History of civil engineering

Recent years have seen an increasing number of academics attempt to write more process-oriented and ‘non-representational’ accounts of landscape. Drawing upon this literature, I discuss a number of the movements, materialities, and practices entailed in constructing England's M1 motorway in the late 1950s. The performances, movements and durability of a diverse range of things—including earth-moving machines, public relations brochures, maps, helicopters, senior engineers, aggregate and labourers—are shown to be important to the construction and ordering of the motorway and spaces of the construction company in different times and spaces, with people's experiences or understandings of construction, both now and in the past, emerging through memories, talk and embodied encounters with architectures, texts and artefacts which are assembled, circulated and/or archived. Aerial perspectives assumed a prominent role in depictions of construction, while journalists and engineers frequently drew upon a military vocabulary and alluded to the military nature of the project when discussing the motorway.

A recurrent theme in the characterization of synthetic biology is the role of engineering. This theme is widespread in the accounts of scholars studying this field and the biologists working in it, in those of the biologists themselves, as well as in policy documents. The aim of this article is to open this black-box of engineering that is supposed to influence and change contemporary life sciences. Too often, both synthetic biologists and their critics assume a very narrow understanding of what engineering is about, resulting in an unfruitful debate about whether synthetic biology possesses genuine engineering method-ologies or not. By looking in more detail to the diversity of engineering conceptions in debates concerning synthetic biology, a richer perspective can be developed. In this article, I will examine five influential ways in which engineering is understood in these debates, namely engineering as applied science, as rational methodology, context-sensitive practice, cunning activity or design. The claim is first of all thus to argue that engineering must not be seen as something stable or characterized by a fixed essence. It rather has multiple meanings and interpretations. Secondly, the claim is that most of the debates on synthetic biology cannot be indifferent towards the question which conception of engineering is at play, since the specific questions and concerns that pop up depend to a great extent on the precise conception of engineering one has in account. Many of the existing debates around synthetic biology can thus be reinterpreted and readdressed once one is aware of which conception of engineering is at play.

This paper provides an insight and the role of the dynamics soil structure interaction analysis depending upon the past studies. As a result of population boom and scarcity of land, buildings are constructed very close to each other. This is the major issue especially in the case of developing country where housing colonies are developing in the big cities as well as in the countryside, making the study of soil-structure interaction as an essential part of structural design process. The effect of soil, on which the structures stands, especially in the highly seismic zones, the dynamic behaviour of soil as well structure should be well known by the designer. The effects of structures standing in a close vicinity to each other is the main issue of soil-structure interactions as well as structure-soil-structure interactions. In this paper, various methods of soil-structure interactions carried out by various researchers in various region are reviewed.

The incorporation of Spanish public works as heritage assets has tended to be restricted to specific structures. In this respect, the majority of work protecting this heritage has focused on bridges, dams or railway stations. As opposed to the conventional view, there is another view that considers civil engineering heritage from a territorial focus. This approach regards landscape as a cultural artefact and the individual elements as points or intersections within the networks of roads, canals or railways that shape the landscape. The growing interest in the consideration of ever-larger heritage sites has recently led to the consideration of new types of assets by several Spanish organisations and to the search for methods to manage them. In this respect, the Ministry of Culture has launched the National Plan for Cultural Landscapes and the National Plan for Industrial Heritage. The heritage of these assets is particularly vulnerable as they remain in use in the vast majority of cases. This paper subsequently aims to evaluate the strength of both plans to preserve the territorial heritage of public works and offers some new insights that could be transferable to the international community.

