Global Law

In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action, this time with an enhanced dose of pragmatism to respond to a more challenging international environment. However, with the contours of ‘Brexit’ becoming clearer and the start of the Trump Presidency in the United States, the EU’s Global Strategy has acquired a whole new level of significance. This paper argues that while meant to express a largely uncontroversial consensus, it now needs to be recontextualized as a distinctive vision in the face of trends of anti-globalism and Euroscepticism. This concerns in particular its emphasis on rules-based global governance. Challenged by both President Trump ‘America First’ policy and the British government’s course for a ‘hard Brexit’, the Global Strategy represents a blueprint and rallying point for a continued pursuit of a liberal world order based on the rule of law.

This book takes a close look at the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), challenging existing claims and answering previously unanswered questions, by considering all of its publicly available decisions, both in its entirety as a body of jurisprudence and on a case-by-case level.
It also investigates the actors involved in adjudication before the CAS, both the parties that bring disputes before the CAS and the arbitrators that resolve them, and in so doing establish precedents that govern sports generally.

While the book relies upon and includes more traditional legal theory and analysis, it combines this with an empirical analysis of a large portion of the CAS's decisions. Hereby it relies upon and relates to the theory of the development of a transnational legal order in sports, the lex sportiva.
The publication is targeted at and will benefit those professionally working in or interested in the fields of sports law, arbitration law, transnational law, or empirical legal studies.

Human right to water has arguably become a flashpoint issue for debates over the social dimensions of globalization. The social dimension of a globalization is a current and main challenge to ensure that globalization and global governance become a positive force incorporating inclusiveness, accountability and participation with shared responsibilities. In this context, this paper argues that a lack of the social dimension in a process of globalization means a crisis in global governance.

Roman Law: An Introduction offers a clear and accessible introduction to Roman law for students of any legal tradition. In the thousand years between the Law of the Twelve Tables and Justinian’s massive Codification, the Romans developed the most sophisticated and comprehensive secular legal system of Antiquity. Roman law remains at the heart of the civil law tradition of Europe and much of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Roman lawyers created new legal concepts, ideas, rules, and mechanisms that most Western legal systems still apply. The study of Roman law thus facilitates understanding among people of different cultures by inspiring a kind of legal common sense and breadth of knowledge.

The dislocations of the worldwide economic crisis, the necessity of a system of global justice to address crimes against humanity, and the notorious “democratic deficit” of international institutions highlight the need for an innovative and truly global legal system – one that permits humanity to reorder itself according to acknowledged global needs and evolving consciousness.

A new global law will constitute, by itself, a genuine legal order and will not be limited to a handful of moral principles that attempt to guide the conduct of the world's peoples. If the law of nations served the hegemonic interests of ancient Rome and international law served those of the European nation-state, then a new global law will contribute to the common good of all humanity and, ideally, to the development of durable world peace. This volume offers a historical–juridical foundation for the development of this new global law.

