History of Classical Scholarship

Collection of contributions on the reception of ancient historiography in Early Modern Culture and Intellectual History. 

INDICE
INTRODUZIONE
I. G. Mastrorosa (Università di Firenze)
Oltre ‘riscoperte’, Nachleben e ‘fortuna’: considerazioni introduttive
ARCHETIPI
L. Porciani (Università di Pavia)
La parola orale. Erodoto e la costruzione del discorso politico
M. Lentano (Università di Siena)
L’eredità di Serse. Suasoria retorica e discorso storiografico a Roma
INTERPRETI E MODELLI
S. Gambino Longo (Université de Lyon III)
Erodoto nel Rinascimento: dalla riabilitazione a un nuovo modello storiografico
J.C. Iglesias-Zoido (Universidad de Extremadura-Cáceres)
La ‘actualización’ de los discursos de Tucídides en las antologías renacentistas de contiones: los argumenta del epitafio (2.35-46)
A. Raffarin (Université Paris-Est-Créteil)
D’un antiquaire à l’autre : Varron source et modèle de Flavio Biondo
P. Ponzù Donato (Università di Firenze)
Interpretazione, divulgazione, attualità: Pier Candido Decembrio volgarizzatore di Cesare
I. G. Mastrorosa (Università di Firenze)
Livio e Machiavelli fra passato e presente: tendenze demagogiche, aspirazioni tiranniche e strumenti di tutela della ‘riputazione’
A. Severi (Università di Bologna)
Dalla Roma imperiale alla Bologna principesca: la vocazione attualizzante del commento beroaldiano a Svetonio
L. Claire (Université de Picardie Jules Verne)
Sur quelques évolutions des commentaires aux Annales de Tacite dans les années 1580: Lipse, Muret, Pasquali, Scotti
LABORATORI FIORENTINI
L. Bernard-Pradelle (Université de Limoges)
L’historien en son laboratoire: Leonardo Bruni Aretino (ca. 1370-1444) et le travail sur les sources antiques
V. Pineda (Universidad de Extremadura-Cáceres)
The Memory of the Ancients in the Florentine Genre of epistole e dicerie
CONCLUSIONI
U. Roberto (Università Europea di Roma)
‘Attualizzare il passato’: alcune riflessioni sulla rilettura dei testi antichi tra l’età tardoantica e l’Europa del Rinascimento
ABSTRACTS

Ο τόμος φιλοδοξεί να προσφέρει στον αναγνώστη ένα πολύτιμο εργαλείο εμβάθυνσης στο πλατωνικό κείμενο αναπαράγοντας την ερμηνευτική έκδοση του Ι. Συκουτρή και εμπλουτίζοντάς την με στοιχεία που θα συμπληρώνουν την εικόνα για το πλατωνικό έργο και θα ενημερώνουν για τις νέες τάσεις της διεθνούς έρευνας. Τα αναλυτικά προλεγόμενα τοποθετούν τη μνημειώδη —όπως έχει χαρακτηριστεί— έκδοση στο ιστορικό της πλαίσιο, αναδεικνύουν την προσωπικότητα του Ιωάννη Συκουτρή και τη μυθολογία που αναπτύχθηκε στο πέρασμα των χρόνων στην ελληνική λογιοσύνη γύρω από το εν λόγω βιβλίο και τον συγγραφέα του. Με τον τρόπο αυτό το αναγνωστικό κοινό μπορεί να εντάξει το Συμπόσιο στη συνολική εργογραφία  του Συκουτρή και να κατανοήσει καλύτερα τον τρόπο με τον οποίο εκείνος προσέγγισε τον μεγάλο αυτόν ερωτικό διάλογο και την πλατωνική φιλοσοφία εν γένει. Στα προλεγόμενα, παρέχονται επίσης πληροφορίες για την αρχαία και τη μεσαιωνική παράδοση του πλατωνικού Συμποσίου, καθώς και μια εκτεταμένη βιβλιογραφία, η οποία προσφέρει στον αναγνώστη πλήρη εποπτεία της ερευνητικής επιστημονικής δραστηριότητας  των τελευταίων εννέα περίπου δεκαετιών, από την ανατυπούμενη έκδοση έως σήμερα.

