Greek

A la meme epoque, la reine ostrogothe Amalasonthe, fille de Theodoric le Grand, aurait res:u une education classique : en l'an 533, Cassiodore la loua ainsi au Senat de Rome : « Dans quelle langue son savoir n 'est-il pas prouve ? Elle parle couramment la splendeur de l 'eloquence grecque, elle brille dans la gloire de l 'eloquence romaine ; le flot de sa parole ancestrale lui apporte la gloire ; elle surpasse tous dans leurs propres langues, et est egalement merveilleuse dans chacune » 21. Cassiodore exagera-t-il ses capacites litteraires ? Peut-etre, mais pas plus qu'il n'aurait exagere les talents de n'importe quelle femme romaine qu' il vantait 22 .

Prefazione al volume "Storia istituzionale, storia amministrativa e interculturalità nel mondo greco e romano. Atti dei seminari Ricerche a Confronto XIII, Bologna 2018", a cura di Generoso Cefalo e Francesco Muraca. Urbino University Press 2024.

Heródoto e Aristóteles apresentam as formas de governo de uma perspectiva quantitativa (quando um, poucos ou muitos ocupam o poder) e qualitativa (quando o governo é bom ou ruim). O governo de muitos é a democracia e para entender seus elogios e críticas, iremos traçar paralelos entre o trecho denominado "Diálogo dos Persas" de Heródoto (Histórias, 3.80-83) e os livros III e IV de A Política de Aristóteles. Essas obras demonstram continuidade e rupturas sobre o pensamento político dos gregos sobre a democracia, que, em linhas gerais, é elogiada por causa da liberdade e igualdade, e é criticada por permitir que o governo fique nas mãos dodemos, considerado inapto para a tarefa. O estudo das democracias antigas permite refletir sobre a democracia no cenário atual, pensando em seus desafios inerentes, sendo um deles relacionado à participação popular.

Con admiración y agradecimiento a la memoria de Don Pedro Laín Entralgo, quien, desde que presidiera la defensa de mi tesis doctoral, siempre me alentó al estudio de los médicos griegos RESUMEN Laín mantuvo trato cordial con varios helenistas de Madrid. La amistad facilitó la participación de algunos de éstos en la Historia universal de la medicina dirigida por el primero. Discípulos de los anteriores, y, a su vez, alumnos de éstos, han seguido cultivando el amplio campo de la medicina griega y romana, con aportaciones diversas: artículos de revista, tesis doctorales, traducciones, comentarios, etc. Este trabajo revisa de modo sumario la evolución y resultados a que han llevado las buenas relaciones, amistosas y científicas, de Laín con diversos helenistas formados en la ahora Universidad Complutense.

In much recent scholarship on the lives of women in Athens of the Classical period (broaily,fifthand fourth cenruries ncr), there is a recurring insrstence that women were objects in a patriarchal system, the property of men, and the objects of male sexual desire and an all-encompassing male gaze. Were women ever subjects? Could women feel their own personhood even within the confines of a patriarchal system? And if so, under what circumsrances? Lauren Petersen argues that "it was possible for a woman of ancient Greece to liberate herself from the oppression of patriarchal constructs by actively reading her subjectivity";I she cites several vase paintings thar could serve to faclitate such feelings. Circumstances in which women could feel liberated "from the oopression of pariarchal constructs" could logically include occasions when and locations where women were physically beyond the reach of men. The home, once the men went to the agora (the marketplace) or the assembly, became a female homosocial environment; so did house rooftops during the Adonia and the Pnyx hill during the Thesmophoria (see Rabinowitz's essay in this volume).2 This study looks at another place that, on occasion, became primarily a woman's space, the Kerameikos cemetery located outside the fortification walls in northwest Athens; in that space, I concentrate on its sculpted tombstones (sttki:orfi\.aL) of the later Classical period (fourth century ncr). Like all cemeteries, the Kerameikos was a heterotopia, a space other than ''i# i

A large body of psycholinguistic research has revealed that during sentence interpretation adults coordinate multiple sources of information. Particularly, they draw both on linguistic properties of the message and on information from the context to constrain their interpretations. Relatively little however is known about how this integrative processor develops through language acquisition and about how children process language. In this study, two on-line picture verification tasks were used to examine how 1st, 2nd and 4th/5th grade monolingual Greek children resolve pronoun ambiguities during sentence interpretation and how their performance compares to that of adults on the same tasks. Specifically, we manipulated the type of subject pronoun, i.e. null or overt, and examined how this affected participants' preferences for competing antecedents, i.e. in the subject or object position. The results revealed both similarities and differences in how adults and the various child groups comprehended ambiguous pronominal forms. Particularly, although adults and children alike showed sensitivity to the distribution of overt and null subject pronouns, this did not always lead to convergent interpretation preferences.

