Group Analysis

The need for a drive theory in group analysis and psychoanalysis is argued for; especially against the background of recent advances in genetics. The old drive theories were not adequate and created confusion on several levels. With the application of the social drive a direct understanding of our social nature becomes possible. A discrete social function of the personality is

“As we know, well-led groups provide many member benefits: feelings of universality, a sense of hope, altruism, acquisition of knowledge and skills, and mutual support...This text is affordable, easy to use, and very suitable for providing group work material in BSW or MSW practice courses.”

— Greg Tully, West Chester University



AN EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH TO GROUP WORK
Second Edition

Rich Furman, University of Washington, Tacoma
Kimberly Bender, University of Denver
Diana Rowan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

An Experiential Approach to Group Work is not your typical group work text! Using dozens of exercises that build practice-tested skills, the authors' approach is in perfect step with CSWE's competence-based education requirements. The book is organized into three sections—the first addresses stages of group practice, the second looks at major types of groups, and the final section looks at examples of group work practice with special populations.

Features of the Second Edition

    Expanded! Discussion of the theory of group process and dynamics
    New! Content regarding Canadian, British, and Australian group work practices
    New! Chapters on anti-oppressive practice, group work with immigrants, and macro-practice group work
    New! Content on the use and development of technology to aid group work
    Contains customized exercises for each group work topic, designed to build the student and practitioner’s skills for use in group work sessions
    Special emphasis on how to bring individual sessions or groups to closure
    Provides examples of group work in specialized settings: conflict resolution groups within elementary schools, pregnant teens, Latinos, and HIV/AIDS clients

Adolescence seems to be a period full of changes and conflicts. The main issue of this life-period is the search for personal identity. Adolescents need to differentiate from their family environment and want to commit and relate to a broader environment, that of peers, either in school or in society. When the conflicts (within self or within the family) seem unsolved or even urgent, the adolescents themselves or their parents seek for therapy. This paper will present the significant contribution of the Group-Analytic Psychodrama, which provides the stability and safety of the group-analytic situation and the fascinating procedure of the psychodramatic enactment, in the formation of the adolescents' identity. Two are the main themes of this article. The first one is theoretical and refers to the basic terms of a crucial life period. The main points are «adolescence» and «personal identity» which will be referred and interrelated. The second part refers to a special method, to which everyone is already familiar, the therapeutic process of a Group Analytic Psychodrama and its contribution to the formation of their identity. Theoretical Approach of the Adolescence Adolescence is a crucial period in human life, especially in western societies. In a typical way, there has been a distinction in phases for a better comprehension of this period, and we can thus distinguish three of them: pre-adolescence or early adolescence, middle or proper adolescence and post-adolescence. At this point it is remarked that, in parallel to the evolution of western society, there is also an expansion of the duration of adolescence. On the whole the child's life has changed, and changed for ever. The peaceful period of latency is over and a new period full of changes and conflicts has just started, as A. Freud mentioned in 1978.

There is a growing tension between the findings of child developmental research and classical psychoanalytic theory. Accumulating research evidence for the importance of the critically important role of early childhood neural-cognitive development and the complexities of the early infant-mother relationship significantly stress the importance of the early pre-verbal experiences and highlight how infants learn. The infants' evolution from mutual gaze to joint gaze emerging from the primary relationship between the mother and child requires reexamination of the components of the analytic alliant relationship. This paper explores the neglected relationship between the theories of the therapeutic alliance by , and Brenner (1955Brenner ( , 1980, and the developmental progression from mutual gaze and joint gaze, upon which important aspects of mental and cognitive development rest. Non-blind infants and children rely heavily on the ability to learn by seeing in order to learn while childhood trauma regularly affects the dynamics of perception. This issue is particularly relevant given the high incidence of unresolved childhood trauma in the form of neglect, loss and abuse in those who seek out psychoanalytic therapy. Mutual or bidirectional patterns of gaze that arise in the mutually sensitive micro-behavioral paths of interactive communication within the mother-child dyad are subsequently re-enacted in the therapist-client relationship. In the following a specific

"אי אבדה הדרך הברוכה /
אי אבדה הדרך אל הכפר /
הדרך בה רציתי לשוב בחזרה"
(יורם טהרלב)
"Where is the lost blessed road /
Where is the road to the village  /
The road of my return"
(Yoram Teharlev)