According to World health Organization Global health Observatory, 600 million Indians are facing extreme water stress and about two lakh people die every year due to inadequate access to safe water. This scenario indicate that many parts of the country will soon face a crisis in both water quantity and water quality unless management of water resources planned in a sustainable way. Many major rivers are polluted as a result of urbanization and industrialization, thereby quality parameters also violating the standards. In India, more than 50% of population depends on agriculture and many farmers use fertilizers, consists of harmful chemicals. The Nitrogen and phosphorous are the two nutrients originating from inorganic and organic fertilizers, that affect the water quality due to intensive agricultural farming and livestock grazing. Water availability in a catchment is necessary to plan/allocate the water resources in an equity manner. This can be estimated using a hydrologic model, which is designed to simulate the rainfall-runoff processes of watershed systems. An ArcGIS-based user interface could be used to model hydrologic and water quality parameters. SWAT is a continuous simulation-based model and is developed through a distributed hydrological modeling approach, which is one of the few hydrologic models with water quality coupling capability. This review mainly focuses on the broad aspects related to the execution and applicability of SWAT for various catchments to simulate the runoff and other quality parameters with various calibration techniques, thereby to make policies for best management practices and to promote sustainable development.

SUMARI 1. Michi docere offi cium vestrum magistri axie.-2. Un mestre al servei de la ciutat.-3. L'adop de la casa e teulada... fos ben necessari.-4. Conclusió: una petita brigada.-5.-Bibliografi a citada. 916 JACOBO VIDAL FRANQUET ANUARIO DE ESTUDIOS MEDIEVALES, 43/2, julio-diciembre 2013, pp. 915-940

Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Structure made an alarming situation for researchers and students for specializing in the sturdiness affecting parameters along side crushing strength, various uncontrollable parameters like environmental or exposure situations are equally important for the service existence of structures. Rusting of reinforcement in strengthened concrete diminishes the provider existence and exacerbates concrete structures causing early stage failure of structures. Therefore, assessing present situation of reinforced concrete structure is essential for planning, repairing and replacing of structure.

In India, maximum constructional activities are done using the ancient convectional cast in situ methods since a very long time. As the country is developing in a fast pace, the requirement for housing is escalating and thus the construction industries are also blooming rapidly hence demanding faster and better construction methods. This increased demand can be matched by using one of the modern technologies, pre-cast concrete method. Study of literature shows a number of precedence of precast concrete method over other methods of construction. Most importantly, its remarkable and desirable seismic behavior. Accordingly, a detailed review of the related literatures is discussed and also the pros and attributes of the precast concrete method are mentioned henceforth.

The patterns of sporadic structure development have quickly expanded because of tasteful and restricted accessibility of land. Past examinations have indicated that the structures with design abnormality are harmed under solid ground movement. Auxiliary inconsistencies are significant elements which decline the seismic exhibition of the structures. Structures having basic anomalies bring about the lopsided circulation of the story float, exorbitant twist, etc. The irregularity discussed here are about plan irregularity which is available in re-participant corners and torsional anomaly which is caused by abrupt changes in firmness and twist enhancement factor in building. This study is to propose a feasible solution to build this kind of structure in seismically active areas using analytical methods with the assistance of ETABS software. The analysis shall be done through a comparable static horizontal power technique and reaction range examination (dynamic investigation). The basic reactions will estimated regarding story displacement, inter-story drift ratio, torsional irregularity ratio, torsional diaphragm rotation, normalized base shear force, and overturning moment, which are also called seismic response demands. The structure will be analyzed and compare with different types of other shape plan.

A water tank is a raised design developed at a stature productive to give crisis stockpiling to fire assurance and to compress a water supply framework for the dissemination of consumable water. The raised water tank can be separated into two kinds in light of size, shape, materials and motivation behind utilize Elevated water stockpiling tank and Ground upheld tank. [4, 8] Among different design raised storagereservoir are the constructions which need to stay useful after serious quake occasion for help activity and to control fire breakouts and so forth consequently, the seismic conduct of raised tank ought to be known and perceived, and they ought to be plan to be tremor safe. [1, 17] Water is human essential need for everyday life. Raised water tank comprises of a enormous water mass at the highest point of thin organizing which are most significant thought for the disappointment of the tank during seismic tremor, raised water tanks are basic and key constructions and harm of these structures during quake may jeopardized drinking water supply. Enormous quantities of papers have been distributed till date identified with seismic reaction of raised water tank. Specialists utilize various sorts of model and scientific and test strategies to discover the seismic reaction of these constructions. Such examinations are being use to give rules and proper techniques to guarantee wellbeing of raised water tanks quite far in the occasion earthquake.[7] Elevation of the repository is given through organizing. Arranging by and large has underlying framework packing of segment and level supports which sends the heap to establishment. Water tank conduct on organizing is significant and should be assessed. In this examination, assessed seismic execution of raised water stockpiling tank by putting base confinement framework utilizing SAP2000. [19] The investigation of raised storage is performed on incautious mode and convective mode utilizing the code IS 1893(part2) and furthermore, we considered the powers in both tank full conditions and tank void condition. From this examination the powers dealing with raised water tank because of seismic powers are determined for zone IV. [18].