The existence of optionality in acquisitional data presents a problem to the view that developing grammars do not include more than one grammatical system at any stage. In this article data from Greek and Spanish, on the one hand, and English, on the other, constitute the background for the discussion of the existence of ‘true’ optionality in second language (L2) grammars and its potential persistence at advanced proficiency levels. We also discuss the relation between optionality and finiteness features in L2 grammars as well as how morphology interacts with the development of null operator structures (NOS). Specifically the article deals with the use of pronouns or empty categories in NOS and their relation to finiteness. We discuss the role of clitics in adult second language acquisition when the first language (L1) and the L2 differ in the choices of the pronominal system and in their choice for a gap or clitic pronoun in NOS. The subjects studied are speakers of Greek and of Sp...

ABSTRACT
Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 between Spain and Portugal has
inaugurated a new era in world history. Soon after the surrender of the
kingdom of Granada in 1492, both Spain and Portuguese kings began
to search for new lands for their treasuries. When the news came from
Columbus on the exploration of a new route to India (it was Caribbean)
the Portuguese accelerated their attempts to find a new route from
South Africa. Vasco da Gama has returned from Indian waters laden with
spices. Treaty of Tordesillas had divided the whole world between Spain
and Portugal: western part belonged to Spain while Portugal owned the
whole East (on paper). Soon afterwards, Portuguese explorers under
the protection of their warriors began to attack the Muslim shores in
Red Sea, Persian Sea, and Indian coasts. The first victim was the Mamluk
State, when the Portuguese closed the Red Sea. Then came the Persian
Sea and Arab merchants. Portuguese soon established a new naval state
under the title Estado da India which controlled almost whole Indian
trade to the local Muslim merchants. The Pilgrim routes were also
adversely affecte by this policy.
My paper will focus on the Portuguese attempts which monopolized
the Indian spice trade. On the contrary, Ottoman military and naval
counter attacks to the Portuguese were following a policy of free trade
for all. These naval clashes lasted almost 80 years, in which Ottomans
were involved for 60 years. Actually, Ottoman attempts were successful
to break out the Portuguese monopoly. My paper will also touch upon the
diplomatic relations in Europe which jeopardized the safe commercial
activity in international historical trade routes.
Keywords: Ottoman-Portuguese, Indian Trade, Spice Trade, Red Sea,
Persian Gulf, Suez, Basra, Hormuz, Diu, Bahrayn, Muscat.