In 2007, an Israeli prime-time musical TV show presented a Palestinian singer performing an all-israeli song expressing a yearning for a lost village and a wish to return home. Sharp-sighted viewers recognized how this reframing had exposed a highly explosive political content, that was in fact there all along. The political provocation seemed unintended, and was later covered up by the producers.
Why and how is it that when trying to take the main road, we find ourselves returning again and again to roads we had tried to avoid? This is the case with the issue located at the center of this paper: Despite the efforts of silencing the traces of the Palestinian Nakba out of our conscious collective memory, the Israeli public sphere is in fact saturated with signs of this traumatic event. The repressed is doomed to return.
The paper suggest an inovative use of psychoanalytic concepts in order to understand this silencing as a process of social repressing. it will be suggested that in regards to the Nakba, perpetrators' trauma can be recognized alongside the primary Palestinian trauma – a conceptualization that helps to understand the bases of such repression process .In contrast to a "chosen trauma", perpetrators' trauma is usually a denied collective trauma, sizzling in the social unconscious and tied to a repressed guilt.
Several such "traumatic social symptoms" will be introduced in the paper, based on fascinating examples from the Israeli culture – both the material culture and the symbolic culture. Other source of examples stems from the author's experience as the facilitator of a unique study-and-reflection group, in which the Jewish-Isreali participants had faced this uncanny materials and tried to work through them together.

This study evaluates personality changes, after successful completion of long-term group-analytic psychotherapy, in an outpatient day treatment unit (Athens Open Psychotherapy Centre). 1 Testretest method was applied in thirty-nine patients, who were assessed by the MMPI test and the Rorschach projective technique.

In this keynote lecture given at the 17th GASI Symposium in Berlin, the main ideas informing the clinical work with foreign families and refugees conducted at an ethnopsychiatry clinic in France are outlined. The treatment methodology is described and case examples are presented to illustrate the way in which all healing practices are given serious consideration as valid therapeutic resources within the clinical setting and the importance of putting aside one's assumptions and knowledge as therapists and caseworkers in order to access the knowledge and practices of people's 'natural' groups in order to negotiate new and creative solutions to previously unknown problems.

... Page 8. Völkern: Trans generational Transmissions 85 Transgenerational Transmissions Although the ... One aspect of clinical observation that is especially relevant to understanding certain components of large-group iden-tity is the transgenerational transmission of trauma. ...

Research into computer simulation of group and cultural processes has expanded in recent years, including an important recent attempt to incorporate neuropsychoanalytic principles. This paper argues that in order to progress we need to start “taking the group seriously” and utilize psychoanalytic theories of group- level processes. Furthermore, those currently using such psychoanalytic perspectives in a variety of contexts have a lot to gain from computer modelling. This paper aims to elucidate the key elements of three foundational psychoanalytic theories of group dynamics, those of Freud, Bion and Jaques, with the goal of facilitating future computer-based implementation, and ultimately the formation of a new research field of artificial group psychodynamics.

Narratives are an increasingly popular focus of social research. Perhaps this is because 'stories' 1 seem to promise human universality and accessibility, while analysis of them requires a rewardingly comprehensive attention to individual, social and cultural dimensions of language and meaning. In this paper, I examine some persuasive modes of understanding the social world as narrative, and the significance of such approaches for modes of social research and practice, including some operating within group analysis.

The question of "the relationship between the individual and society" has troubled group analysis since its inception. This paper offers a reading of Foulkes that highlights the emergent, yet evanescent, psychosocial ontology in his writings, and argues for the development of a truly psychosocial group analysis, which moves beyond the individual/society dualism. It argues for a shift towards a language of relationality, and proposes new theoretical resources for such a move from relational sociology, relational psychoanalysis and the "matrixial thinking" of Bracha Ettinger which would broaden and deepen group analytic understandings of relationality.

Los enfoques relacionales, intersubjetivos y sociales del psicoanálisis han comenzado, tradicionalmente, por el rechazo de la teoría freudiana de las pulsiones. Ello resulta apropiado, si sólo consideramos el fallido intento de la metapsicología de transformar al psicoanálisis en una ciencia natural y utilizar las pulsiones, como principio explicativo, para hallar las "causas" de la experiencia, el pensamiento y la conducta humanas. La vida humana no puede reducirse a un fenómeno físico más, desechando sus dimensiones vivencial, hermenéutica, personal, relacional e intencional .