In the last decades, pioneering studies argued that the debt owed by Vergil to the Homeric epic is not disjunct from a knowledge of the Hellenistic exegetical tradition on the part of the Latin poet. In more recent times, the same kind of sophisticated relationship was explored for Horace and the Greek archaic lyrics as well as for Ovid and Homer. In this paper, after a survey on the spread of the Greek literary culture and scholarship in Rome under Augustus, three study-cases are proposed of possible Ovid's reception of mythical traditions in the Metamorphoses under the influence of the Alexandrian exegesis on Pindar.

This paper sketches out a history of ancient and modern discussions on the aesthetic “imperfection” of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The views of, among others, Horace, Pseudo-Longinus, F.A. Wolf, F.W. Nietzsche will be examined, as well as more recent evaluations of the Homeric poems. A passing comment by U. Eco will also inspire some reflections

By courtesy of Editions Delga (Paris), I am pleased to offer  to the public two chapters of a French partial translation that is actually in process, from "I classici nella storia della letteratura latina" (1994), by Luciano Canfora and Renata Roncali. The whole French volume's title will be "Politique et littérature dans la Rome ancienne depuis les origines jusqu'à Augustin" and will include several chapters by Luciano Canfora. The present file includes the introductory chapter of the book, "Rome, cité grecque", and the chapter on "Ennius et son entourage", introducing Ennius life and works.

Dione di Prusa, Boristenitico (Or. XXXVI), Introduzione, traduzione e commento di MICHELE DI FEBO, con un saggio introduttivo di GIULIO A. LUCCHETTA, Carabba (“Biblioteca del Leonardo. Testi e contesti” 1), Lanciano 2017, pp. 194, ISBN 978-88-634-4506-0.

Studying Aristotle’s Politics in the 15th century. Summaries and anthologies in the Greek manuscripts, in S. FARRINGTON (ed.), Enthousiasmos. Essays in Ancient Philosophy, History, and Literature. Festschrift for Eckart Schütrumpf on his 80th Birthday, Academia Verlag-Nomos, Baden-Baden 2019, pp. 147-174.

One of Eldon J. Epp’s areas of expertise is the scholarly history of New Testament textual criticism. He offers an excellent overview of its different stages, including Bentley’s unfinished New Testament project. Yet, many aspects can be refined by studying the materials left by Bentley, preserved at Wren Library of Trinity College (TCL), Cambridge. This contribution offers an up-to-date descriptive inventory of all the remaining archive entries, containing bibliographical information, precise descriptions, relevant secondary literature, and parts of the reception history.

The article presents the biography and scientific achievements of the outstanding researcher of ancient culture, Margarete Bieber (1879-1978). At the same time, it is an example of women’s emancipatory aspirations in this region at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article describes the less-known Pomeranian roots of Margarete Bieber. She came from Przechowo (Schönau, Świecie district) in former Western Prussia. Bieber was the first woman from Western Prussia to pass high school final examinations in Toruń in 1901. Then, despite all kinds of difficulties arising from her gender and ethnicity, she made an excellent academic career in Germany and the United States. The article also describes in detail the Pomeranian Bieber family living in Przechowo and their property status (until the sale of the mills in 1921). Jacob Bieber, Margarete’s father, the owner of “the most important mills in Pomerania – Przechowo”, who perhaps was interested in ancient art himself, supported the scholar’s research for a long time. The high financial and social status of the family was important for her educational opportunities, but it was not recognized in the article as the most important reason for her success. First of all, her personality features, talent and great diligence were emphasized.

