History of Vilnius Research Papers

[EN] Nobiles pauperes: The Clientele of the Congregation of the Mission Hospital in Eighteenth-Century Vilnius In 1695, Jan Teofil Plater and his wife Aleksandra founded a hospital for six impoverished nobles in Vilnius. Situated near... more

[EN] Nobiles pauperes: The Clientele of the Congregation of the Mission Hospital in Eighteenth-Century Vilnius
In 1695, Jan Teofil Plater and his wife Aleksandra founded a hospital for six impoverished nobles in Vilnius. Situated near the newly built church of the Ascension and the convent of the Congregation of the Mission in the Subocz suburb beyond the city walls, this hospital was the first and, until the end of the eighteenth century, the only charitable institution providing care for individuals of particular social status. The article, based on the hospital’s registry book and other sources, examines the quantitative, as well as qualitative characteristics of the institution’s clientele, such as its fluctuations in size, its social composition, and the causes of its inmates’ impoverishment. The research revealed that, despite the demand for care, the overseers managed to maintain a stable number of inmates, rarely admitting more than one or two persons every year, and thus ensuring a steady operation of the hospital (see table 1). However, in contrast with other charitable institutions in Vilnius, the clientele of the Congregation of the Mission hospital changed frequently because of expulsions (39.6 percent of all cases) and inmates leaving the hospital on their own initiative (20.1 percent) already in the first year of their stay. The mortality of inmates (27.8 percent) affected the size and turnover of the clientele to a much lesser extent than observed in other hospitals. Although there are no reliable data on the inmates’ age and health, such statistics show that they probably were younger and healthier than the clients of other charitable institutions in Vilnius. Moreover, the Congregation of the Mission hospital’s inmates differed from the clients of other institutions in respect of social composition. Impoverished petty
nobles, originating mainly from the districts of Lida and Oszmiana, constituted the majority (56.25 percent) of the hospital’s inmates whose social status is noted in the registry book (62.5 percent). The nobles became clients of the Congregation of the Mission hospital either because of old age, disability, as well as other accidental causes, or because of increased social vulnerability outside mutual aid networks, comprised of family members, kin or neighbours. The article argues that the foundation of a hospital designated to provide care primarily for impoverished nobles shows that the poverty of nobles was recognized by contemporaries as a social problem that should be tackled.

A hypothesis of historiography of the Reformation that Lukasz Markowicz, the burgomaster of Vilnius, was the author of the Polish Arianistic book published in Gardinas in 1564–1566 is analysed. After discussing the arguments of other... more

Nuo XX a. 2 deš. iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo Vilnius turėjo vieną dominuojantį fotografą – Janą Bułhaką (1876–1950), kuris, be to, buvo vienas iš nedidelio Vilniaus paveldosaugos ekspertų rato. Darbe siekiama atskleisti, kaip Bułhako... more

Wilno stanowiło istotny ośrodek zakonny dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Na podstawie archiwaliów i zachowanych starych druków omówiono księgozbiory wspólnot żeńskich tradycji mniszej, franciszkańskiej, reguły augustiańskiej. Wskazano ponadto... more

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- by Jolanta Gwioździk
- •
- 4
  Old Books, History of Vilnius, Wilno, contemplative nuns

Jokūbas Gierkė (Jacob Gercke, Gerich, Gierke, Gierck, Geirke) was one of the most famous 17th century clockmakers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Vilnius craftsman is the only Lithuanian included in a directory of the world's best... more

Karinio traukinio katastrofos Vilniaus traukinių stotyje 1945 m. sausio 12 d. ir jos tyrimo bei pasėkmių istorija.

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- by Marius Ėmužis
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- 3
  Lithuanian History, Lietuvos istorija, History of Vilnius

The book is an extensive collection of scholarly articles written by renowned Lithuanian urban historian dr. Stasys Samalavičius (1930–1992). The book is compiled from researcher‘s published articles as well as his previously unpublished... more