Solo recentemente il diritto di famiglia sembra essere uscito dall’”oblio” nel quale a lungo è stato lasciato dalle analisi comparatistiche classiche che lo consideravano troppo “politico” e variabile per essere oggetto di analisi scientifica. Non vi è dubbio che, lungi dall’essere una formazione pre-giuridica, la famiglia è il prodotto del diritto positivo degli stati e, insieme, di una tradizione giuridica comune, evolutasi nel corso degli ultimi due secoli nell’occidente. Così la famiglia ha potuto rappresentare uno strumento di governo della società, strutturando precise relazioni di potere fra i generi e costruendo identità e ruoli sociali.
Il saggio, apparso in versione abbreviata nel Traité de droit constitutionel comparé di Michel Troper, si propone di offrire una analisi comparativa – a cavallo tra diritto privato e diritto pubblico- a partire da queste nuove tendenze
Il lavoro ricostruisce la genealogia della “specialità” del diritto di famiglia a partire dalla rottura operata da Savigny rispetto al diritto patrimoniale,  fino alla sua successiva ridefinizione ad opera dell’intervento regolamentare dello stato nel periodo del c.d. “sociale” all’inizio del novecento e poi alla sua entrata nelle Costituzioni. E segue il percorso della sua diffusione a livello globale, soffermandosi sulle strategie realizzate attraverso la “specialità” nelle colonie, dove ha permesso di mantenere le tradizioni locali e poi l’identità nazionale culturale, mentre si affermava invece al contempo l’universalità del diritto patrimoniale.
La “specialità” è destinata ad intaccarsi quando il processo di “costituzionalizzazione” della famiglia si identificherà pienamente con garanzia dei diritti inviolabili dei singoli che la compongono e la sua diffusione a livello globale grazie alle Convenzioni ed ai Trattati internazionali. Questo nuovo modello mentre permette di assicurare l’uguaglianza di componenti, guardando alla loro identità porta però con sé molti dei problemi legati alle questioni identitarie, come il conflitto fra le identità che esso stesso costituisce all’interno famiglia e la sua amministrazione attraverso bilanciamento, ragionevolezza e/o proporzionalità e della pluralità dei modelli familiari e del loro riconoscimento. Ogni processo di “inclusione” di nuove relazioni attraverso la ridefinizione della famiglia implica che altre rimangano inevitabilmente “escluse” .

Constitutionalism is changing but the direction of change is an uncertain and open issue.  What can be the role of the comparative constitutional law and of the comparative lawyer in front of different contemporary visions of constitutionalism? First of all, this article aims at exanimating the empirical basis of the academic discourse on the constitutional convergence. The second step is a critical approach of methodological tools of this speech. Finally this article seeks an alternative way to understand the varieties of constitutionalism in a global perspective: a differentiated vision of constitutionalism is proposed on critical approaches but on one condition: do not forget the logic of limitation that founds the doctrine of constitutionalism to avoid falling into a bottomless relativism.

Este artículo analiza ciertas similitudes existentes en el tratamiento jurídico de la persona humana entre el Derecho internacional público y el Derecho canónico. Ambos sistemas jurídicos dotaron al concepto jurídico de persona de un sentido demasiado técnico y, por ende, reduccionista. Esta concepción reduccionista de la persona humana ha impedido el correcto desarrollo del Derecho canónico y del Derecho internacional. Pero de la misma manera que el Derecho internacional de nuestros días ha rectificado su posición y se está convirtiendo paulatinamente en un derecho global, cada vez más centrado en la persona humana, así también el Derecho canónico, para cumplir con su fin evangelizador, debe globalizarse. Esta globalización del Derecho canónico consiste en priorizar la centralidad de toda persona humana creada a imagen de Dios y llamada a regenerarse en las aguas bautismales sobre la centralidad del cristiano ya regenerado por el bautismo.

Mon intervention cherche à restituer, à travers les travaux les plus récents de Benoît Frydman, la recherche du sens du droit global comme une entreprise qui se situe dans le prolongement de son livre "Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique".

This paper critically reassesses the notion of relative normativity in international law and the related debate triggered by the emergence of ius cogens and international soft law. Contrary to standard positivist assumptions which treat relative normativity as a pathology, the paper argues that relative normativity has been a consistent feature of international law since its emergence in early modernity. Tracking this development, the paper shows that the rejection of relative normativity is due to the particular political constellation of the formative period of international law around the turn of the 19th to the 20th century with its focus on unfettered state sovereignty. The postwar era, and even more so the era of globalization, saw a relativization of state sovereignty that allowed the re-emergence of relative normativity. It has prompted a theoretical debate, in which attitudes towards relative normativity correlate with general attitudes about globalization and its impact on international law. The paper concludes by arguing that relative normativity is likely to survive even the recent transformations of global governance caused by the more authoritarian forms of government. Efforts to subject relative normativity to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, and human rights are therefore more necessary than ever.