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges gab es kaum eine deutsche Großstadt, die nicht bereits über eine Luftschiffhalle verfügte oder über deren Errichtung nachdachte – wollte sie nicht den Anschluss an das prophezeite Luftschiff-Verkehrsnetz verpassen. Die starren Gerüstluftschiffe des Zeppelin-Typs setzten sich zunehmend durch, stellten aber besondere Anforderungen. Das Eigengewicht ihrer Konstruktion verlangte ein viel größeres Gasvolumen und erforderte Luftschiffhallen mit immensen Ausmaßen. Nach jedem Fahrtende war ihre Verbringung in Bergehallen unbedingt erforderlich. Das Ein- und Aushallen der Luftschiffe, vor allem das Passieren der Tore bei Seitenwind, blieb immer ein kritischer Moment. Zur Lösung dieses Problems wurden elektrisch in den Wind drehbare Luftschiffhallen favorisiert. Solche Drehhallen waren ungleich teurer. Als Kompromiss wurden Luftschiffhallen fest in Hauptwindrichtung gebaut und deren Tore zumeist als Windschutzwände ausgebildet. Bis Kriegsende wurde nicht von glattwandigen, abstehenden Toren abgewichen, obwohl dies mehrfach für Unfälle sorgte. Da viele Luftschiffhäfen gleichzeitig Flugplätze waren, machte sich der störende Einfluss der kantigen Luftschiffhallen-Baukörper auf die laminare Strömung besonders bemerkbar und erzeugte Wirbel, die den leichten Flugapparaten wie auch den Luftschiffen bei Bodenmanövern gleichermaßen gefährlich wurden.

Die Ausnahme bildete ein allseits abgerundeter Luftschiffhallentyp, der 1913 in Dresden, Liegnitz und Posen errichtet wurde – Konstruktionen eines heute unbekannten Ingenieurs: Ernst Meier. Seine Erfindung des Kuppeldrehtores ermöglichte erstmals auch die sphärische Wölbung der beiden Hallengiebelseiten. Geöffnet schmiegten sich die Torhälften zudem so an den Hallenkörper an, dass im Torbereich kaum Strömungsbehinderung stattfand und die kritischen Luftwirbel ausblieben.

Erst nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg und durch den kriegsbedingt gewachsenen Wissensstand in der Strömungsmechanik wurde dieser Vorteil allgemein anerkannt und weltweit auf eine Vielzahl Luftschiffhallen und -hallenentwürfe angewandt.

Hyperbolic cooling towers have become the design standard for all natural-draft cooling towers because of their structural strength and minimum usage of material. The hyperbolic shape is particularly suited to cooling tower construction as the wide base provides a large space for the water and cooling system. As the tower widens out at the top, it supports the turbulent mixing as the heated air makes contact with the atmospheric air. Hyperbolic cooling tower is a tall structure with shells subjected to dead load and wind load. In absence of ground motion, wind becomes the major factor. In this study, 2 major models are studied with I and V column support. Each model is further divided into 2 models, i.e. one with SHELL element and another with SOLID element. All models were modelled and analyzed in ANSYS. The wind loads on these cooling tower have been calculated in the form of pressure by using the circumferentially distributed design wind pressure coefficients as given in IS: 11504 - 1985 code along with the design wind pressures at different levels as per IS: 875 (Part 3) - 1987 code. The analysis has been carried out using 8 noded shell element (SHELL281), 8 noded solid element (SOLID185) and 20 noded solid element (SOLID 186).