disciplina delle Chiese, poiché corrispondevano a visioni ecclesiologiche contrastanti. Per un verso la Chiesa veniva raffigurata sul modello di un piccolo ed esclusivo gregge di eletti. Per altro verso si considerava la Chiesa come un popolo di santi e di peccatori, aperta all'accoglienza. Si evidenziarono due polarizzazioni dei vescovi, una rigorista e l'altra lassista, nella persuasione di poter offrire ai peccatori una nuova riconciliazione, un secondo battesimo per il perdono dei peccati e per la reintegrazione nella comunità. Questa possibilità, però, restava un'eccezione e non ripetibile. Testimoni della reiterabilità del perdono battesimale sono: a Roma "Il Pastore" di Erma (apparso intorno al 150) 5 ; a Cartagine il trattato di Tertulliano "De paenitentia" (203) 6 ; in Siria la "Didascalia Apostolorum" (220-230) 7. Seppure con sfumature differenti nella sua applicazione in Oriente e in Occidente, questa fu la prassi penitenziale finché iniziarono le violente persecuzioni contro i cristiani ordinate dagli imperatori Decio (250), Valeriano (257-259), Diocleziano (284-305) e Galerio (305-311). Decio intraprese una politica di restaurazione dell'Impero, per la quale andavano eliminati i pericoli che incombevano sulla sua sicurezza e stabilità, e fra questi erano annoverati i cristiani. Perciò l'imperatore ordinò che fosse compiuto formalmente un atto di culto da tutti i sudditi, una sorta di supplicatio straordinaria per il bene dell'impero. Non obbedire significava incorrere nel crimen di lesa maiestatis punito con la morte; in tal modo, secondo Decio, i cristiani avrebbero abbandonato la propria fede; scopo d'editto non era ottenere dei martiri ma l'apostasia dei cristiani. Diversi episcopi si salvarono fuggendo, fra questi lo stesso Cipriano, mentre a Roma moriva martire papa Fabiano 8. Durante la breve e violenta persecuzione di Decio, fu alto il numero degli apostati. Dopo la sua morte (251), innumerevoli apostati pentiti chiedesero di essere accolti nuovamente nelle comunione. Alcuni di essi avevano bruciato incenso agli idoli (thurificati), altri avevano offerto sacrifici (sacrificati) per ottenere il "libellus", cioè il certificato che attestava d'aver adempiuto all'ordine imperiale. Altri (libellatici), invece, erano entrati in possesso del libello corrompendo i funzionari, ma senza aver compiuto alcun sacrificio né rinnegato la fede. Nelle comunità cristiane si trovavano anche i confessores, coloro che avevano perseverato nella fede, subendo le vessazioni dei persecutori, ma erano sopravvissuti ed ora, forti della testimonianza resa, sostituendosi ai vescovi, rivendicavano il diritto di giudicare e interdire ai lapsi la reintegrazione. A Roma e a Cartagine si fronteggiavano posizioni opposte, che alimentarono un dibattito talora aspro. Nella Chiesa africana si diffondeva il movimento lassista rappresentato da Novato 9 , propenso a favorire il perdono degli apostati, mentre a Roma sia Novaziano 10 che i Montanisti 11 erano contrari ad usare indulgenza nei riguardi dei lapsi. Papa Callisto (217-222) si mostrò moderato e permise la riconciliazione degli

This research investigated teachers' perspectives on utilizing Learning Management Systems
(LMS) for educational purposes in secondary schools in Delta State. The study was guided by
one research question and a null hypothesis, employing descriptive ex-post facto research
design. The total population of the study consisted of 10,764 secondary school teachers in
Delta State, with a sample size of 370 teachers selected using proportionate stratified and
convenience sampling techniques. Data collection was done through a validated
questionnaire endorsed by experts in Guidance and Counselling and Measurement and
Evaluation fields. The instrument demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach alpha
coefficient of 0.84. The research question was addressed using mean and standard deviation
analysis, while the hypothesis was tested using an independent samples t-test at a significance
level of 0.05. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results indicated that teachers exhibited a positive attitude
towards LMS use in teaching, and there was no significant difference in attitude between
male and female teachers in Delta State's secondary schools. The study recommended that
more training and support should be provided to teachers on how to use LMS effectively.

Presentacio d’una base de textos grecs antics, d’acces lliure, creada pel Grup Consolidat d’Innovacio-ELECTRA (Universitat de Barcelona) per il·lustrar categories de sintaxi nominal i oracional. Els textos grecs, ordenats segons un llistat de tags sintactics per facilitar la cerca d’exemples d’una construccio sintactica determinada, van acompanyats d’una traduccio. Aquesta base es un instrument docent nou per completar explicacions teoriques i per contribuir a una millora del proces d’ensenyament-aprenentatge en el context academic actual

En aquest article es fa una descripcio de l’examen de Grec de les Proves d’Acces a la Universitat, en l’ambit universitari de Catalunya. La intencio principal de l’autora es exposar a partir de quins parametres son confegits i quins objectius preten atenyer cadascun dels cinc exercicis que composen l’examen, aixi com l’examen en el seu conjunt, tant en relacio amb les assignatures de Grec del batxillerat com en relacio als continguts, habilitats i competencies avaluables de cara a l’acces a una titulacio universitaria

Re-examination of a Latin inscription found in Xanthus (Lycia) in 2021, which was engraved in 378 AD on the attic blocks of the two-arched arch in the heart of the city. It was dedicated by the comes sacrarum largitionum Fl. Eutolmius Tatianus in honour of the emperors Valens, Gratian and Valentinian II on the occasion of Valens’ Quindecennalia. The author proposes a new reading of the Latin text in line 3. The Latin inscription is exceptional because Tatianus seems to have personally, and exceptionally for a comes sacrarum largitionum, dedicated the monument in a city that could have been his homeland. His name was erased after his condemnation in 393 AD.