This article is devoted to the treatise Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl’insetti (‘Experiments on the generation of insects’) published in 1668 by Francesco Redi. The latter is today celebrated as the first scientist to have experimentally disproved the thousand-year belief in spontaneous generation, a theory commonly attributed to Aristotle. 
In the introduction, I present Redi and his treatise: Redi spent his whole life at the Medici court as personal physician of the Grand Duke of Tuscany and attended the Accademia del Cimento (‘The Academy of Experiment’), the scientific society founded by the Grand Duke Ferdinand II and his brother Leopoldo to make Galileo's legacy revive. The Esperienze is not written in Latin, but in the vernacular, while the introduction to the treatise displays a plea for experimental method that is today considered a manifesto of New Science.
I start analysing Aristotle’s definition of ‘spontaneous generation’, pointing out how, according to the Stagirite, spontaneous generation is an exceptional sort of generation, exclusively due to material principles and occurring by chance, that is, without a formal principle (semen, egg). Then, I remark that Redi’s target is not Aristotle’s explication for spontaneous generation. In fact, no critic has ever noticed that in his treatise Redi polemically hints (albeit in very allusive manner) to contemporary theories on spontaneous generation, namely the ones by Fortunio Liceti and Pierre Gassendi.
Redi is mostly known for the experiment of the sealed jars with which he would have demonstrated that rotten meat doesn’t breed maggots and, more broadly, that living beings are always generated by parents. However, I stress some important inconsistencies in Redi’s experimental accounts. For instance, he claims that eggs laid by flies on rotten meat are perfectly visible to the unaided eye. They look exactly like small bird eggs, complete with shell and albumen. He even reports that, after the hatching, one will find the empty shells of fly eggs. I suggest that with his narration Redi is not giving us an objective scientific account, but rather trying to disproof the most advanced theories on spontaneous generation of his time. As for the above-mentioned example, I think that Redi’s insistence on the visibility of fly eggs was dictated by the desire to contrast Gassendi, according to whom spontaneous generation is due to invisible primordial seeds floating in the air.
In the second part of his treatise, Redi deals with parasites that apparently originate from living beings (plants, animals). Redi argues that in this case it is the soul of the host organism that generates the insects (zoogenetic theory). For instance, as for gall-flies, he considers galls as eggs laid by plants and gall-flies as the genuine offspring of the plants. Critics have suggested different explanations to justify such a shocking stance supported by the man today celebrated as ‘the father of experimental biology’. I examine Redi’s theory on gall-flies and come to the conclusion that, again, to fully understand Redi’s treatise we need to situate it in the context of the contemporary debate on spontaneous generation. More specifically, we need to concretely situate it in the context of the Medici court. Thanks to Redi’s private correspondence, we know that Leopoldo de’ Medici endorsed the zoogenetic theory – that actually is not even an original elaboration by Redi.
Further, by thoroughly analysing Redi’s version of the zoogenetic theory, I show how the Tuscan naturalist tried to accord it with the principle of parental generation that he had firmly asserted in the first part of his treatise. In fact, Redi tries to establish a regular correspondence between plants and insects, that is, that each plant has its specific parasite. Moreover, he insists on the non-casual nature of such generations. In this manner, he presents the generation of insects from plants as perfectly regular from an Aristotelian point of view, that is, as non-spontaneous.
In the conclusions, I underline Redi’s ability in fashioning himself as a modern scientist, a posture he assumed in all probability to appeal the taste of his patrons. However, I also underline how historiography has tended to focus on Redi’s aspects that are best suitable to our scientific culture, neglecting the polemical essence of the Esperienze as well as Redi debt towards the Aristotelian tradition.