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon occurring with all unpredictability. During the earthquake, ground motions occur in a random fashion, both horizontally and vertically, in all directions radiating from focal point. These cause structures to vibrate and induce inertia forces on them Earthquake engineering is a versatile branch of engineering that designs and analysis structure, such as building and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall aim is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. This time making comparative study about vulnerability analysis of structure which built on sand i.e. desert, soft soil. I will design Seismic analysis of structure which built on sand and soft soil by using the software ETABS and The IS code assigned a zone factor of 0.36 for zone 5. Structural designers use this element for earthquake resistant design of structures in zone 5. This region throughout structure according to Indian IS code 1893:2002 and for wind load IS 875:1987.

The study assessed response of Nigerian Construction Industry to economic growth of Nigeria. The research was conducted using secondary data. The secondary data used was the National Account Dataset from 1981 to 2018 as 2010 constant price year. This was gotten from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) publication reports. The response was evaluated through Impact propensity (IP), Finite Distributed Lag (FDL) and the Long Run Propensity (LRP). These parameters were calculated from the time series regression analysis using ordinary Least Square Method of estimation. The results show that the impact propensity of economic growth on construction is weak with correlation coefficient of -0.012. Delayed impact of economic growth on construction was observed with finite distributed lag of two year cycle. Maximum correlation coefficient of 1.265 with the economics of the preceding year (t-1) was observed. Long run propensity of 1.333 establishes a high growth propensity for construction industry given a one percent permanent GDP growth. Therefore, the study concluded that a consistent economic growth is desirable so as to achieve improved construction industry contribution to GDP.

A study was carried out to evaluate the Level of Carbon Monoxide in residential area of GIDC Mundra. Some locations of residential area of Mundra were selected. For that purpose reading should be taken from the locations, they were Orient Abrasives Limited (kaolin Division), Adani Wilmar Ltd., Gujarat Credo Alumina Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Oriental Carbon and Chemicals Ltd, Drof Ketal Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mundra Plant, Adani Wilmar Limited. Samples one during Morning and one after the Evening were taken from each sampling point. The atmospheric parameters which include measurement of CO level were taken from each locations using CO level meter instrument and the value compared with (WHO) guideline. Data analysis was carried out and suitable measures should be taken out to living healthy human life which free from harmful CO gas.

Vehicular traffic is the major problem in metropolitan cities because traffic congestion is increasing rapidly at signalized intersections; it results in chronic situation in dense downtown areas. Traffic congestion is also major problem for smooth transportation. So, here we adopted a mechanism which minimizes traffic problems and that mechanism is called hydraulic machine. Hydraulic machine is the mechanisms which lift the things up and down at a particular height. Our purpose is to create a mechanism which lifts the footpath at signalized intersection up and down when there is more traffic at signalized intersection. We studied about the various congested signalized intersection areas and then selected Bhim Square for our study. We collected the peak hour traffic data using videography survey method and categorized the vehicles into different classes. Calculate the queue length at bhim square using normal footpath and again calculate the queue length for same traffic data by using hydraulic foothpath. On comparing the reduction of queue length percentage we observed that hydraulic footpath is more preferable than the normal footpath for congested traffic at signalized intersection, because it reduce approximate 60% queue length. Also, hydraulic footpath gives extra space at signalized intersection and it helps to increase service volume.

In this study, the effectiveness of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fibers in improving the properties of concrete was investigated. Recycling of waste PET bottles is a daunting task in developing countries due to inadequate recycling facilities. The main aim of this research paper is to investigate the mechanical behavior of the components by using PET fibers. This paper describes the performance of PET fiber reinforced concrete for two grades of concrete mix M20 and M30. An experimental work has been carried out on the specimens like cubes, cylinders and beams which were casted in the laboratory and their behavior under the test was observed. The PET fibers were replaced to the fine aggregate volume from 0.0% to 2.0%. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete were determined after 28 days of curing period. The highest compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete was observed at 1.5% fiber volume replacement to the fine aggregate. The study concludes that the replacement of waste PET fibers to fine aggregate in concrete serves as a means of utilizing the waste generated by PET bottles to increase the strength of concrete.