Im Zentrum der Methodologie der Ethnoanalyse steht das Konzept der Forschungssituation.
Ausgehend von ethnopsychoanalytischen und gruppenanalytischen Überlegungen
wird die hier entstehende Forschungsbeziehung als Resultat einer gemeinsamen
Praxis von Forschenden und Beforschten reflektiert. Um Aussagen über die bestimmenden
latenten Themen im Alltag der Beforschten machen zu können muss daher
auch die emotionale Verstrickung der Forschenden mit ihrem Gegenstand interpretiert
werden. Der Artikel stellt zunächst den Entstehungskontext und methodologischen
Hintergrund der Ethnoanalyse vor. Im Anschluss werden ausgehend von dem Konzept
der Forschungssituation die zentralen Überlegungen zur Datenerhebung und -
auswertung zusammengefasst und anhand empirischen Materials skizziert.
Schlagworte: Ethnopsychoanalyse, Gruppenanalyse, szenisches Verstehen, Adoleszenz,
Institutionsanalyse

The emergence of 'collective therapies' such as group therapy and therapeutic communities are explored. It is discovered that these therapies start emerging around the beginning of the twentieth century and gain widespread acceptance around the time of the Second World War. This development is understood using the phenomenological theory of historical psychology (metabletics) of JH van den Berg. These 'collective therapies' are recast in phenomenological terms where it is argued that these therapies 'correct' modern alienated existence and allow for a being-withothers that contemporary existence makes problematic. Finally it is argued that this form of therapy is healing to individuals and equally to 'the world'.

it is useful to raise these issues, and to debate them. No one has the right answer to them all. This article continues to explore some crucial differences between group analysis (as a western approach to group therapy) and the Minia integrative dynamic model (an approach that was developed in Egypt in the last decade). The article re-emphasizes the assumption that certain socio-cultural factors can grossly affect both the theory and practice of group psychotherapy; so, what can work for western therapists/patients is not necessarily supposed to work for eastern therapists/patients. The article also explores the meaning and power of love in both models of group therapy according to different perceptions, understanding and the functioning of love in different cultures.

Working in groups is increasingly regarded as fruitful for the process of analyzing qualitative data. It has been reported to build research skills, make the analytic process visible, reduce inequalities and social distance particularly between researchers and participants, and broaden and intensify engagement with the material. This article contributes to the burgeoning literature on group qualitative data analysis by presenting a worked example of a group data analysis of a short extract from an interview on serial migration from the Caribbean to the UK. It describes the group's working practices and the different analytic resources drawn upon to conduct a narrative analysis. We demonstrate the ways in which an initial line-by-line analysis followed by analysis of larger extracts generated insights that would have been less available to individual researchers. Additionally, we discuss the positioning of group members in relation to the data and reflect on the porous boundary b...

This is the English language version of a paper that is forthcoming in the journal Chimères, n. 91. This paper proposes an institutional analysis of harm reduction work being done in the London metropolitan area, with a specific focus on working with people classed as "dual diagnosis".

Spatial terminology is used in many fields, including that of psychotherapies, in ways that often go unremarked. Human geographers have expressed ambivalence about an apparent proliferation of spatial thinking challenging taken-for-granted meanings attributed to 'space'. Drawing especially on feminist geography, this articles outlines two of the most influential re-theorisations of space -as relational and as performative -that have ensued.

Published in: Forum: Qualitative social Research (2016), Volume 17, No. 2, Art. 9 Abstract: Working in groups is increasingly regarded as fruitful for the process of analyzing qualitative data. It has been reported to build research skills, make the analytic process visible, reduce inequalities and social distance particularly between researchers and participants, and broaden and intensify engagement with the material. This article contributes to the burgeoning literature on group qualitative data analysis by presenting a worked example of a group data analysis of a short extract from an interview on serial migration from the Caribbean to the UK. It describes the group's working practices and the different analytic resources drawn upon to conduct a narrative analysis. We demonstrate the ways in which an initial line-by-line analysis followed by analysis of larger extracts generated insights that would have been less available to individual researchers. Additionally, we discuss t...