Classical Archaeology as a subject of study was established at the University of Poznań with the creation of the University itself in 1919, but as a key date in its development should be seen 30th April, 1923, when Mieczysława Sabina Ruxer, PhD, teaching the subject, took care of the Classical Archaeology Seminar. She came to Poznań from Kraków and was appointed an assistant professor responsible for development of Classical Archaeology as an academic subject, both as research and teaching area. She also made and attempt to create an independent Department of Classical Archaeology.
Before World War II the Seminar functioned as a secondary course, and the Department of Classical Archaeology as an ancillary part of the Faculty of Humanities. Due to the nature of this secondary course there were no graduates in Classical Archaeology, as the seminar was chosen by students who studied other disciplines as their main. However, M. S. Ruxer taught numerous classes of extremely large range of problems, which were over the years of her work systematically improved. According to the archives in the 1930s, there were efforts made to prepare the curriculum for the study of Classical Archaeology as a main subject, to be completed with a degree. It had been provisionally accepted by the University, and after approval of M. S. Ruxer’s habilitation, which took place in 1937 at the Jagiellonian University, the change of the status of Classical Archaeology Seminar from auxiliary to  regular appeared - but unfortunately the plan was disturbed by war.
After World War II, from the very beginning when teaching at the University of Poznań was re-established the Classical Archaeology Seminar functioned led by M. S. Ruxer. Unfortunately, the Chair and the Department in the difficult post-war conditions had to be painstakingly re-organized as the entire pre-war furnishing and collections were destroyed or stolen. Moreover, in post-war years attempts were made to rebuild academic life in Poland in the new political and ideological situation, according to arbitrarily imposed rules, often subordinated to Soviet science. Reorganisation, unification and centralisation of scientific institutions took place – illustrated by, among others, forced integration of Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology (later Mediterranean) and Ethnography in the purpose of joint research on material culture. This was due to the introduction of materialist philosophy in the field of scientific research as the current dogma, particularly inconvenient on the ground of the humanities.
Such changes took place also in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Poznań. Professor M. S. Ruxer was as head of the Chair and Department of Classical Archaeology till 1952, which she had been appointed to in 1949. Moreover, a new person appeared in the Department, a full-time assistant - Jerzy Kubczak. However, in 1952 the Department was renamed since then known as the Department of Mediterranean Archaeology and was incorporated into the Department of History of Art. M. S. Ruxer was deprived of her functions. Finally, in the academic year 1955/1956 the Department of Mediterranean Archaeology was suspended. Moreover, in 1957 the death snatched Professor Mieczysława Sabina Ruxer from the Faculty of Philosophy and History. Among the extensive scientific interests it is worth emphasising that the main area of her studies was ancient jewellery and she produced a monograph on the Greek necklaces.
After the so-called "Thaw" in Poland, at the end of 1957 a classical archaeologist Stefan Parnicki-Pudełko from Wroclaw, working in the Department of Ancient Archaeology at the Institute of History of Material Culture at the Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, was invited to Poznań. After the appointment to an assistant professor, S. Parnicki-Pudełko became a head of the reactivated Chair of Mediterranean Archaeology at the Faculty of Philosophy and History, with the effect from 1st October 1958. Also Jerzy Kubczak, who in the meantime worked in the National Museum in Poznań, returned to the Chair. The scientific contributions of the Chair, which should be considered a true continuation of Professor M. S. Ruxer’s idea, have related primarily to studies on the ancient architecture and pottery, as well as the culture of the ancient colonies on the northern shores of the Black Sea. In this organizational form the Chair of Mediterranean Archaeology had functioned at Adam Mickiewicz University for the next ten years - until 1969, when it was closed. After that, Professor S. Parnicki-Pudełko took the position of the head of the Department of Ancient History, and J. Kubczak PhD a job at the Institute of History of Art. Interestingly, only then Poznań research centre really got involved in excavations in the area of Mediterranean civilisation, as in 1970 an independent University Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań began excavations in the Roman legion camp in Novae (in ancient Moesia Inferior), and has been operating by today.
When it comes to scientific achievements, it should be emphasized that Professor S. Parnicki-Pudełko was primarily an outstanding expert in ancient building and construction expertise, leaving as his legacy to next generations, among numerous other works, a monograph on Greek architecture. Professor J. Kubczak, on the other hand, focused his attention, like M. S. Ruxer, whose research he continued, on ancient jewellery, publishing a monographic study of Greek necklaces in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. A key topic of his study, however, were issues concerning Scythian culture, which was reflected in the monograph about the barrows of Scythian aristocracy.
In the meantime, interest of scholars from Poznań, both those associated with the University, and those from the outside of it, in archaeological research in the Mediterranean not only did not decrease, but increased immensely. In addition, after the historic turn in Poland of 1989 and regaining sovereignty it became possible to resurrect departments and disciplines taught in the past, and to significantly broaden the educational offer and the fields of scientific research. In such an atmosphere the efforts were made in the 1990s to establish (reactivate) Mediterranean (or Classical) Archaeology at Adam Mickiewicz University.
After long debates concerning the nature of the discipline to be reactivated in Poznań, mainly between the employees of the Institutes of History of Art and Prehistory at Adam Mickiewicz University, the Council of the Faculty of History decided with a resolution of 9th November 1998, to appoint a specialty of Mediterranean Archaeology at the Institute of Prehistory, starting from the academic year 1999/2000. It has been a part of Archaeology taught by the Institute of Prehistory at Adam Mickiewicz University, as a main discipline, developing slowly but successfully under the name of Oriental and Classical Archaeology, accepted in 2004.