In modern days for structures in coastal areas it has been observed that the premature structural failures are occurs due to corrosion of the reinforcements of the designed structural member. The corrosion causes the structural damage which in turn leads to reduction in the bearing capacity of the concerned structural members. The aim of this study was to study the effect of partial replacement of fly ash to minimize the corrosion effect. Beams were designed and corroded by using artificial method known accelerated corrosion method. The beams were then tested for flexural and bond strength. Also the weight loss of the reinforced bars was been determined using electrical resistivity method. The fly ash will replace by 10% and 15%.The strength will calculate at varying percentage of corrosion at 10% and 15%. Beams will cast at M25 grade concrete. The flexural strength will test by using UTM and the bond strength will calculate using pullout test.

Bus Rapid Transit was introduced as a flexible, low-cost alternative to Metro and Light-Rail systems which also aimed at encouraging people to opt for public transport instead of private vehicles. But due to the restriction of right-of-way in the existing road, implementation of BRT system has affected the other lanes. The Motorized vehicle lanes get congested and the total throughput in every direction is affected. Thus, the BRT system needs to be integrated with other modes of transport for optimization of the traffic situation as a whole. This paper presents a study in which the motorized vehicles are given passage into the BRT Lane at a ‘appropriate distance’ before the intersection taking into account the traffic signal cycle and also the traffic signal used at ‘entry spot’ of the BRT Lane. VISSIM, a microscopic simulation model is used to investigate the results of the above model and its effects on the traffic situation. It has been observed that if motorized vehicles are allowed on Bus lane at a distance from the intersection, there is an increase in number of vehicle-throughput, average speed, and reduction in average delay time and with minimal impact on the BRT system.

This work deals with study and redevelopment of Nagor village, Kutch. In this we focuses on improved resource use efficiency, local self-governance, access to assure basic amenities of village to be redeveloped for easy living of village people. We are redeveloping basic infrastructural facilities like poor road network, drainage facilities, waste disposal facilities and water storage and harvesting by taking smart decisions using various technologies and effective ideas.

Several techniques are available for the development of the unit hydrograph. But most of these traditional methods require manual fitting of the unit hydrograph through few points, which does not guarantee the area under the unit hydrograph to be unity. More over most of the stations are ungauged, due to which it becomes difficult to develop the unit hydrograph. So in order to overcome these problems, two methods have been considered in this study for the development of the unit hydrograph for Dhadhar river basin. They are the “two parameter Gamma distribution” and “three parameter Beta distribution”, both of which are based on Probability Distribution Functions (pdfs). The unit hydrograph developed by the two parameter Gamma distribution match well with the one developed by CWC method, but the unit hydrograph developed by the three parameter Beta distribution does not match well with the one developed by the CWC method. From the unit hydrograph, runoff hydrograph is convoluted for the year 2018. For this the hourly rainfall are generated from daily rainfall values by disaggregation. But on plotting, the simulated discharge hydrograph is found to be greater than the observed discharge. This may be due to non-incorporation of the inflow outflow processes of many hydraulic structures such as dams, irrigation schemes etc., existing in the basin in the model study.

A floor system plays an important role in overall cost and service of the building. Flat plate/slabs are economical since they have no beams and hence can reduce the floor height by 10-15%. In this paper analysis of RC flat slab with drop and post-tensioned flat slab with drop is carried out. This analysis is done for ground floor slab level and G+2 slab level. A finite element based software ETABS (vr.2016) is used for analyzing parameters like strip wise bending moments, shear force and displacements. A comparative analysis is carried out for maximum values of bending moments, shear force and displacements found in RCC and PT flat slab. The present work provides reasonable information regarding the suitability of Post-tensioned flat slab over RC flat slab.