"The Report presents insights which illuminates the intertwinements of European regulatory policies and global governance arrangements. By pinning down the exact nature of the interaction between these two levels, the EU’s dilemma becomes obvious: On the one hand, stronger global governance can be a chance, through which the EU can clarify its own raison d’être of increased integration to the wider world. On the other hand, the design of the European project is being challenged by more assertive global structures. This is especially the case in relation to the WTO regime, which is constraining the decisional autonomy of the EU, regarding the appropriateness of its content and its external effects. Thus, the regulation of services in the EU and the WTO are discussed in the first section of this report. Section two focuses on labour standards, which are analysed from different angles in order to clarify the functions of the WTO and the ILO, multinational companies as well as other private actors within this specific field. The final section deals with the legitimacy problematic of transnational governance.

Table of contents:

Introduction
Christian Joerges and Poul F. Kjaer

Section One: Freedom of Services

Chapter 1
The Multiple Understandings of Conflict between Trade in
Services and Labour Protection
Alexia Herwig
Chapter 2
Competing in Markets, not Rules:
The Conflict over the Single Services Market
Susanne K. Schmidt
Chapter 3
Competitiveness and Labour Protection: A Comment
Markus Krajewski
Section Two: Labour Standards
Chapter 4
WTO and ILO: Can Social Responsibility be maintained
in International Trade?
Josef Falke
Chapter 5
Reframing RECON: Perspectives on Transnationalisation and
Post-national Democracy from Labour Law
Claire Methven O’Brien
Chapter 6
Transnational Governance and Human Rights: The Obligations of
Private Actors in the Global Context
Regina Kreide
Section Three: The Legitimacy of Transnational Governance
Chapter 7
Legitimacy through Precaution in European Regulation of GMOs?
From the Standpoint of Governance as Analytical Perspective
Maria Weimer
Chapter 8
The Justice Deficit of the EU and other International Organisations
Jürgen Neyer
Chapter 9
Towards Normative Legitimacy of the World Trade Order
Alexia Herwig and Thorsten Hüller
Chapter 10
From Utopia to Apology – The Return to Inter-state Justice
in Normative IR Scholarship: Comments on Neyer and
Herwig & Hüller
Jens Steffek"

The parallel between contemporary issues and Roman history often fascinates and illuminates. In this article, I argue that Roman law, which was one of several sources of inspiration for the American founders, can serve today as an inspiration toward global constitutionalism. Looking to Roman law helps reduce certain prejudices derived from the current privileging of the sovereign state and the positivist paradigm as the only genuine and possible models for international law. These prejudices constitute an actual hindrance to the right development of global constitutionalism. Global constitutionalism inherently moves beyond sovereignty, nationalism, and positivism. Roman law, which preceded notions of sovereignty, nationalism, and positivism, enables constitutionalists to eliminate from global constitutionalism any nonfoundational elements derived from a highly statist paradigm. Roman law also constitutes a good antidote to any kind of extreme global constitutionalism that seeks to extend the language and modes of national constitutionalism without sufficiently filtering and refining them.

The international community, under the impact of globalization, is being transformed into a new community made up of new members, inspired by new principles, and based on new ideas. In the first part of this paper, I aim to justify the existence of this emerging community using four arguments that can be summarized by the Latin terms: dignitas, usus, necessitas, and bonum commune. In the second part, I argue that the new global human community comprises persons, not nation-states; that it is universal in nature; that membership in it is compulsory; and that it is incomplete, and complementary to other forms of community. These features of the new global human community will determine both the structure of its legal system and its legal authority. Content: 1. Introduction. 2. Four arguments for the existence of the global human community: a) dignitas; b) usus; c) necessitas; d) bonum commune. 3. Main features of the global human community: a) A political community of persons, not of nation-states; b) A universal community; c) A community of compulsory membership; d) An incomplete community; e) A complementary community. 4. Conclusion.