The article is concerned to Werner Jaeger’s Harvard Lecture (1958) on a few Greek conceptions of human immortality. This lecture is unique, because it shows not only difference between ideas of immortality, but also their synthesis in Plato’s philosophy and in following philosophical tradition. Jaeger reveals a historical development of idea of immortality, and also development of conception of soul – for example, ψυχη in Homeric epos has not any common sides with orphic or Christian conception of the soul. The first type of immortality was presented in orphic doctrine of soul’s migration (which was inherited into philosophical tradition by Empedocles). The second type of immortality is polis’ memory of fallen warriors: this idea was first announced in Tyrtaeus’ elegies and since him was inherited by ancient culture for it’s own decline. The third type of immortality is immortality in mind creations. According to Jaeger, all these types were united by Plato, and in this form were saved until Paul and Early Christian philosophy.
The accompanying article briefly expounds a prehistory of the Werner Jaeger’s text origin (including information about the reasons of his emigration into United States and how he toke a chair in the Harvard University), as well at history of it’s creation; moreover, we are discover there a connection of Harvard lecture with other works of the scholar. The article focuses on Werner Jaeger’s methodological approach, as well as some aspects of his theory of culture and philosophy of history. The article particularly shows a contrast between Jaeger’s interpretation of the ancient history and historical conceptions of Friedrich Nietzsche, Oswald Spengler and Martin Heidegger.

The eighteenth century was a critical period for the development of historical writing. Revolutions in archaeology, historical methodology and source criticism brought dramatic changes to our understandings of the ancient world. There were new debates about the value and purpose of history and new historical canons emerged that were to determine the nature of scholarly historical writing for more than a century. This volume examines these changes through an analysis of the nature of historical narrative, debates about sources, methods and material culture, and through the ‘political’ uses of history in eighteenth-century constitutional debate. The development of these understandings and approaches would become the defining feature of Enlightenment engagement with antiquity. Moreover, they would lay the foundations of the modern discipline of Ancient History. This is a book that challenges traditional accounts of historiographical development and highlights how the politics of scholarly culture have distorted views of the ancient past.

Paper deals with the historical story of the advent of Christianity. Examines what Christianity had to offer Rome during its war with the Jews (placation of slaves & the poor, promise of life after death & "reward", making soldiers unafraid to die, "comforting" dead soldier's family, etc.).

Odysseus’ Scar and Erich Auerbach’s ‘Searchlight’ — Abstract

The first chapter of E. Auerbach’s Mimesis (“Odysseus’ scar”) is an impressive tour de force in which the great German philologist lays out the principles and the tools of his method. It is also a subtle piece of militant criticism, where the primacy of the Judaic tradition over classical culture is clearly advocated. This paper investigates some of the peculiarities of Auerbach’s anticlassical stance, which may even owe something to F. Nietzsche’s Birth of Tragedy.

The occasion for this collection of papers is the centenary of the publication of "The Scholia on the Aves of Aristophanes" by John Williams White (Boston-London 1914), a book that played a seminal role in setting the debate on the circumstances, manner and era of the birth of scholiography in the Greek milieu. This issue includes an Introduction by F.M., eight contributions by Italian scholars, Conclusions by Antonietta Porro, 18 pp. of Bibliography and two Indexes. Ancient authors and works concerned are (scholia on) Homer, Aeschylus, Aristophanes, mathematical Greek treatises, John of Scythopolis’ commentary on the Corpus Dionysiacum, Latin scholia to Virgil.

Vademecum per chi applica il metodo Ørberg o natura nei licei, ed. digitale rivista ed ampliata.

N.B.: Un adattamento postumo (a. 2020) in spagnolo del medesimo vademecum è qui disponibile: https://mobile.twitter.com/lingualatinapsi/status/1369779039947268099

Con estas tres antologías de los discursos de Cicerón, destinadas en un primer momento tanto a los alumnos del entonces Curso de Orientación Universitaria como a los de los primeros cursos de Universidad, pretendemos —tal como se señala en el Prólogo— dos objetivos fundamentales: por un lado, proporcionar un número de textos amplio y variado que permita  la mayor libertad posible de elección al profesor de acuerdo con el nivel de los alumnos, el grado de dificultad de los textos y el contenido diverso de los mismos; por otro, convertir esos mismos textos en un ‘pre-texto’ para profundizar en el conocimiento de la figura histórica y literaria de Cicerón.
En este sentido, nos pareció que una forma de conjugar ambos objetivos era seleccionar los textos (convenientemente anotados tanto desde un punto de vista sintáctico como histórico y literario) a partir de la relación del orador con los personajes mejor representados en sus discursos y que tuvieron una relevancia especial en su carrera política y literaria: así, Verres  y Catilina configuran este primer volumen.