Institutional Analysis is the thread that runs through and connects some of the most convincing work being done today in philosophy and postcolonial theory. However, little work has been done in this area and no serious studies have ever been conducted in English. As such, we initially viewed this event as giving us a chance to look back and connect the dots between some of the most important therapists, militants and philosophers of the 20 th Century. However, far from being a mere historical object of study, Institutional Analysis gives us a remarkable set of tools to analyse and response to our current cultural-social-political climate. In other words, Institutional Analysis gives us the tools to confront Crisis. This paper examines the role that crisis plays in structuring our contemporary psychosocial landscape and then seeks to answer the question as to how Institutional Analysis can equip us with the tools to respond to omnipresent crisis: the tools to help resist alienation and to create spaces of liberation.

Mirror reactions are characteristically brought-out when a number of persons meet and interact. The person sees himself, or part of himself -often repressed part of himself -reflected in the interactions of other group members. He sees them reacting in the way he does himself, or in contrast to his own behaviour. He also gets to know himself -and this is a fundamental process in ego development -by the effect he has on others and the picture they form of him". Foulkes, H. S. (1964) Therapeutic Group Analysis. London : Allen And Unwin. "Mirror reactions help in the differentiation of self from not-self. The reflection of the self from the outside world lead to a greater self consciousness, so that the infant Narcissus eventually learns to distinguish his own image from that of the other images, the mirror reactions are, therefore, essential mechanisms in the resolution of this primary narcissism". These help "…to counteract this morbid self reference. By sympathizing and understanding, by identifying with, and imitating, by externalizing what is inside and internalizing what is outside, the individual activates within himself the deep social responses that lead to his definition, in the first place, as a social being".

Ovo istraživanje polazi od hipoteze da aktiviranje i prorada separacijske anksioznosti može imati utjecaj na procese individuacije kod članova grupe. Time je u središte istraživanja stavljen međuodnos separacijskog iskustva i procesa individuacije u grupnom psihoterapijskom procesu.
Autor polazi od shvaćanja izraženog kroz teorijski razvoj psihoanalitičkog značenja pojma "separacije" gdje je on uglavnom shvaćen i istražen s aspekta njegovog negativnog i patološkog utjecaja na razvoj ličnosti, kao i na sam psihoterapijski proces. Drugo shvaćanje, značajno za ovo
istraživanje, proizašlo je iz pojedinih studija psihoterapijskog procesa gdje je pozitivni aspekt separacijskog iskustva uglavnom prepoznat i proučavan u okviru završne faze grupne i individualne psihoterapije.
U ovoj studiji utoliko se nastoji ukazati na mogući pozitivni utjecaj separacijskog iskustva na grupni proces, kao i na njegovo značenje izvan završne faze grupnog razvoja.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražitida li aktiviranje i prorada separacijske anksioznosti u grupi vodi do promjena u doživljaju vlastitog identiteta njenih članova. 
Istraživanje je obuhvaćalo psihoterapijsku grupu sastavljenu od osam nepsihotičnih pacijenata, koje su u nju bili uključeni od jedne do dvije i pol godine. "Separacijsko iskustvo", kao neovisna varijabla, definirano je prekidom grupnog procesa u trajanju od dva mjeseca. U nacrtu istraživanja bila su određena tri perioda istraživanja. Period A obuhvaćao je vrijeme prije najavljenog prekida i predstavljao je stanje grupnog funkcioniranja prije potaknutog grupnog separacijskog iskustva, Period B predstavljao je vremenski period od najave prekida do njenog stvarnog prekida i predstavljao je aktivaciju i proradu separacijskog iskustva u grupi, Period C predstavljao je period nastavka grupnog procesa nakon prekida koji je predstavljao rezoluciju cijelog procesa istraživanja. Dobiveni konačni rezultati, u odnosu na period A, predstavljaju utjecaj separacijskog iskustva na promjene u doživljaju identiteta kod članova grupe, Promjena na području doživljaja identiteta su praćena na "Tennessee skali self koncepta" (TSSK) kao i na "Emocionalnom profil indeksu" (EPI),
Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na šest zaključaka: (1) Potvrđena je radna hipoteza da aktivacija i prorada separacijske anksioznosti može stvoriti promjene na području doživljaja identiteta, (2) Analizom rezultata na TSSK ukazuje sa promjena na području individuacije kroz promjene u individualnom doživljaju vlastitog ponašanja, kao i u nivou samopoštovanja i samokritičnosti, (3) Analiza rezultata na EPI potvrđuje stav da aktivacija i prorada separacijske anksioznosti ima pozitivan "utjecaj" na emocionalno funcioniranje članova grupe kroz smanjenje agresivno-opozicijskih tendencija, Regulaciju depresivnosti, veću spontano st u ponašanju kao i viši nivo sarnoprocjene, (4) Značajno zapažanje je da aktivacijorn, i proradom separacijske anksioznosti se aktiviraju psihotični nivoi osobnosti koji su na taj način otvoreni terapijskom pristupu, (5) Unutar samog grupnog procesa zapaženo je da aktivacijom separacijskog iskustva se potiče "inteziviranje afekata" i "konstruktivna regresija" u grupi gdje se njihovom proradom postižu prihvaćeniji, "pozitivniji" nivoi funkcioniranja, (6) U odnosu na individualne razlike u reakciji na potaknuto separacijsko iskustvo u ovom istraživanju zapaženo je da su individue sa dominantnim graničnim karakteristikama osobnosti učestvovali u grupnoj dinamici intenzivnije i aktivnije u odnosu na individue s dominantnim narcističkim i neurotskim karakteristikama. kroz istraživanje ukazalo se da je aktivacija i prorađena separacijska anksioznost imala izraženiji i pozitivniji utjecaj kod graničnih osobnosti nego kod drugih dviju skupina,