The book is an extensive collection of scholarly articles written by renowned Lithuanian urban historian dr. Stasys Samalavičius (1930–1992). The book is compiled from researcher‘s published articles as well as his previously unpublished writings covering a vast range of Vilnius city culture and everyday life of its
dwellers in the 17–18th centuries. The book represents rather exceptional research done during the soviet period as S. Samalavičius was the founder of historical studies of everyday life of lithuania‘s urban dwellers – highly innovative historical studies done during the period of dependence when the scope of historical research was restricted by authorities. The present collection contains scholarly inquiry into various aspects of Vilnius‘ urban life: the houses of urban dwellers, their structure and appearance, the works of art, interior lighting equipment, carpets and furniture held in the possesion of Vilniusites, the musical life of Lithuania‘s capital, festivities held on the important public occasions, plague years and burrial rites as well as discussions of city‘s institutions and structure and activities of the artisans and merchants guilds, especially the activities of Vilnius‘s builders guild and other related issues. The present volume includes the author‘s writings on the general life of urban dwellers, activities of several brotherhoods of artisans, dwellers of the palace of the Grand Dukes during the period of its decay, location and interiors of drugstores in Vilnius city, the images used in public advertisements and other important topics. A separate section is compiled from historian‘s research into the activities of Vilnius builders‘s guild – a theme he explored in his doctoral dissertation: the topography of Vilnius‘s building enetrprises, the public expertise carried by Vilnius masons, carpenters and sculpors-carvers, etc., his research into activities of city architects and urban planning. The final chapter is devoted to several issues of microhistory of Vilnius from the period of 17–18th centuries: mostly criminal offences and trails of criminals. the present book contains collection of complete articles written by S. Samalavičius, however, his unfinished writings will be presented in further volumes.

This book deals with the role of the Vilnius question for the Lithuanian nationalism

Артыкул прысвечаны “Апосталу” Ф. Скарыны, які пабачыў свет у сакавіку 1525 г. і стаў першым дакладна датаваным выданнем, выпушчаным ў Вялікім Княстве Літоўскім. Разглядаецца змест і структура, мастацкая аздоба і паліграфічнае выкананне... more

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- by Yaroslav Fedoruk
- •
- 12
  European History, German History, Polish History, World History

Dr. Birute RUta Vitkauskiene (g. 1957) Vilniaus valstybinio dailes instituto (dab. Vilniaus dailes akademija) dailes istorijos ir teorij katedros absolvente. 2005 m. Varsuvos meno institute apgyne daktaro disertacijq tema "Auksakalyste... more

Vladimir Nazimov and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. The aim of the research is to describe in general terms the personality of Vladimir Nazimov (Владимир Иванович Назимов, 1802–1874) and his activity in the Vilnius... more

Vladimir Nazimov and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. The aim of the research is to describe in general terms the personality of Vladimir Nazimov (Владимир Иванович Назимов, 1802–1874) and his activity in the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission.
Already before his appointment as the Military Governor and Civil Administrator of Vilnius, the Governor General of Grodno, Kaunas and Minsk, and the head of the Vilnius military district in December 1855, Nazimov was related to this city. From 1840 to 1841, he was a member of a special interrogation committee, in which he earned himself the title of a liberator of the country from repressions. His closeness to Emperor Alexander II had a great importance for Nazimov’s reputation and image. From 1849 to 1855, he was a curator of the Moscow educational district and, thus, had some experience in the field of science and ed-ucation. Nazimov also embodied the new politics in the North Western Region. An obvious demonstration and a means of this politics was his links with the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission – the most distinct public initiatives in the country at that time. He participated in the opening ceremony of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, was elected a member of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission, attended several of its sessions and made donations to the museum. However, mainly they were not personal gifts. Often Nazimov disposed of artefacts that were under his control or used the power his position.
According to memoirists, his closeness to the local community was determined by Nazimov’s personal qualities – openness and hospitability, particularly during well-attended events held at the Governor Generals palace each week, as well as the participation of the Nazimov family in the balls and receptions of the local aristocracy, masquerades, outings and amateur performances. E.g., in February 1860, a charity event was held at the Governor Generals palace, in which was performed a comedy in Polish and displayed “tableaux vivants”. In the spectacle, Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814–1873) also played a part, and Nazimov’s daughters and local aristocrats enacted “animated flowers”. Nazimov’s aide-de-camp and head of the Special Department for Political Affairs, Aleksandr Pavlov (Александр Спиридонович Павлова, 1823–1909), asserted that the Governor General had regular conversations with Tyszkiewicz and other members of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. In those conversations, he acquired “significant knowledge” about the country that he was entrusted to rule and its residents.
If not for the benevolent attitude of the country’s chief governor, the heir to the throne, Duke Nicholas (Николай Александрович, 1843-1865), would hardly have become a patron of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission in 1858. Besides, the visits of Emperor Alexander II, other members of the imperial family and and other high-standing guests to the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities would hardly have taken place. All that raised the status of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. Documents show that it was not without Nazimov’s testimony about his works and “scientific deeds” that the chairman of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission and patron of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, Tyszkiewicz, was conferred the 2nd Class Order of Saint Anna in 1860. It was only thanks to the resolution of the Governor General that from 1861, the state assigned an annual subsidy to the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission.
Thus, the activity of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission and the Vilnius period of Nazimov’s life and career not only coincided chronologically, but also were more deeply connected. As is known, when Nazimov was removed from the position of the Vilnius Military Governor and the Governor General of Grodno and Kaunas in May 1863, the activity of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission was suspended in the summer of that year, and at the end of 1864 entered a new stage of liquidation, which was completed in 1865.