This chapter examines the development of a global regime of social differentiation as a consequence of migration control. It discusses the main features of migration control, focusing on nationality and visa policies, and conceptualizes migration control as pursuing selection or social sorting. It concludes that the main factors in the differentiation of international mobility capacity are first nationality, where citizens from wealthier countries have more mobility capacity, and second economic worth, with a bias toward 'higher skills'. These two combine to be one of the ways in which globalization cuts right through national citizenship, enhancing the differentials in economic worth.

In contrast to the view taken by Gunther Teubner and Andreas Fischer-Lescano, this paper argues for the continued relevance of a Kelsenian approach in the face of the structural problems of the modern international legal system. Legal scholars often take for granted their own discipline's terminological and explanatory shortcomings in explaining " global law " phenomena, and for methodological guidance fall back on sociological approaches like systems theory. This article argues that Kelsen's and Merkl's conceptual tools, including the Stufenbaulehre, remain relevant, for descriptive and explanatory purposes, in relation to transformations of the international legal system, including its inherent polycentrism, heterarchy and the emergence of transnational private regulatory regimes.

La profession d’avocat connait des transformations profondes. L’avocat est de plus en plus amené à travailler en réseau, à conseiller en matière de compliance, à intervenir dans des procédures d’arbitrage, à user de nouvelles techniques de management. Du 4 février au 1er avril 2014, ces transformations seront mises sous la loupe du cycle de conférences sur les nouveaux métiers de l'avocat organisé par le Centre Perelman (ULB) en collaboration avec le barreau de Bruxelles. Ce cycle est accrédité par l’OBFG à raison de 18 points de formation permanente.

La globalisation impose plus que jamais d’étudier le « droit en contexte » et de reprendre, dans la tradition de la philosophie pragmatique, des points de vue ouverts et larges sur le droit. Une telle méthode a pour caractéristique de ne pas enfermer le chercheur a priori dans les seules questions que les juristes s’assignent en général et permet de voir apparaître, en élargissant le champ des questions et en rencontrant le travail des économistes, des sociologues, des politistes, des phénomènes normatifs effectifs qui sont d’une plus grande complexité que les phénomènes normatifs auxquels le juriste borne volontiers son horizon. C’est ce qu’illustre magnifiquement le livre sous commentaire, Les défis du droit global. Il restitue les résultats les plus récents des travaux de l’équipe du Centre Perelman de Philosophie du Droit. Il traite notamment des défis majeurs sur le climat, les migrations, la justice sociale dans la mondialisation, la régulation de l’internet, la régulation bancaire et les crises des dettes souveraines. Les auteurs proposent un modèle à promouvoir pour l’analyse du droit dans la globalisation sous la forme d’une méthode pragmatique adaptée « aux spécificités et aux nécessités du droit et de la recherche juridique en contexte global ». Dans la présentation qui introduit l’ouvrage, Benoit Frydman observe que lorsqu’on se trouve « en dehors d’un ordre juridique clos, dès lors qu’il faut tenir compte des possibilités des parties de s’affranchir d’un ordre juridique déterminé et de mobiliser des règles et les juges d’ordres juridiques différents, de même que d’autres pouvoirs normatifs efficaces, (…) le contexte global donne à la lutte pour le droit un caractère d’autant plus complexe qu’en l’absence d’instances souveraines, il arrivera souvent que la même situation soit régie par des règles multiples et des injonctions contradictoires. Il faudra dès lors considérer la résultante des interactions stratégiques et normatives pour tenter de déterminer qu’elle sera la règle, la procédure ou le dispositif qui tendra finalement à prévaloir en pratique ». L’approche philosophique revendiquée ici, étant empirique, admet elle-même la vérification de ses résultats dans la confrontation avec la réalité et étant pragmatique, elle admet aussi la vérification de ses résultats du point de vue leur efficacité.