With the increase in demand for construction materials, man has improved a lot in the construction techniques of structures. Reinforced concrete beams are normally designed as under reinforced to provide ductile behavior such as the tensile moment of resistance. In coastal environment reinforcement corrosion is an obvious cause of deterioration of concrete structure, which affects the durability and service of reinforced concrete structure. Structural stability is majorly influenced by strength of concrete. Torsional strength is a measure of the shear strength of concrete, in other words it is a measure of a resistance against failure in twisting. The main aim of this study is to analyze the flexural, shear & torsional strength, experimentally; of corroded beams using Ordinary Portland cement. Accelerated corrosion technique was adopted to corrode the beam experimentally. We have used varying percentage of corrosion as 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. Change in strength of RC beams is studied for varying percentage of corrosion. Beam specimens are prepared using M20 grade concrete for OPC. Beam specimens casted are tested in UTM for flexure and shear. Specially prepared loading setup is used for torsional strength test.

Concrete is the most important civil engineering material in construction buildings and industries because increase the strength properties. Rubber and foundry sand are produced excessively worldwide every year. In such a case the reuse of rubber and foundry sand would be a better choice. In order to reuse rubber wastes, rubber tyre chips was added to concrete as coarse aggregate and In order to reuse foundry sand, foundry sand was added to concrete as fine aggregate and its different properties like compressive strength. As a result it was found that rubberized and foundry sand concrete is durable, less ductile, has greater crack resistance but has a low compressive strength when compared with ordinary concrete. Due to rapid growth in automobile industry use of tyre increase day to day and there is no reuse of the same to decrease the environmental pollution .in this paper we will study about physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled tyre or rubber material aggregate. This study present the information about the civil engineering application of foundry sand, which is technically sound and is environmental safe. Foundry sand can be used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and rubber tyre chip partial replacement coarse aggregate .foundry sand can be used in concrete to improve its strength and other durability factor. Foundry sand is high silica sand that is a by – product from the production of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting. The fresh & hardened properties of concrete such as workability, compressive strength, are the identified.

We are building the structures rapidly in the area where there is requirement of the structures. Every structure has its own service life. Every structure is designed by assuming its life of existence. Some of the structures gets more life than expected and some gets fail in achieving its life. Any technology or material has its limitation to withstand. Many of the structures of R.C.C. are located in Seismic prone area. The structures gets damaged due to earthquake and the structures which becomes old should be checked that whether it has the strength of existence or not. The structures should be audited timely for the safety of the human life as well as for the nearby structures. The structures can be checked by various methods of Non-Destructive Test (Rebound Hammer Test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method, Pulse Echo Method, Probe Penetration Test, Destructive Test. Rebound Hammer Test of Non-Destructive Test is used in this paper to check the strength of an institutional building. When examining the structure, this paper aims to expand the life of structure. Different techniques of Retrofitting is given to the structural member which is unsafe. By applying the retrofitting, the structure can be made safe.

In recent technology, considerable attention was given to the fabrication of light weight rechargeable batteries, electro chromic display devices, microelectronics, sensor and molecule design etc. As one of the most important conducting polymers, polyaniline because of its chemical stability and relatively high conductivity and its derivatives have been extensively studied in different fields of science, because of the demand for high performance materials in advanced technologies. However, the common uses of polyaniline are restricted, due to its poor process ability and low solubility. Various techniques were given for synthesis of conducting polymer. In the current studies, polyaniline (PANI) and its composites with semiconductor was prepared chemical oxidation method in the presence of different bronsted acids from aqueous solutions. The effect of thermal treatment on electrical conductivity (DC), of the pure PANI, PANI+10%, 15% and 20% MnSO4 conducting polymers were investigated. It is found that conductivity of PANI enhancing due to stretching polymeric chain cause due to interaction with MnSO4.