„Rasų kapinės – istorija, menas, gamta” tai pirmoji tokio pobūdžio įvairialypė ir turtinga studija, skirta Vilniaus nekropolijai. Įdomi problematika, autorių ir jų atstovaujamų akademinių mokslo įstaigų gausa, be to įvairialypis... more

Rasa Čepaitienė (wyd.): Vietos dvasios beieškant, Wilna 2014, pp 188–233.

in: Y. Kleinmann, S. Stach, T. Wilson, Religion in the Mirror of Law. Eastern European Perspective from the Early Modern Period to 1939, Frankfurt 2016, s. 307 - 328

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- by Maria Cieśla
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- 8
  Early Modern History, Polish History, Jewish History, Social History

The Battle of Orsha Painting – its Genesis, Dating, Iconographical Sources – and the Paiting of the Battle on the Kropiwna River and Other Battle Representations in the Radziwiłłs Palace in Vilnius The article is a critical review of the... more

The Battle of Orsha Painting – its Genesis, Dating,
Iconographical Sources – and the Paiting of the Battle
on the Kropiwna River and Other Battle Representations
in the Radziwiłłs Palace in Vilnius

The article is a critical review of the most important opinions of researchers on the
questions of genesis and dating of the Battle of Orsha panel painting (National Museum in Warsaw, cat. no. MP 2475). After the dendrochronological dating of its wooden support conducted in 1992 the painting can be dated to the 1530s–1540s. It is attributed to an artist infl uenced by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Dieter Koepplin’s suggestion to attribute the painting to Hans Krell (d. 1565) remains a hypothesis with no source evidence. Possible models of the scenes and fi gures presented in the painting had been seen before, i.a. in engravings by Niklas Stoer (d. ca. 1562–1563). He continued to an appreciable extent topics and style of Erhard Schoen (d. 1542), also associated with Nürnberg, and it is possible to indicate in their works a number of probable inspirations of the author of the Battle of Orsha [in 1540s]. The sources known today do not allow to associate the genesis and early history of the painting with Cracow and the royal residence at Wawel Castle. The results of dendrochronological dating, together with the mentioned engraving analogies as well as the realism of both facial expressions and weaponry of Muscovian soldiers suggest that the painter could have personally seen prisoners of the Starodub War (1534–1537) hold in Vilnius (Alexei Lobin’s remarks) and sketched from nature elements of Muscovian weapons and armature. The painter could have been brought to Vilnius from Königsberg at the time when King Sigismund II Augustus was furnishing and decorating with works of art his Vilnius residence, and also fi nanced a construction of a residence of Mikołaj Radziwiłł called Rudy (the Red) in Pushkarnia in Vilnius. An analysis of badges painted on the banners allows us to exclude a hypothesis that the painting was founded by the Ostrogskis. It should be borne in mind that the painting was cut on three sides, which distorted the original composition and ground (thus preventing a complete verification of the dendochronological and iconographical analyses). The 1620 inventory registers of the Radziwiłłs’ residence in Vilnius mention a picture from the dining hall presenting the Battle of the Kropiwna River (this was the name given in several sources to the Battle of Orsha) and eighteen other paintings of other battles (of unknown names).
We are justifi ed in thinking that the topic of those paintings was identical to that of the images of battles which have been preserved in the form of thirteen drawings (copied at the end of the 18th century at Nesvizh for King Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski), presenting battles and sieges of 1527–1581, in which participated the Radziwiłłs of the Biržai line. Latin metrical inscriptions accompanying these battle representations indicate that their originals were made before the death of Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Red (1584), and that the first preserved composition (Battle of Olszanica, 1527) was preceded by at least one representation of military victory fought under King Sigismund I the Old. A 1620 reference to the painting of the Kropiwna River battle (that is the Orsha battle) at the Vilnius palace of the Radziwiłłs strengthens Piotr Oszczanowski’s hypothesis that the paintings registered in the chattel inventories of the Radziwiłłs (evacuated from Vilnius in fear of a Muscovite invasion of 1655) defined as panel paintings of very large size depicting fi ghts
“with Muscovy” could be identifi ed with the painting of the Battle of Orsha from the
National Museum in Warsaw. The hypotheses presented in the article, especially those on heraldic and vexillological issues and alleged history of the painting need to be verifi ed through a broadened source research and renewed analyses of the painting itself together with its wooden support.