Stachtopouta (ATU 510A), una de les rondalles més populars de la tradició folklòrica grega, ha rebut recentment molta atenció des dels enfocaments pioners i innovadors d’estudiosos grecs i estrangers com ara D. Loukatos, Photeini P. Bourboulis, Nicole Belmont, Anna Angelopoulos, Margarita Xanthakou i Aigli Brouskou. Emmanouela Katrinaki, en el seu propi anàlisi de la versió grega de la Ventafocs, no només resumeix els enfocaments psicoanalítics existents basats en el rar element del matricidi de la rondalla grega sinó que també la col·loca en el marc d’altres rondalles en què apareix el tema del canibalisme imaginari. Un altre marc teòric sòlid ha estat proporcionat per Francisco Vaz da Silva en una sèrie d’articles sobre les versions europees (inclosa la grega) basat en el concepte dels allomotifs, les seves equivalències simbòliques i la seva comparació amb els costums populars correlacionats. Nifitsa, d’altra banda, un dels animals més comuns de la fauna grega, és l’heroïna d’una...

L’«oikonomía» di Senofonte, diversamente dalla nostra «economia», non è considerata una pratica specialistica. La sfera dell’amministrazione domestica coinvolge anche quelle della politica, della religione, della guerra, dell’etica, della giustizia, dell’estetica, della filosofia, del genere sessuale, dell’emozione sensoriale, della medicina, dell’architettura... Sia
nell’Economico sia in altre opere dell’Ateniese (Memorabili, Ciropedia, Cinegetico, Equitazione, Comandante di cavalleria, Entrate), essa funziona come quelle pratiche che Marcel Mauss ha chiamato «fenomeni sociali totali»: ogni ambito rimanda al contempo a tutti gli altri con i quali risulta inestricabilmente connesso. Si tratta di un modo di pensare coerentemente la complessità di tutti gli aspetti della vita.

Xenophon’s «oikonomía», unlike our «economy», is not conceived as a specialized practice. The sphere of domestic administration also involves those of politics, religion, war, ethics, justice, aesthetics, philosophy, sexual gender, sensorial emotion, medicine, architecture... Both in the Estate Manager and in other works of the aristocratic Athenian (Memoirs of Socrates, Educations of Cyrus, On Hunting, On the Art of Horsemanship, The Cavalry Commander, On Revenues), it functions like those practices that Marcel Mauss called «total social phenomena»: each area refers at the same time to all the others with which it is inextricably connected. It is a way of thinking coherently about the complexity of all aspects of life.

Misogínia i rialla de masses: la dona a la comedia atenesa Misogyny and Mass Laughter: Women in Athenian Comedy RESUM La misoírúiia, en maior o menor grau, e incipient cultura de mas d'aquest supbsit, intent il.lustrant-lo amb textos, Misogyny, in greater or smaller degree, occurs in all the manifestations of the Greek literature in Antiquity. This paper aims to its configuration in the Attic dramatic poetry of 5th and 4th centuries B. C., as the first literary genre defining a incipient mass culture. Attic drama affects it and lives on it, as well. From this assumption, we tried an approach to the keys of rnisogyny in comedy, illustrating it with texts, preferredly of the post-aristophanic comedy, nearer to everyday life. Some of these texts look surprisiigly

Byzantine chant, the music of the Greek Orthodox Churches in America, embeds meanings and functions as a methodological tool which constructs and teaches about the role of women within church communities. This thesis explores how as cultural group identity, belongingness, and gender identity are semiotically iconized, purified, and recursively transmitted through the liturgical music of the church, specifically hymns about women saints and The Akathist Hymn to the Mother of God. This work is a culmination of twelve years of ethnomusicological fieldwork conducted by the author in Midwestern Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, using participant-observation techniques. The work outlines the basic musicological theory of Byzantine chant, describes how the portrayal of women in liturgical music provides templates for the desired behavior of females within the community, and examines how Byzantine music works as a memory aid, teaching tool, and constructor of social ideas in relationship to the roles of women.