tico-testuali ai centoni virgiliani, in «Miscellanea di Studi in onore di Armando Salvatore», a c. di E. Flores-A.V. Nazzaro-L. Nicastri-G. Polara, Napoli 1992, 213-219. Più recentemente sono ritornate sul passo A. Fassina, Il "Iudicium Paridis" di Mavortius: una proposta di lettura, «Lexis» XXIII (2005) 373-380 e V. Sineri, Una nota sul "Iudicium Paridis" di Mavorzio, «Paideia» LXII (2007) 651-654. Schadewaldt, Pohlenz e la catarsi WOLFGANG SCHADEWALDT-MAX POHLENZ, Due saggi sulla catarsi tragica, a c. di ANTONIA MARCHIORI, nota intr. di FRANCESCO BERTOLINI («Supplementi di "Lexis"», 49), Amsterdam (Hakkert) 2006, 109 pp., € 30,00, ISBN 9025612210.

Anfang stellte sich die Situation für junge Wissenschaftler, die nach einer Professur strebten, nicht einfach dar. Ein anderer junger Althistoriker und Mitbewerber um eine althistorische Professur im deutschen Sprachraum, der schon früher erwähnte Friedrich Bilabel, beschrieb in einem Brief an seinen Konkurrenten Fritz Schachermeyr seine persönliche und zugleich auch die allgemeine damalige Lage, wie sie Schachermeyr seinerseits kaum anders empfinden konnte, folgendermaßen: "Daß ich in Berufungssachen einige Enttäuschungen erlebte, wissen Sie ja. Am überraschendsten war mir Graz, da das Gutachten von Prof. Oertel, das ich gelesen habe, außerordentlich günstig war u[nd] eine Reihe von Fakultätsmitgliedern mich zugern [sic] deswegen an erste Stelle setzen wollten [sic]. Wenn ich hier die Gründe meines Nichtberufenwerdens erführe, so wäre ich sehr dankbar. [Es] wird wohl, wie immer, irgend jemand gegen mich intrigiert haben. Aber ich ahne nicht, wer. Vielleicht erfahren Sie etwas von Lehmann-Haupt? Der wird ja nun wohl auch bald pensionsreif werden[,] und dann hoffe ich sehr, daß Sie sein Nachfolger werden. Tübingen ist auch nicht besetzt. Daß man W. Weber 997 zurückberufen hat, haben Sie wohl gelesen. Da er unglaubliche Gehaltsforderungen gestellt hat, so hat ihn die Regierung fallen laßen [sic] d. h. er (!) hat abgelehnt? Er war unico loco vorgeschlagen. Von weiteren Vorschlägen habe ich noch nichts gehört, aber daß man nur einen, der schon Ordinarius ist, haben will, ist mir von einem Fakultätsmitglied 997 180 versichert worden. T. 998 kann uns Jüngeren also höchstens indirekt nützen. Judeich 999 , der längst überfällig ist, hat man gebeten, noch weiterzulesen. Von Wien habe ich keine zuverlässigen Nachrichten. So sind in Deutschland also die Aussichten nicht gerade vielversprechend. Besonders interessant ist der Endkampf um Berlin, da Wilcken 1000 im Laufe dieses Jahres ausscheidet u[nd] gerne sehr, wie er mir sagt[,] ‚um endlich arbeiten zu können'." 1001 Für Schachermeyr sollte die Situation des Wartens auf eine Professur allerdings schon bald ein Ende haben -Anfang 1931 erging an ihn ein Ruf nach Jena auf den Lehrstuhl des soeben genannten Walther Judeich, und dies, obwohl er im Jenenser Ternavorschlag nur an dritter Stelle genannt worden war 1002 . An erste Stelle waren die 998 Gemeint ist zweifellos das eben erwähnte Tübingen, wo dann seit 1932 tatsächlich vielmehr Woldemar Graf Uxkull-Gyllenband (1898-1939; auch Üxküll geschrieben, so zuletzt bei K. lehrte, der zuvor noch nicht Ordinarius gewesen und selbst einer von "uns Jüngeren" war; und da es deshalb keinen Wechsel eines schon andernorts etablierten Lehrstuhlinhabers nach Tübingen gab, konnten Bilabel und seinesgleichen auch nicht, wie von diesem erhofft, von einer so herbeigeführten Vakanz an einer anderen Universität profitieren. . Daß die Kandidaten von der Fakultät für ein Ordinariat gelistet wurden, geht auch aus dem Glückwunschschreiben Judeichs an Schachermeyr hervor (A I, W. Judeich an Schachermeyr, Brief vom 21.2.1931). 