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- by Magdalena Piwocka
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- 21
  Art History, Late Middle Ages, Renaissance Studies, Decorative Arts

The exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, who moved from Moscow territories occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late seventeenth century and established in currently ethnic part of Lithuania, in the eighteenth century were faced... more

The exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, who moved from Moscow territories occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late seventeenth century and established in currently ethnic part of Lithuania, in the eighteenth century were faced with the issues of socio-economic integration, relocation of institutions of self-government and preservation of their functionality. Although the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations through the Constitutions put considerable efforts to legitimize the disposition of property intended for the exiles, and ultimately recognize it as private property, this had to be done quite periodically (1699, 1703, 1717, 1775, and 1786). Similarly, the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations was forced to constantly remind about the need to ensure the activities of the institutions of self-government of the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship, and to legitimize the changed locations of their activities (1667, 1736, 1764, 1768, and 1791). State possessions in the elderships of Vilnius and Trakai voivodeships and in the economies of Alytus and Grodno were distributed as socio-economic support to the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship. According to the administrative territorial division of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, these possessions were concentrated in several powiats (counties), namely Grodno (Ožė and Perloja elderships), Kaunas (Alvitas or Paširvinčiai elderships) and Ukmergė (Obeliai and Utena elderships). However, in the second half of the eighteenth century, the exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship managed to acquire real estate in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, especially after the abolition of the Jesuit order in 1773 when the property of the order was put on sale. In the period of 1667–1777, institutions of self-government of the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship operated in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and this Vilnius period provided them with additional opportunities, as it first increased the political significance of the Smolensk Voivodeship dietines (sejmiki). However, the political combinations of Antoni Tyzenhaus, the treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which reflected the position of the royal court, as well as economic and political interests, impacted the dietines of the exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, which since 1777 moved to Alytus in the territory of Trakai Voivodeship (dietine of Smolensk Voivodeship) and Žiežmariai (dietine of Starodub powiat). The study revealed, that in the eight decade of the eighteenth century attempts were made to strengthen Alytus as the administrative centre of Alytus economy, and radical infrastructural transformations were implemented. Analysis of the description of the new buildings erected in Alytus in 1780–1783 and the map of Alytus economy in 1781 revealed, that the exiles in Smolensk Voi vodeship were provided with modern public infrastructure, which contributed to more efficient activities of Smolensk land court, Chancellery and the dietine.

Keywords: exiles, powiat courts, dietines, Smolensk Voivodeship, Starodub powiat, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the eighteenth century

Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch-the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged... more