This essay articulates and defends a global normative paradigm of religious freedom: a minimum standard of respect for religious freedom that is rooted in human dignity and consistent with a variety of cultural and constitutional frameworks. This paradigm is fleshed out in three arguments: an argument about transcendence; an argument for a certain dualism about religion and politics, and an argument regarding regulation. The first focuses on the concept of religion; the second, on that of freedom; and the third, on rights. The first shows that, though the concept of religious freedom has rightly been expanded to protect nonbelievers as well as believers, all legal systems and constitutional frameworks should be open to the idea of transcendence as such, in order to protect the transcendent dimension of the human person. The argument for dualism calls for an interdependent dualistic structure that guarantees autonomy for both political and religious communities while imposing limits on the principle of laïcité and to theocratic impulses. Finally, the argument for regulation defends the power of political communities to regulate specifically those religious matters which affect the public sphere.

In this monograph, the author attempts to reconstruct Hans Kelsen's theory and philosophy of international law. It includes not only the analysis of the claims of his Pure Theory of Law in the context of international legal problems. The reader also has the opportunity to learn the normative and critical postulates and views of the less-known Kelsen - a philosopher of law and politics, whose predictions as to the directions of development of international law proved to be surprisingly accurate. The book undermines the widespread view of the uselessness of the allegedly ossified, hierarchical concept of Kelsen's legal system for solving contemporary problems of structural and normative transformations of international law. Kelsen's theory and philosophy of international law can be successfully applied to describe and explain phenomena, such as its "fragmentation" and the phenomenon of "global law". The book was written for two groups of readers. First of all, it is addressed to the people who are interested in theory and the philosophy of law. Secondly, its addressees are also specialists having detailed knowledge of international law and international relations, who are looking for a more general philosophical reflection.

The chapter outlines the legal concept of international organization. We map the debates on the traditional defining elements and the broader theoretical paradigms where the concept has been traditionally embedded. We argue that relatively well-established theoretical frameworks no longer match reality. Therefore we need a legal concept of international organization that is both sufficiently specific to have an analytical value for legal examination and sufficiently broad for not missing out entities which are apt to shape the normative situation of individuals or to deploy substantial direct or indirect legal effects for the fate of nations and for the integrity of our planet. We conceive of “international organization” as a cluster concept which does not depend on a set of fixed criteria. Some entities are in the core of the concept, others are more on the fringes. Besides actors which are inter-state in form, other entities with multiple legal bases (public and private, international and domestic) and with a hybrid membership (states, civil society, even commercial) may be qualified as international organizations if they are entrusted with competences to fulfil tasks in the global public interest and feature a certain degree of autonomy. The concept should also encompass actors devoid of legal personality when they are sufficiently structured and stable to distinguish them from mere networks and ad hoc cooperation. Ultimately and more radically, international law as part and parcel of a global legal landscape necessitates the concept of a global organization.

Dattiloscritto non citabile!! Introduzione a: H. Lindahl, A-legalità, Autorità, Riconoscimento. Riconfigurazioni giuridiche nell'epoca della globalizzazione, Giappichelli, Torino 2020, pp. 5-26. Ordenamiento jurídico y la política de la a-juridicidad, trad. di J. Restrepo Ramos, Bogotá, Editorial Siglo del Hombre/Editorial Universidad del Rosario 2018. 4 Per dare giusto un cenno sulla sua biografia intellettuale, Hans Lindahl, dopo aver terminato gli studi universitari in Giurisprudenza (1981) presso l'Universidad Javeriana di Bogotá, lavora come avvocato e consulente legale per alcuni anni (dal 1982 al 1988, anno in cui completa anche il corso di laurea in Filosofia). Abbandona la carriera di legal practitioner per trasferirsi in Belgio, dove consegue un Dottorato in Filosofia all'Università di Lovanio nel 1994. Nel 1995 inizia la sua carriera di insegnamento presso la cattedra di Legal Philosophy dell'Università di Tilburg in Olanda, di cui diventa professore ordinario a partire dal 2008. Nel 2018 viene inoltre chiamato a ricoprire il ruolo di professore ordinario di Global Law presso la Queen Mary University di Londra. Quale riconoscimento al suo originale percorso di ricerca, nel settembre dello stesso anno, viene invitato a dare la prestigiosa prolusione annuale "Julius Stone Address" presso la Law School dell'Università di Sydney (dopo figure d'eccezione quali