1007 "Nach dem neuen Statut [von 1924] gehörten alle ordentlichen und alle diejenigen beamteten außerordentlichen Professoren, die alleinige Vertreter eines selbständigen Faches waren, zur Engeren Fakultät. Diese wurde durch geheime Wahl der Weiteren Fakultät aus dem Kreis derjenigen Mitglieder ergänzt, die nicht der Engeren Fakultät angehörten. Ihre Zahl sollte jedoch nicht mehr als ein Viertel der Inhaber ordentlicher Lehrstellen betragen, und diese Mitglieder des Lehrkörpers durften an Verhandlungen und Beschlußfassungen über ihre eigene Person nicht teilnehmen […]. Die Weitere Fakultät bestand aus allen ordentlichen Professoren, den außerordentlichen Professoren und den Privatdozenten. […] ‚Der Große Senat setzt sich aus sämtlichen Mitgliedern der engeren [sic] Fakultäten zusammen', denen […] jetzt auch Nichtordinarien angehörten, teils in ihrer Eigenschaft als alleinige Vertreter eines selbständigen Faches, teils als gewählte Vertreter der sonst außerhalb der Fakultät Professor in Jena (1931-1936) 182 ehesten Schachermeyr den Ruf annehmen würde, denn jeder Ruf an eine Universität war für die von ihm ohne Zweifel angestrebte wissenschaftliche Karriere besser als weiterer Gymnasialunterricht. So machte denn also Schachermeyr das Rennen, wofür folgende Begründung gegeben wurde: "Allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit hat Schachermeyr mit seinem im Jahr 1929 veröffentlichten großen Buch 'Etruskische Frühgeschichte' 1008 erregt. Zwar der Nachweis, der das Ziel des Buches bildet, wird bestritten, der Nachweis nämlich, daß die Herkunft der Etrusker im nordwestlichen Kleinasien zu suchen sei. Aber die umfassende Kenntnis, die Vorlegung des Materials, die großen Gesichtspunkte und die mit historischem Takt getroffenen Fragestellungen, endlich die Vorzüge der Darstellung, die besonders in der Beschreibung der archäologischen Denkmäler hervortreten, haben volle Anerkennung, teilweise geradezu Bewunderung gefunden. Schachermeyr hat sich mit diesem Buch, das einen viel umfassenderen Inhalt hat[,] als der Titel verrät[,] und auf Grund genauer Kenntnis und großzügiger Betrachtung der Frühgeschichte der ganzen östlichen Mittelmeerwelt geschrieben ist, als Historiker von Rang ausgewiesen." 1009 Bereits im Sommer 1930 hatte der Archäologe Camillo Praschniker (1884-1949) 1010 , der nur das Sommersemester 1930 in Jena lehrte und danach nach Wien wechselte, Schachermeyr mitgeteilt, daß sein Name "unter einer großen Zahl sozusagen zur engeren Wahl stehenden Lehrkräfte. Hinsichtlich der Mitgliedschaft zum Kleinen Senat wurde präzisiert, daß von den sieben Wahlsenatoren fünf aus dem Kreis der ordentlichen Professoren, und zwar je einer aus jeder Fakultät stammen mußten" (R. Ludloff 1958, 561); vgl. dazu M. Schmeiser 1994, 62, der allerdings nur über die preußischen Verhältnisse berichtet. 183 gestellt wurde" 1011 . Am 19. Dezember 1930 holte das Thüringische Volksbildungsministerium, im besonderen Oberregierungsrat Friedrich Stier (1886-1966) 1012 , der zusätzlich an der Jenenser Universität las, im Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Unterricht Auskünfte über Schachermeyr ein, wobei man sich auch über dessen Persönlichkeit sowie politische Aktivitäten informierte 1013 . Das Ministerium in Wien gab diese Fragen nach Tirol weiter, und dort hieß es, Schachermeyr sei, "soweit dem Landesschulrate bekannt, politisch nie hervorgetreten" 1014 . Bezüglich seiner Besoldung wird angegeben, daß Schachermeyr samt diversen Zulagen und Überstundenvergütung auf ein monatliches Nettoeinkommen von ATS 517,60 komme 1015 . Auch der Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Innsbruck, Ernst Philippi (1888 1016 , der 1945 entlassen wurde, weiß von keiner politischen Betätigung Schachermeyrs, er sei ihm "persönlich als sehr sympathischer jüngerer Kollege bekannt, der meines Wissens auch bei den anderen Kollegen beliebt ist" 1017 . Schachermeyr selbst bezeichnete sich später als bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt "vollkommen unpolitisch". Weiters führte er erklärend und völlig glaubhaft aus: "An eine studentische Korporation habe ich mich während meiner Universitätsjahre nicht angeschlossen. In den nachfolgenden zehn Jahren, welche ich 1011