A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic... more

A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania: Empire-Building and Region-Building in the Baltic, North and Black Sea areas held at Ovidius University Of Constanța in May 2013. The conference approached the North in the wider perspective of regional cooperation intra- and extra-Nordic muros. The North is regarded as a springboard of regional cooperation which has a strong though faltering historical and cultural background and an obvious European dimension. The downfall of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the process of European integration (whether some of the Nordic countries belong to the EU or not, they are all part and parcel of the process and deeply affected by it) have encouraged the development of regional cooperation in Northern Europe. Belonging to the Northern dimension of the EU meant not only maintaining a regional identity with deep roots in history and culture and making the others acknowledge it, but also strengthening the influence of Nordic countries within and outside the EU and fostering other regional cooperation initiatives in the Baltic Sea area and outside it. Patterned on the Nordic regional cooperation, the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia strengthened their regional cooperation and envisaged deepening their ties to surrounding areas, especially with the Nordic countries. Alongside the Nordic countries, they also gradually turned into a model for the Danubian and Black Sea countries. In this respect, the conference addressed themes such as: the empire building, region-building, national/nationalist, cultural construction discourses present in these regions; the historic development of these regional initiatives and/or organizations and the relations between them; political, cultural and diplomatic relations between Baltic and/or Nordic states, on the one hand, and the Black Sea countries, on the other hand; the relations between the EU integration and different Baltic, North and Black Sea regional structures; education and leadership in the context of regionalization in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea areas; linguistic unity and diversity in Scandinavia and the Baltic states; Nordic and Baltic identity through cultural diversity; water protection in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Region and the role of agriculture; inter- and intra-regional comparisons. Stefan Ewert and Kari Alenius address in their contributions the topic of region-building. The former scholar explains why in the Baltic Sea are no spill-over effects in the area of agricultural cooperation as they are to be found in other areas such as education. The latter studies the creation of the image of Balkans in Finnish schoolbooks from late 19th century to early 21st century. Darius Žiemelis discusses the social economic history of Lithuania from the 16th-19th centuries from the perspective of non-Marxist (Karl Bücher, Max Weber) and neo-Marxists (Witold Kula, Immanuel Wallerstein) scholars. Aelita Ambrulevičiūtė looks at peasant habits while researching the modernization of Vilnius, Kaunas and Grodno provinces society in the period of 1861—1914. Costel Coroban rightly acknowledges the state of Viking studies in Romania and devotes his analysis to Romanian language terminology with regard to “Viking historical characters, rituals, artefacts.” Mihaela Mehedințí looks at Nordic and Russian diplomats as interconnectors between their countries and the Romanian area during the Modern Age (17th – 19th centuries) and discovers a net of bonds linking them to the Romanian rulers. Finally, Giedrius Kviklys sketches out the EU-Russia relations from the perspective of EU – Northern Dimension and Black Sea Synergy. One of the plenary sessions organized during the conference brought together diplomats from the Nordic and Baltic areas who were looking to Baltic Sea region-building process from the perspective of their countries. The address of Her Excellency Ms. Ulla Väistö, the Ambassador of Finland, is included in this issue as well as the address of Dr. Vladimir Jarmolenko, at the time the Ambassador of Lithuania in Romania. We hope that the diversity of themes and insightfulness of analyses will capture the interest of public, decision-makers and academic community alike.

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- by Silviu-Marian Miloiu and +2
  C. C.
  Giedrius Kviklys
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- 11
  Viking Studies, European Union external relations, Northern dimension, EU-Russia relations

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- by Maria Cieśla
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- 11
  Jewish Studies, Early Modern History, Polish History, Jewish History

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- by Aleksander Glogowski
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- 15
  Polish History, Poland, Lithuanian History, history of Poland

Próba międzywojennego soft-power na kierunku litewskim-Wileńskie Biuro Informacyjne ("Wilbi") i jego rola w kształtowaniu stosunków polsko-litewskich

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- by Paweł Libera
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- 3
  Lithuanian History, Wilno History, History of Vilnius

Dr. Birutė Rūta Vitkauskienė, Vilniaus dailės akademijos dėstytoja, docentė. Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekoje aptikti Vilnios brėžiniai paskatino parašyti šį straipsnį. Dr. Birutė Rūta Vitkauskienė, Vilnius Academy of... more

מוילנה לירושלים - לזכר פרופסור שמואל ורסס

Mummified human remains are excellent sources for archaeoparasitological analyses. Examining remains from mummified individuals provides insight into parasite burdens of both individuals and populations in the past. Archaeoparasitological... more

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- by Johnica Morrow
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- 4
  Parasitology, Mummy Studies, Archaeoparasitology, History of Vilnius

The article focuses on a relatively little known aspect of the history of the cathedral in Vilnius and its treasury, during the period from 1671 until 1684, when Mikalojus Steponas Pacas was Bishop. His episcopate was difficult as it was... more

Ar XVIII a. pabaigoje buvo pastatyti Lietuvos Metrikos archyvo rūmai Vilniuje? Lietuvos Metrikos saugojimo vietoms nu statyti paskirtas ne vienas tyrimas 1 , tačiau šiam Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kanceliari jos dokumentų... more

This article considers the essential features of Vilnius representations, constructed in Russian literature. These features express different aspects of Vilnius as heterotopic and heterochronic “another place”, which is characterized by... more

The article discusses the problem of localization of the Smolensk and Starodub sejmiks-in-exile of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) in the period 1667–1794. Based not only on the Constitutions of the Seimas of the Polish-Lithuanian... more

In the book the reader will find 153 maps and plans of the Vilnius City, wide descriptions of the drawings and the historical context presented on the basisof archival sources.