Leading legal scholars and philosophers provide a breadth of perspectives and inspire stimulating debate around the transformations of jurisprudence in a globalized world. This innovative book considers modifications to jurisprudence’s methodological approaches driven by globalization, the concepts and theoretical tools required to account for putative new forms of legal phenomena, and normative issues relating to the legitimacy and democratic character of these legal orders.

Contributors include Maksymillian Del Mar, Pavlos Eleftheriadis, Kevin W. Gray, Matthew Grellete, Klaus Gunther, Miodrag Jovanovic, Cristina Lafont, Hans Lindahl, Horatia Muir Watt, George Pavlakos, and William Twining.

La propuesta de este trabajo consiste en realizar un análisis sociojurídico crítico del fenómeno de la construcción de legalidad de las aguas subterráneas transfronterizas, en el especial caso del Acuífero Guaraní, tomando para tal fin las herramientas provenientes de la sociología de la globalización y de la sociología jurídica. El diverso complejo de dispositivos desde el cual se abrevó a la construcción de un estatuto jurídico para la regulación de este bien ambiental no ha
seguido un patrón de construcción lineal. Por el contrario, las relaciones que se observan entre
los programas de organismos internacionales, el sistema de normas internacional, regional y local, y otros dispositivos jurídicos pueden ser leídos en términos de construcción compleja de un derecho global, a la luz del pluralismo jurídico, escapando a los límites de los sistemas jurídicos, entendidos en sentido tradicional. La construcción de una legalidad global para el caso del Acuífero Guaraní será analizada con el fin de alumbrar: la imbricación de lo global en la multiescalaridad de “lo local” o “regional”; la incidencia de las prácticas de agencias y organismos internacionales en dicho proceso, teniendo en consideración la situación de los
países que comparten el recurso (centro, semiperiféricos o periféricos). Este objetivo resulta
especialmente arduo en atención a que el objeto de gestión es un recurso natural estratégico compartido por varios Estados.

The global justice debate has largely ignored law. But that debate presupposes a legal order within which principles of justice could be implemented. Paying attention to law alters our understanding of global justice by requiring us to distinguish principles that are properly prescribed and enforced within a legal order from those that are not. Given that theories of global governance depreciate law and that cosmopolitan and confederal theories are utopian, the most promising context for a realistic global justice discourse is one that is focused on strengthening, not transcending, the international legal order.

The idea of transconstitucionalism represents a milestone in innovative proposals in constitutional law. It is a perspective that seeks to demonstrate how the context of “world society” (Weltgesellschaft) develops new mechanisms for exchanging
experiences constitutional at the local, national, regional and international levels. Furthermore, the transconstitucionalism model breaks with the famous and worn debate between monists and pluralists in international law. The author’s proposal seeks to overcome the idea of constitution as luhmannian structural coupling to allow for a more adequate for new situations faced. So if makes use of the concept
of “cross rationality”, which would be more able to cope with the analysis of the conditions of transconstitucionalism. However, the proposal is not without limitations. As the author of the theory notes, is not free of obstacles imposed by
empirical conditions of world society.

The paper studies some international law aspects underpinning the project of the new Domain Name System governance, in order to try and bridge the worlds of IT law and international law. It also deals with the issue of the fragmentation of both international and domestic legal orders with an international lawyer's perspective, and faces the approach adopted on the same issue by the 'global/transnational' law doctrine. It uses the Internet Domain Names System (DNS) governance in the perspective of the international legal order as a case-study, framing it in the context of various informal cross-border cooperation between public authorities., It also examines the ICANN as an organization, trying to understand if it could be read as an international organization and the gradual overcoming of the 'political question doctrine' in the US.