In this growing world, traffic conjunction is considered as most growing problems in both urban as well as sub-urban areas. Traffic congestion is a major issue in day to day life. It has a tremendous impact on the nation’s economy, air pollution, water pollution, travel behavior, accidental risk, land-use and to its end users. Various studies have shown that there is a sudden increase in the traffic congestion. Traffic congestion leads to queuing. Queuing process takes place in both signalized as well as non-signalized intersections, freeways, bottlenecks, incident sites, toll plazas, parking and the areas near the freeways. Queuing also occurs in many non transportation fields. Hence it is very important to study the queue length pattern, its estimation, methods of calculating queue length and give a solution. Hence various methods for estimation of queue length is reviewed.

Cementations materials have been utilized by humankind for development from days of yore. The each rising practical prerequisite of the structures and the ability to oppose forceful components has required growing new cementations materials and solid composites to meet the better and strength rules. The ecological factors and weight of using waste materials from industry have additionally been the major contributory components in new advancements in the field of solid innovation.

With the headway of innovation and expanded field of uses of cement and mortars, the quality functionality, strength and different characters of the standard solid need changes to make it more appropriate for a by circumstances. Added to this is the need to battle the expanding cost and shortage of concrete. Under these conditions the utilization of admixtures is discovered to be a significant elective arrangement.

Subsequently an endeavor has been made in the current examination to assess the functionality, compressive quality, part elasticity and flexure quality on expansion of wood squander debris (0 – 50%) alongside creased steel strands (0-2%) in concrete. Wood debris is an admixture: a pozzolana. Wood debris is created as a side-effect of ignition in wood-terminated force plants, paper factories, and other wood consuming businesses.

The extent of present examination is

To study the usefulness regarding compaction factor of wood squander debris based fiber strengthened cement
To study the quality attributes regarding compressive, split tensile and flexure qualities of wood squander debris based fiber fortified cement

Standard shapes of 150 ? 150 ? 150 mm have been projected and tried for getting 7 days and 28 days compressive Strength.

Standard chambers of 150mm width and 300 mm tallness were projected and tried for Split rigidity.

The Conventional building effect on greenhouse gases ( co2), global warming and human health related. 90% of the time we are inside the building, so conventional building great effect on our health as well as environment. The first aim of this study is to existing Apollo Institute of Engineering & Technology (AIET) building convert into Green building without their demolition by use of natural source, save energy and green materials. The second aim is to study of Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Green Existing Building Rating System.

As the world population increases, the demand increases for good quality of drinking water. Surface and groundwater resources are being consumed faster than they can be recharged. Rainwater harvesting is an old practice that is being adopted by many nations as a viable decentralized water source. This project is to prepare a model for rainwater harvesting from rooftops and we are designing Rainwater harvesting system in a residential building to use the rooftop rainwater and recharge ground water from excess water & concrete roads of residential houses then making demo model to show different collaborative techniques.

In the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Americans traveled to the Soviet Union to help build the first socialist country in the world. American experts in the Soviet Union offered general scientific and technical advice that was grounded in a seemingly apolitical transnational ideology. And yet development work is inherently political. Using published and unpublished sources from archives and libraries in the United States and the former Soviet Union, this article looks at one particular case of American technical assistance—assistance to Soviet irrigation and cotton-growing schemes in Uzbekistan—to explore the little-known story of American participation in the perpetuation of Russia’s colonial relationship with its Central Asian borderland. By privileging Russian dreams of landscape transformation in Turkestan over local uses of the environment, American experts in the region helped to ensure Central Asians’ dependence on cotton cultivation while assisting in a process of environmental degradation that continues to this day.

Building cracks are one form of regularly occurring trouble that occur in any form of concrete shape. In fact, crack-free concrete systems are very uncommon to find in actual global. Cracks in undeniable and bolstered concrete possess a hard to civil engineers from the six decades. All of us want our building structurally safe but it isn't so simple. A crack is to be impacts the building artistic and destroys the wall integrity, influences the shape protection and reduce the sturdiness of concrete. Certain flawed steps during construction and other inevitable causes of various types of cracks begin to emerge structural and non-structural components of a building. So, well timed identification of such cracks and adopting preventive Degree are important. The repair materials and restore technique are exceptional depending upon kinds of cracks in accordance to their positions in shape. A few types of cracks significantly need attention as they're structurally hazardous. Understanding the causes and effects of cracking very well is critical for selecting proper measures to solve the cracking problem in concrete.