The Hittite term warā(i)- is only found in Hittite bird oracle reports of early date (Middle Script). The first convincing interpretation of this term, as ‘pair’, was provided by Y. Sakuma in his doctoral dissertation on Hittite bird oracles (2009). An amendment to this interpretation can be proposed based on the consistent usage both in the plural (primarily) and in the singular (rarely), which shows that this term refers, rather, to one member of a pair at a time, thus a ‘mate, companion’ – namely of a pair of birds. The article thus proposes, moving from the semantics of ‘pair’, an improved translation ‘mate, companion’ for Hittite warā(i)- and discusses the attestations and passages of interest in the oracle reports. It is also suggested that the term is to be understood as an adaptation from Luwian, and possible connected forms are discussed. An appendix discusses a Hittite verb which may also be connected to the same root (although less securely), warasḫ-.

This article revisited the foundation of why biblical languages are important in the theological and biblical education of the Seventh-day Adventist Church-operated colleges, universities and seminaries belting the world. It unveiled the reasons why the study of biblical Hebrew and Greek are included in the theological curriculum as essential components of a rounded preparation of the pastor in handling the word of God. It was the intention of the author to review the scriptural and historical reflections of biblical scholars in the playing field of theological studies that includes hermeneutics, homiletics, exegesis, and biblical criticism. Biblical languages, as a field of discipline, promote a balance approach to the context of inspiration in the incarnational model revelation. The word of God in the language of man is a paradoxical truth that calls for understanding the role of biblical languages in God's revelation of Himself and His will to finite mortal beings. This article challenged all who handle the interpretation and proclamation of the Bible and its contents to consider it as a holy ground in the exploration of the human mind as the reader wrestles with the reality of God's transcendence and immanence.

This article revisited the foundation of why biblical languages are important in the theological and biblical education of the Seventh-day Adventist Church-operatedcolleges, universities and seminaries belting the world. It unveiled the reasonswhy the study of biblical Hebrew and Greek are included in the theologicalcurriculum as essential components of a rounded preparation of the pastor inhandling the word of God. It was the intention of the author to review thescriptural and historical reflections of biblical scholars in the playing field oftheological studies that includes hermeneutics, homiletics, exegesis, and biblicalcriticism. Biblical languages, as a field of discipline, promote a balance approachto the context of inspiration in the incarnational model revelation. The word ofGod in the language of man is a paradoxical truth that calls for understanding therole of biblical languages in God’s revelation of Himself and His will to finitemortal beings. This article challenged a...

In the present article the time series of the decomposition of Greek real GDP are investigated for the presence of a unit root, allowing for a maximum of two breaks which take place at an unknown point in time. This methodology is preferred to the conventional Dickey and Fuller tests because the covered time horizon, namely from 1858 to 1938, is characterized by a number of very important events, the nature of which is either economic or historical.

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

In this article, stele N 30 is removed from the Pisidian corpus because it is read as a plain Greek text containing the name of a man, Papas, said to be a gallus. Moreover, the relief of the same stele depicting a figure in woman’s clothing is interpreted as being Papas himself

Este artículo es el estudio previo de un papiro del siglo III d.C. conocido como "Leyenda de Tefnut". Se trata de la traducción al griego de una leyenda egipcia que narra el mito del Ojo del Sol. Aunque hasta ahora ha recibido poca atención, se trata de un fragmento importante porque es el único caso en el que contamos con la traducción al griego y con el propio texto demótico original. La leyenda demótica se ha conservado en varias versiones, la más importante de las cuales se encuentra en el Museo de Leiden. Narra la huida de la diosa Tefnut desde Egipto hasta Etiopía como consecuencia de una riña con su padre. El padre encarga al dios Tot la difícil misión de hacer volver a su hija. Durante el viaje de vuelta Tot intenta distraer a Tefnut contándole historias que la diviertan y ensalzando las virtudes de su patria.

The present study discusses two unedited ninth-century texts dedicated to saints Menas the Kallikelados, Hermogenes and Eugraphos. The first text is a praise composed byTheophanes of Caesarea, and the other is a canon by George of Nicomedia. Given that the two scholars were working in the intellectual circle of Photios, the parallels between the two texts are of particular interest and are published in two columns to better demonstrate their similarities to the reader. Apart from the comparison between the two texts, the differences or extra information in the other sources on the lives and martyrdoms of the three holy men are presented, to identify the links between them.