As deficiências e conquistas das sociedades
globalizadas impactaram a concepção, estrutura e
capacidade de efetividade do direito moderno. A
tradicional rigidez da norma limitada às definições
territoriais do Estado nacional impede a solução de
problemas supranacionais. A arquitetura das propostas
jurídicas transnacionais carece de condições para sua
concretização ou a estruturação de acordos com ampla
participação dos líderes, das instituições e dos
indivíduos. O Direito dos Povos proposto por Rawls é
uma concepção de caráter global com as condições
para o fortalecimento da democracia constitucional,
dos Direitos Humanos e da equidade entre os povos.

Dans un contexte globalisé, l'enseignement du droit change aussi. Sous quelles formes change-t-il ? Doit-on parler d'internationalisation ou de dénationalisation, voire de transnationalisation de l'éducation juridique ? Ces différents termes laissent percevoir plusieurs options possibles. Les expériences pédagogiques sont variables selon les contextes universitaires nationaux. Par exemple, l'enseignement du droit reste fortement national en France ou en Allemagne, même si l'européanisation a permis de décloisonner les systèmes juridiques et donc les systèmes universitaires. La discipline juridique reste empreinte de caractéristiques nationales : le droit concerne l'Etat dans sa structure et ses fonctions. Cependant, dans un contexte globalisé, le territoire national ne suffit plus pour déterminer la compétence normative de l'Etat. Dans cette première et simple acceptation, la globalisation juridique est notamment l'expression d'une dénationalisation du droit au sens où certaines normes juridiques ne sont plus liées à un territoire déterminé (cela concerne surtout certaines activités transfrontalières comme, par exemple, l'environnement ou Internet). Dans d'autres pays, les expériences de décloisonnement sont plus anciennes, comme au Canada, et, parfois, prennent de nouveaux chemins, tel qu'au Japon.

Les interrogations sur le statut disciplinaire du droit comparé sont classiques et anciennes. L'intensité du débat tient sans doute à ce que le droit comparé ne forme pas un corps de règles positives. Ce n'est d'ailleurs pas le seul droit comparé qui se trouve dans cette situation ; il suffit de penser à la théorie du droit. Toutefois, les interrogations semblent plus fortes pour le droit comparé, peut-être parce qu'il entretient des relations étroites avec d'autres disciplines .

La présente contribution évalue les répercussions de la saga contentieuse argentine sur la résolution des crises des dettes souveraines. Le contentieux, porté devant les juridictions new-yorkaises, fut l’occasion d’avaliser la stratégie exécutoire dite pari passu, qui contraignit l’Argentine à transiger dans le sens des intérêts de ses créanciers au risque de voir ses perspectives de financement assombries. Les conséquences de ce contentieux se mesurent et se déclinent au- delà des frontières argentines ; elles s’inscrivent dans une dynamique globale qui façonne l’économie générale du crédit et transforme les régimes de défaut. Aussi notre étude analyse-t-elle, en premier lieu, les dispositifs adoptés à l’encontre des créanciers procéduriers à l’aune de cette nouvelle stratégie exécutoire. Elle apprécie, en second lieu, l’influence exercée par la jurisprudence new-yorkaise dans la conduite des négociations et les accords conclus avec les créanciers d’une part, dans la construction de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence anglaise d’autre part, les juridictions anglaises constituant le second for compétent, à l’échelon mondial, en matière de dettes souveraines. Il ressort de notre étude que la caution concédée à la stratégie pari passu par les juges américains confère aux créanciers une arme redoutable, qui entérine le renversement des rapports de force à l’œuvre depuis une vingtaine d’années au bénéfice de ces derniers.