The author makes two basic points, ones that have not been elucidated in the literature. The first is that when group associations coalesce, in some sort of unified way, they form in two levels. One level is the manifest theme that the therapist perceives and, in traditional ...

Reflections on the Large Group at the 14th Group-Analytic Symposium in Dublin: Despair, Dialogue and Desire: The Transformative Power of the Analytic Group in the Movement from Despair to Desire through Dialogue.567 people from 39 countries came to Dublin. As the largest and probably the most diverse group ever to participate in a group-analytic symposium, the large group inevitably forced

In this article, the author focuses on Foulkes’s concept of the foundation matrix, re-examining its heuristic value in a theory of unconscious processes, trying to outline what could be the ‘contents’ of the foundation matrix as well as to formulate the related media of communication. Emphasis is laid on the significance of bodily communication, including gestures and rituals as conceptualized by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu as ‘habitus’.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Lene Auestad

PART 1: THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS
The Dread of Sameness: Social Hatred and Freud's 'Narcissism of Minor Differences'
Karl Figlio
Subjectivity and Absence – Prejudice as a Psycho-Social Theme
Lene Auestad
Metapsychological Approaches to Exclusion
Jonathan Davidoff
The Excluded in Identification
Calum Neill

PART 2: QUESTIONING CASES OF EXCLUSION
True Believer: Racism and one Nazi Ideologist
Martyn Housden
Staring and Phantasy – A Speculative Attempt to Understand and Address the Widely Observed Misrepresentation and Exclusion of People with Disfigurements
Jane Frances
'Who is afraid of DSM?' The Place of the Subject in the Society of Therapy
René Rasmussen
Islamism and Xenophobia
Sverre Varvin
Traces of Trauma in Post-Conflict Guatemala. Theoretical Reflections on the Effects of Trauma on a Social Organization
Elisabeth Rohr

PART 3: THE EXCLUSION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS; LIMITS AND EXTENSIONS
Psychoanalysis behind Iron Curtains
Ferenc Erős
The Extensions of Psychoanalysis: Colonialism, Post-Colonialism and Hospitality
Julia Borossa

Contributors
Index

The birth of psychoanalysis owes much to Sigmund Freud's encounter with anti-Semitism. There is little doubt it led to Freud's failing to obtain a much hoped for academic appointment in Vienna and for a number of years he was forced to work without public recognition and in isolation. Later he was to write: Nor is it perhaps entirely a matter of chance that the first advocate of psychoanalysis was a Jew. To profess belief in this new theory called for a certain degree of readiness to accept a situation of solitary opposition-a situation with which no one is more familiar than a Jew.