The article discovers the investigations of the architect Zygmunt Mieczyslaw Czaykowski and his reconstructions of medieval Vilnius based on the description in the book of Ghillebert de Lannoy "Voyages et Ambassades. 1399-1450".

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- by Birute Vitkauskienė
- •
- History of Vilnius

Роль Университета Стефана Батория в трансляции предания о вильнюсском василиске. Предание о василиске в Вильнюсе в разных версиях известно по меньшей мере с XVIII века. В первой половине XX века легенда была актуализирована и... more

Роль Университета Стефана Батория в трансляции предания о вильнюсском василиске. Предание о василиске в Вильнюсе в разных версиях известно по меньшей мере с XVIII века. В первой половине XX века легенда была актуализирована и популяризирована масштабными представлениями под открытым небом, а также публикациями, пародийными лекциями, различными конкурсами, радиопередачами и другими акциями, инициаторами и организаторами которых были профессора и студенты Университета Стефана Батория. Роль Университета Стефана Батория в популяризации и закреплении в общественной памяти предания о василиске рассматривается в статье на материале периодической печати межвоенного периода, воспоминаний и других источников.
Stepono Batoro universiteto vaidmuo padavimo apie Vilniaus baziliską plitime. Padavimo apie baziliską Vilniuje įvairios versijos žinomos mažiausiai nuo XVIII amžiaus. Pirmojoje XX a. pusėje legenda buvo aktualizuota ir išpopuliarinta didelio masto vaidinimais po atviru dangumi, taip pat publikacijomis, parodijinėmis paskaitomis, įvairiais konkursais, radijo laidomis ir kitais renginiais, kurių iniciatoriai ir organizatoriai buvo Stepono Batoro universiteto profesoriai ir studentai. Stepono Batoro universiteto vaidmuo populiarinant ir įtvirtinant visuomenės atmintyje padavimą apie baziliską straipsnyje nagrinėjamas analizuojant tarpukario periodinės spaudos medžiagą, atsiminimus ir kitus šaltinius.

The Role of the Stefan Batory University in Spreading Stories about Vilnius Basilisk. The legend of the basislisk in Vilnius is known in different versions at least since the 18th century. In the first half of the 20th century, the legend was actualized and popularized by widescale open-air performances, as well as publications, burlesque lectures, various contests, radiobroadcasts and other promotions; the initiators and organizers were professors and students of the University of Stefan Batory. The role of the Stefan Batory University in the promotion and consolidation of the legend of the basilisk in public memory discussed in the article is based on the material of the periodical press of the interwar period, memoirs and other sources.

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- by Pavel Lavrinec
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- 5
  Mythology, Local Legend, History of Vilnius, Vilnius text

The publication focuses on the visit of the Spanish Jesuit Alfonso Salmerón (1515–1585) in Vilnius in the late 1555. The visit of the first Jesuit in Vilnius lasted one month from October the 28th to the end of November. It was the first... more

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- by Dainora Pociūtė
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- 5
  Sociology, Literatura, Jesuits, Grand Duchy of Lithuania

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- by Gintautas Striška
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- 3
  Wooden Structure, Archeology, History of Vilnius

The article tells the story of a myth-making around an ivory pieces of "unknown musical instrument" from Adam Kirkor's collection, found in Vilnius castle ruins in 1850-x and since then being interpreted as "an ancient ritual instrument... more

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- by Eugen Baryshnikau
- •
- 10
  Historical Ethnomusicology, Bagpipes, European Romanticism, Musette

Предание о василиске, появившемся в Вильнюсе при Сигизмунде Августе, зафиксировано в историографических сочинениях на латинском и польском языках первой половины XVIII в. Согласно начальной версии, василиск обосновался в пещере или... more