Social change is caused by many issues, but none as clear as the changes brought on by technological advancement. The scientific revolution of the 19 th century introduced many new technologies which revolutionized people's lives. Through industry, the mass-production of

Nel 1793 il domenicano Alessandro Garioni pubblicò a Milano un’edizione della Batracomiomachia corredata di traduzione letterale italiana e “parafrasi” poetica in milanese. Nell’introduzione, Garioni attribuisce con convinzione il poemetto ad Omero. In quest’ottica, si tratta dunque del primo tentativo di tradurre Omero in milanese. L’analisi di quest’opera e del suo rapporto con la letteratura precedente, erudita e non solo, si propone di collocarla nella storia della fortuna dei Classici e della letteratura milanese. In particolare, si evidenzia come la parafrasi milanese non possa considerarsi parodia del poemetto greco.

Link: https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/promoitals/article/view/11298/10682

Michel'Angelo Giacomelli (1695-1774), Archbishop of Chalcedon, editor of pagan and Christian authors and friend of J.J. Winckelmann, began work in the early 1750s on an annotated verse translation of Aristophanes' Lysistrata, which was followed by one of Ecclesiazusae (Le Arringatrici).  A fair copy of both was prepared for the press by Vincenzo Cavazzi, but publication was hindered by the obscenities in both translations, inappropriate for an ecclesiastic.  Giacomelli added translations of Thesmophoriazusae (Festeggianti Cerere) and of Frogs (Ranocchie: 1-315 only) to his own manuscript, but kept it to himself until 1772 when, assailed by conscientious scruples, he thought of destroying it but was dissuaded by the Jesuits of the Collegio Romano.  In 1773 the manuscript, as dangerous as innovative, fell into the hands of Cardinal Francisco Saverio de Zelada, who, in 1773, on the orders of Pope Clement XIV, proceeded with the dismantling of the Society of Jesus. Since, in previous years, Giacomelli had been an open supporter of the Jesuits, the manuscript became a real weapon of blackmail. Giacomelli's autograph has been rediscovered by the author of this monograph in the Biblioteca Capitular of Toledo (ms. BCT 105-14), so as he rediscovered Cavazzi's copy is in the University Library of Bologna (ms. BUB 3566).  Giacomelli's translation – the oldest in Italian, except for that of the brothers Rositini – is noteworthy for its deliberate concentration on the highly obscene "women's plays" and for the uncensored rendering of down-to-earth expressions, in contrast with other contemporary modern-language translations, which were expurgated and usually limited to the more "moral" plays, Wealth and Clouds.  Its language is Tuscan, free from the rigid dictates of the Accademia della Crusca and full of literary reminiscences, especially of Boccaccio. An unknown chapter in the history of classical studies that sheds light on eighteenth-century Rome, its cultural environments and on those who, for better or for worse, were their undisputed protagonists. This second volume contains the editio princeps of Giacomelli's Lisistrata (the first of four annotated translations of Aristophanes present in the ms. BCT 105-14), the original Greek text from Ludolph Küster's edition (the one followed by Giacomelli himself), the apparatus criticus, and a full explanatory commentary, in which the author,  by discussing the main problems of Aristophanes' text, creates a bridge between the positions of the eighteenth-century philology and those of today's research on Aristophanes.