geographic information systems, multimedia databases, and digital libraries dealing with huge volumes of high dimensional data, make use of multidimensional index structures. Among them,SR-tree has been shown to outperform the R-Tree and its variants and the SS-Tree. For static datasets, packed index structures provide better retrieval performance. This paper presents schemes for SR-Tree packing based on different pre-processing techniques. The results show that these schemes consistently outperform packed R-Tree and conventional SR-Tree structures in terms of storage space and query performance.

We consider the recently introduced monochromatic reverse top-k queries which ask for, given a new tuple q and a dataset D, all possible top-k queries on D union {q} for which q is in the result. Towards this problem, we focus on designing indexes in two dimensions for repeated (or batch) querying, a novel but practical consideration. We present the insight that by representing the dataset as an arrangement of lines, a critical k-polygon can be identified and used exclusively to respond to reverse top-k queries. We construct an index based on this observation which has guaranteed worst-case query cost that is logarithmic in the size of the k-polygon.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal conhecer, de modo detalhado, o perfil profissional dos bibliotecários escolares do Brasil, Espanha e Portugal. Nesse sentido, foram definidos três objetivos específicos: a) conhecer o marco legal que rege o seu desempenho profissional, nesses países, b) identificar e descrever as funções e tarefas executadas pelo responsável pela biblioteca da escola, incluindo seu tempo de dedicação e c) conhecer a formação inicial e contínua específica dos bibliotecários escolares. Para o efeito, procedeu-se a uma análise de literatura e de legislação relevantes, além da recolha de dados sobre uma amostra de bibliotecários dos três países, através de um inquérito por questionário. Entre os principais objetivos alcançados, destaca-se a caracterização detalhada dos perfis profissionais dos responsáveis por bibliotecas escolares, no Brasil, Espanha e Portugal, identificando o seu trabalho e as suas funções, o tipo de formação educacional que possuem, o nível ...

Most research into entity resolution (also known as record linkage or data matching) has concentrated on the quality of the matching results. In this paper, we focus on matching time and scalability, with the aim to achieve large-scale real-time entity resolution. Traditional entity resolution techniques have assumed the matching of two static databases. In our networked and online world, however, it is becoming increasingly important for many organisations to be able to conduct entity resolution between a collection of often very large databases and a stream of query or update records. The matching should be done in (near) real-time, and be as automatic and accurate as possible, returning a ranked list of matched records for each given query record. This task therefore becomes similar to querying large document collections, as done for example by Web search engines, however based on a different type of documents: structured database records that, for example, contain personal information, such as names and addresses. In this paper, we investigate inverted indexing techniques, as commonly used in Web search engines, and employ them for real-time entity resolution. We present two variations of the traditional inverted index approach, aimed at facilitating fast approximate matching. We show encouraging initial results on large real-world data sets, with the inverted index approaches being up-to one hundred times faster than the traditionally used standard blocking approach. However, this improved matching speed currently comes at a cost, in that matching quality for larger data sets can be lower compared to when standard blocking is used, and thus more work is required.

Games are increasingly recognized for their educational potential. However, when used as a learning resource, games can differ substantially from other educational media. They often combine high-fidelity audio and video content with experiential, social, or exploratory pedagogy. As educators increasingly turn to technology to support the delivery and management of content, the capability to describe and package serious games effectively as reusable learning objects (LOs) is increasingly vital. Doing so requires developing the capability to express games not in terms of technical boundaries, but as coherent and discrete LOs, which can be reused and combined. Enabling this requires metadata be attached to games, whilst making the metadata schema explicit to allow the use of the metadata beyond its original scope. Furthermore, standardisation of metadata schema means that systems are able to work together and use data interchangeably. However, current standards for describing educational content cannot directly be utilized to describe these serious games as educational resources. This makes it difficult to include serious games in repositories of learning objects and to describe them in a coherent way in the various online repositories. This paper introduces a metadata schema for describing serious games as educational resources, based on existing standards, so that serious games content can be described within online repositories.

The "Study Skills Webinar Series " was funded, conceptualised, and produced by the Research Development Unit at Thammasat University's Faculty of Liberal Arts. Each short webinar can be viewed by following the YouTube link, and the PDF provides a short summary of its contents.

Résumé : Une forme particulière d’organisation de l’information s’est développée sur les intranets, en s’adaptant aux contraintes associées aux évolutions récentes de l’organisation du travail. À partir des données statistiques fournies par l’indexation réalisée sur un ensemble de soixante-dix sites intranet construits à l’aide d’une même plateforme de gestion de contenu, on analyse une forme négociée d’organisation de l’information. On présente le résultat de trois sortes de négociations conduites par les webmestres : l’indexation des contenus, l’utilisation de listes contrôlées de métadonnées et le partage de ces listes entre sites. On tire de cette analyse des enseignements relatifs à la nature du pilotage de l’organisation de l’information sur un intranet de grande entreprise.


Abstract : A particular form of information organization developed on the intranets, by adapting itself to the constraints associated with the recent evolutions of work organization. With the statistical data suplied by the indexation made on a set of seventy intranet sites built by means of the same platform of web content management, we analyze a negotiated form of information organization. We expose the results of three kinds of negotiations managed by the webmasters: contents indexing, the use of controlled lists of metadata and the reuse of these lists for more than one site. This analysis allows setting out teachings about information organization management on the intranet of a large company.

The way that we interact with databases has changed. The ubiquitous textbook example of finding employees with salaries over 60K and ages under 30 no longer reflects a typical use case in modern applications; instead, users are interested in books, movies, music, documents, services, and users that are similar to another object that they have in mind. This sort of similarity search is often implemented by means of a top-k query, wherein each tuple is assigned a score and the tuples with the k highest scores are reported back to the user.