Предание о василиске, появившемся в Вильнюсе при Сигизмунде Августе, зафиксировано в историографических сочинениях на латинском и польском языках первой половины XVIII в. Согласно начальной версии, василиск обосновался в пещере или подземелье и губил людей взглядом; его одолели, опуская на шнуре пучки руты. В ранних изложениях сюжету о вильнюсском василиске предшествовал рассказ о варшавском василиске, побежденном с помощью зеркал, которыми был обвешан отправленный в подвал с чудищем приговоренный к смерти преступник. Оба сюжета в сочетании воспроизводились в польских собраниях преданий и энциклопедиях XIX – первой половины XX вв. Предание о варшавском василиске, с большей детализацией и конкретностью персонажей и локализации, распространялось также независимо от вильнюсского сюжета с XVI в. до наших дней.
В сочинениях на польском языке второй половины XIX в. сформировался вариант предания, лишенный хронологической приуроченности и топографически привязанный к Бакште, в котором средством против василиска выступило зеркало, победителем – приговоренный к смерти преступник или находчивый отважный юноша. Обнаружившаяся мифологическая схема и проявленные универсальные семиотические оппозиции вместе с современными представлениями о древнейшем укрепленном поселении на Бакште вызвали параллели с краковским сюжетом о драконе, также контаминацию вильнюсского и краковского сюжета.
В обработке В. Загорского предание приобрело литовский колорит и черты волшебной сказки, в которых угадываются элементы космологического мифа; победителем василиска стал не преступник, но отважный и сметливый влюбленный юноша. Версия с редуцированной литовской окраской (1925) отразилась в современных польских путеводителях по Вильнюсу, в переводе П. Жукаускаса (1931) – в литовских путеводителя. Тексты Загорского и Жукаускаса используются в современных сборниках и сериях книг вильнюсских преданий, выходящих с конца 1990-х гг.
Версия Загорского – Жукаускаса легла в основу современных обработок с обратным сдвигом от космологической схемы к res gestae с отнесением к эпохе после войны с московитами XVII в. и участием ученых иезуитов из университета, а также объединением в образе приговоренного к смерти за убийство своего внебрачного ребенка юноши атрибутов победителя василиска в двух вариантах сюжета.
Ключевые моменты поздней (начиная с Нарбута) версии предания внешне напоминают схему градозиждительных / космогонических мифов (conditor urbis и conditor orbis действуют в изоморфных пространствах): благоприятные условия существования восстанавливаются / устанавливаются избавительным убийством хтонического чудовища, сопряженным с опасным переходом из пространства светлого верхнего в нижнее темное / загробное царство мертвых; см. анализ изоморфности и мифологизированной топография в связи с основным мифов, на материале «свинтороговского» и «гедиминова» циклов (Топоров 1980). Топографическая привязка к локусу с выдающимися особенностями рельефа обогатила сюжет возможностями соотнесения места действия с axis mundi, сценарием основного мифа и городской медиацией противоположностей, а замена руты зеркалом с его богатой символикой и введение фигуры победителя василиска – возможными аллегорическими, психологизирующими и морализирующими подтекстами. Наращивание мифологического потенциала в трансформациях сюжета в XIX и первой половине XX вв. имплицировало разнообразие интерпретационных возможностей предания и реляций василиск – Вильнюс, в частности, в художественных произведениях на литовском, польском, русском языках.

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- by Pavel Lavrinec
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- 8
  Folk legends, Urban Legends, Teodor Narbutt, Local Legend

The article examines the manuscript of Zygmunt Mieczyslaw Czaykowski. His hypotheses were different from Marian Morelowski and Helena and Wlodzimierz Holubowicz. Czaykowski raised the legend of the Subocz Gate and Vilnius' Basilisk and... more

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- by Birute Vitkauskienė
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- History of Vilnius

The article offers a closer look into the publication of the Vilnius Council Book of Acts of 1657-1662 (XVII a. vid. Maskvos okupacijos Lietuvoje šaltiniai, t. 1, 1657-1662 m. Vilniaus miesto tarybos knyga, compiled by E. Meilus, prepared... more

Darbe pateikiamas alternatyvus Vilniaus Šv. apaštalų Petro ir Povilo bažnyčios meninės programos aiškinimas. Remiantis ikonografiniais pavyzdžiais yra tikslinama atskirų bažnyčios skulptūrinės puošybos motyvų prasmė ir interpretacija... more

À l’époque moderne, les conflits violents ne sont pas l’unique réponse à la division religieuse. Si la ville, carrefour économique, intellectuel et social, est un lieu de production et d’inscription des différences, un lieu de frictions,... more

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- by David Do Paço and +2
  Laurent Tatarenko
  Mathilde Monge
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- 26
  Early Modern History, History of Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Politics

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- by Aleksander Glogowski
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- 26
  Polish History, Security Studies, Police, Polish Studies

History of Vilnius

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