Globally construction industry has enormous growth year by year. This leads to increase the need for construction materials. We are taking the materials from natural resources because of this natural resource depletion occurs at a faster rate. Also, this affects the environment. Cement production leads to higher amount of CO2 emission similarly depletion in river sand leads to ground water problems. So we have to find some alternate materials to conserve the earth for next generation. The faster industrial growth generates large amount of industrial wastes. Industrial waste material management is such a challenging area. Handling and disposal of industrial waste is a big issue for every country around the world. Ferrous slag is considered as an industrial waste which is obtained from iron smelting process. To minimize the environmental problems ferrous slag is used in concrete as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. Using Polypropylene fibre we can increase the tensile strength of concrete. Mainly polypropylene fibre resists the micro plastic shrinkage cracks. Here polypropylene fibres added as micro reinforcement. But not much research has been carried out to study the combined behaviour of ferrous slag and Polypropylene fibre. The percentages of replacements of sand by granulated ferrous slag are 0%, 20%, & 50% and also the fibre dosage is maintained as constant 0.5% of cement. This research focused on the combined behaviour of ferrous slag and polypropylene fibre in study strength and transport properties.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is also considered as a concrete which can be placed and compacted under its own weight with little or no vibration without segregation or bleeding. The use of SCC with its improving productions techniques is increasing everyday in concrete production. It is used to facilitate and ensure proper filling and good structural performance of heavily reinforced structural members. Recently, nano particles have been gaining increasing attention and have been applied in many fields to fabricate new materials with novel functions due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Degradation of concrete members exposed to aggressive sulphuric acid environments is a key durability issue that affects the life cycle performance and maintenance costs of vital civil infrastructure. Sulphuric acid in groundwater, chemical waste or generated from the oxidation of sulphur bearing compounds in backfill can attack substructure concrete members. Moreover, concrete structures in industrial zones are susceptible to deterioration due to acid rain of which sulphuric acid is a chief component. In this work 40Mpa self-compacting concrete is developed using modified Nan-Su method of mix design. Slump flow, J-Ring, V-funnel tests are conducted to justify the fresh properties of SCC and are checked against EFNARC (2005) specifications. Specimens of dimensions 150x150x150mm were cast without nano silica and with two nano silica are added in different percentages(1%, 1.5% and 2% by weight of cement) to SCC. To justify the compressive strength for 7 and 28days, specimens are tested under axial compression. Durability properties were also studied by immersing the specimensin5% HCl and5% H2SO4. The particle packing in concrete can be improved by using Nano-silica which leads to densifying of the micro and nanostructure resulting in improved mechanical properties. Nano-silica addition to cement based materials can also control the degradation of the fundamental C-S-H (calcium-silicate-hydrate) reaction of concrete caused by calcium leaching in water as well as block water penetration and therefore lead to improvements in durability.

Since the 21st century, the idea of green constructing has gradually become popular again was launched in many countries, which has become a popular alternative to sustainable development construction industry. Over the past few decades, many scholars and experts have done more research on the green structure. Green construction technology is one of the world’s leading topics set to reduce the major impact of the construction industry on the environment, society and the economy. The world has an urgent need for sustainability and an intelligent development as the problem of pollution and global warming grows rapidly around the world. Major climate change has also been noted and experience globally due to the proliferation of Green House Gases (GHG's). The purpose of this paper is to focus on how sustainable constructing material can help reduce the impact of environmental degradation, and produce healthy buildings that are sustainable for the human being and for our environment.

Pushover analysis is an elegant tool to visualise the performance level of a building under a given earthquake. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the Non Linear static Pushover analysis of medium rise RC bare frame and high rise RC infilled structure with soft stories at different levels using ETABS software. Results concluded that due to the introduction of soft stories in the higher level the intensity of hinge formation becomes lower and lower and at the same time displacement and base shear increases