Ordeal Therapy is a collection of storiesand who doesn't like a good story, particularly when told by Jay Haley? The stories are about people: what happens to them, how they get stuck and end up seeking help from therapists, and how their problems get resolved through therapeutic ordeals. These are all cases Haley has supervised. Among the presenting problems: a woman who perspires profusely; a panicky husband about to be left by his wife; a woman with a "totally incompetent" brother; a boy who masturbates in full view of his shocked mother and sister; an encopretic child; a priest who feels bad about the enjoyment of touching himself in the shower. Clearly, it's your average mental health clinic. In the introduction, Haley enumerates the stages of ordeal therapy: 1. The problem must be clearly defined; 2. The person must be committed to getting over the problem; 3. An ordeal must be selected; 4. The directive must be given with a rationale; 5. The ordeal continues until the problem is resolved; 6. The ordeal is in a social context. Most of the ordeals fall into three categories: shaggy dog stories, devil's pacts, and Hobson's choices. They are used to facilitate change by getting patients to act upon a prescribed ritual. (Milton Erickson's influence is quite evident.) The shaggy dog story is a technique in which the therapist tells an extended, tedious, and rambling tale. It becomes so extended, boring, and exasperating that it places the patient in a different emotional state or mental set. Once this state is induced, the patient may be more amenable to treatment. A devil's pact is another Ericksonian technique to increase motivation. One tells the patient that there is a solution to the problem but that the patient must first promise to do anything the therapist asks. The patient is often sent home for a week or so to think about whether he or she will agree to this. The delay usually increases both the patient's anxiety and the motivation to change. In a Hobson's choice, one has to choose between the lesser of two evils. Haley sets up ordeals so that if a symptom is not eliminated by a certain period of time, the patient is "punished" by having to perform the ordeal. Unlike a classical Hobson's choice (between two negatives), the ordeal is structured to lead to a no-lose situation. For example, in one story a very shy, virginal professor wanted to develop a relationship with a woman. He was given 30 days to lose his virginity. If he was unable to accomplish this task within the 30-day period, he was required to wake up at 2 A.M. and read scientific articles for one hour. (He had previously mentioned that he was falling behind on such reading.) The professor was to read these articles standing up. The ritual was to continue until the professor lost his virginity or reached the age of 80whichever came first. Haley's ordeals are artfully constructed and presented to a patient, demonstrating his mastery of understanding context, the function a symptom serves in a system, and the resistance to change. In addition, there is always some gentle humor and playfulness to be found in the rituals. I was also touched in an unexpected way. One of the stories is about a family in which the wife is about to take the children and leave the husband. The husband is in a panic, taking tranquilizers, drinking and threatening suicide. Haley's supervisee, Jerome Ford, stabilized the family and the panicky husband by doing something that ordinarily might provoke the criticism of other therapists: One night after a session, Ford went out drinking with the husband. After reading Haley's account of this case, I agreed that it was a most powerful and effective thing to do. For the student, however, such a solution may be puzzling. On one hand, Haley seems to say these are the rules to follow in developing ordeals and rituals; on the other hand, there are times that the rules should be broken. Is he saying that the rule is, there are no rules? Unfortunately, the book does not go far enough in explaining the context in which particular symptoms develop and how and why the prescribed ritual changes a particular system. I say unfortunately, because no one has stressed the importance of context more and earlier in this field than Jay Haley (1). Beginning family therapists may not understand how and why a therapist was able to get a 10-year-old boy who openly masturbated in the living room to use masturbation as a punishment for not doing his homework. Haley does not address the important absence of an adult male in this family, nor the relationship that the male therapist developed with the boy. Without such explanations, the interventions appear too magical. This is an enjoyable and sometimes touching collection of stories about people and how they get into trouble with themselves and with others. It is written by a giant in the field who has already given us one of its most important books (1) and one of its most outrageous and engaging. (2) Ordeal Therapy is another contribution from this seminal figure, and, as a family therapist, I am grateful and proud to have Jay Haley in our ranks.

It is no secret that there is a difficulty in accepting death and dying. The whole of our society shares this difficulty, tending to contemplate death as something which cannot and must not be discussed. This is reflected in the group which is the focus of this article, a group comprised of staff working with people close to death. The author documents his experience as conductor of this group, observing startling changes in personal and collective dynamics as, through group psychotherapy, members learn to discuss their own personal experiences of death.