Up to now, referring to Arab sources and Iranian authors in the writings about the Khurrami movement and their ruler Babak in Azerbaijan has created conditions for the existence of wrong ideas about the Khurrami state that existed in Azerbaijan. In fact, there is enough information in Arab sources about the existence of a state called Azerbaijan during the spread of Islam in the Caucasus region, but most of scholars ignore those sources and references. Umayyad caliph Muawiya's conversation with Ubayd ibn Shariyyah al-Juruhumi (an Arab scholar). Muaviya-"Oh my God, what is your connection, memory and concern with Azerbaijan?" Ubayd ibn Shariyya "It is an ancient Turkish land, they gathered there and mixed together and improved." Such an answer was given to the caliph in the 60s and 70s of the 7th century.

The paper examines a syntactic consequence of a typological property of Romanian: the Clitic Doubling construction (=CD), in order to derive a wellknown generalization on CD languages: namely, the fact that CD does not license parasitic gaps (=PG). We propose that the (im)possibility of PG is related to the syntactic structure of the gap’s antecedent and prove that the antecedent of a PG cannot be a clitic-headed DPs, therefore, the type of DP which underlies CD in our analysis. The absence of PGs with CD illustrates a more general phenomenon: DPs which are part of clitic chains do not license PG. This is because clitic-licensed DPs cannot be accommodated inside the vP, but require the formation of a clitic chain, with the clitic in an Inflectional position and the lexical DP out of vP as well. The ingredients of the analysis are the following: a) the analysis of PG’s presented in Nissenbaum (2000) (henceforwards, N); b) a stranding analysis of CD, as applied to Romanian, largely fo...

Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first publication but Language Science Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. 1.2.1 Modelling perception of speech Research in the relatively young field of perception of speech deals with how listeners represent and process speech, and how they manage to map the variability displayed by the continuous signal onto stable and discrete units (Jusczyk & Luce 2002). As we have seen above, different approaches to this main issue are possible. In abstractionist frameworks, a further line can be drawn between

Les inscriptions suivantes proviennent toutes d'Aspendos. L'une (n° 277) a été vue par Recai Teko'lu au musée d'Antalya; les autres ont été découvertes lors de deux campagnes de recherche (2005 et 2006) dans les hameaux qui composent Belkis, site de l'ancienne Aspendos. A l'exception du n° 277, elles sont toutes assignables, au plus tôt, au IIe siècle a.C.

Exploring Dress, Gender, and Bodily Capital through Pre- and Protohistoric Funerary Contexts: Case Studies from Southwestern Europe
by
Francisco B. Gomes, University of Lisbon, Catarina Costeira, University of Lisbon, Anna Maria Desiderio, University Paris Nanterre, Arianna Esposito, Université de Bourgogne, Giacomo Bardelli, University of Naples Federico II

This paper deals with the treatment of stress in Greek inflectional morphology. First, a morphological processor is presented which is built on the basis of a linguistic analysis of Greek inflected forms. This is followed by a discussion of how stress applies to words and how stress shift phenomena are taken into account by the morphological processor. In Greek, word stress distribution is important because it represents a major difficulty in every attempt to create a morphological processor which can be used by speech recognition systems, machine readable dictionaries, and machine translation projects involving Greek as source or target language.

The occurrence of referential Null Objects (NOs) is a recurrent syntactic feature of ancient Indo-European languages. As previous scholars have remarked, different conditions license the occurrence of NOs in individual languages. In Hittite, the occurrence of NOs has already been observed in reference works, but a systematic account of this phenomenon is still a desideratum. In this paper, we provide a thorough corpus-based study of NOs in a corpus of Old Hittite texts. By means of quantitative data, we illustrate the frequency of NOs in various contexts, and highlight their co-occurrence with sentence connectives, chiefly with ta. We also take into account other parameters that influence the occurrence of NOs. Our analysis shows that in Hittite NOs display a connection with inanimate and less individuated referents and seem to be driven by discourse rather than by syntactic motivations. In addition, textual genre also seems to play role, and we suggest that NOs constitute a feature...