Geography of Crime

Rapid adoption and expansion of the CCTV systems in Turkey as well as all over the world have produced a fair amount of ―technological determinism‖ among many law enforcement officials, which Norris and Armstrong (1999, p. 9) define as ―an unquestioning belief in the power of technology‖. As a matter of technological determinism, politicians and the public continue to myopically expect that the exclusive responsibility of preventing crime rest on the police-monitored CCTV cameras. Conversely, policy makers may be better informed if they consider why the law enforcement agencies should invest in the installation of the CCTV cameras in public areas based on the research. In fact, a well-designed evidence based paradigm in the CCTV literature is likely to reveal the truth about the question of ―does it work?‖
In addition to all previous methodological efforts, empirical evaluations in the CCTV literature are still needed to account for alternative perspectives to measure their effectiveness in the deterrence of crimes. Therefore, the present study focused on the concepts of environmental criminology, namely "crime risk at place". This research also considered the environmental risk values that might identify ―environmental conditions under which cameras would be most effective‖ (Caplan et al., 2011, p.271). Thus, the concept of ―Environmental risk value" provided a unique methodological approach to the police- monitored CCTV literature.
This study examined the impact of the metropolitan city of Bursa‘s city-wide system

and certain individual police-monitored CCTV camera‘s views used to scan the landscape, respectively on street level, including aggravated assault, auto theft, thefts from autos, and larceny theft crime incident numbers in a spatial distribution of locations; and analyzed whether the environmental risk value effects on the deterrent effect of police-monitored CCTV cameras on aforementioned crime types. To accomplish that statistical analyses (paired t test, location quotient, and regression models) and risk terrain modeling (RTM) were conducted in this dissertation.
Three important findings were found in this study. Firstly, city-wide system effect indicated that larceny thefts and thefts from auto experienced significant reduction. However, aggravated assaults and auto thefts were not. Secondly, the results from assessing the deterrent effect of certain individual police-monitored CCTV cameras on aggravated assaults, larceny thefts, thefts from autos and auto thefts were mixed. Finally, each individual CCTV camera has a unique environment – environmental risk value that influences its deterrent effect on – aggravated assaults, larceny thefts, thefts from autos and autos theft. Further, the affect was discernable and in positive direction for each crime type.
Environmental risk value assessments can advance our understanding of the deterrent effect of CCTV cameras at their viewshed areas. So environmental risk sites must be taken into account when the decision process concerning CCTV cameras is made by local and national level policy makers, police agencies and politicians who try to establish where the most appropriate location to install police-monitored CCTV cameras is. In this respect RTM can be considered as a pre intervention tool so that police agencies can measure the deterrent effect of CCTV before installation. Such a pre-evaluation process increases the capacity for effective police management and crime prevention strategies in police agencies.

Abstract: Continuity and severity of homicide incidents
in Karachi in actuality is a sign of negligence by
administration, one of the components of Routine Activity
Theory. Looking at other crimes, like car and motorbike
thefts or cell phone snatchings, homicide incidents are
much more shocking, having fluctuated from 550-495,
1705, 2258, 2062, 2002, 1820, 918 and 450, respectively
between 2009 and 2017. Policy makers and police
departments might use GIS to observe trends in criminal
activity through geo-coded data and maps may prove
significant in solving criminal cases. In this connection,
the half square cells configuration has been introduced for
evaluation of geographic core of the study area regarding
homicides. The study has also sought to reduce the
perception that the entire city is enveloped in homicides
rather that specific parts of the city are scourged by this
heinous crime.

Crime is a pathological disorder in society. It is an outer manifestation of the other side of human nature, contrary to humanism. Crime is a major field of study carried by disciplines like criminology, law, anthropology, psychology and sociology. Of late, geographers are also interested in crime studies. The paper discloses how the study of crime entered into the focus of social sciences in general as well as geography in particular. The present discourse is based on review of articles and books written by Indian social scientists and social scientists from abroad in connection with crime geography. The authors have tried to work out the nature of crime geography from theoretical and applied perspectives. Thus the future scope of geography of crime have a bright opening to the geographers for identifying, mapping, monitoring  on the spatial incidence of crime for decision making and control.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

This paper analyses urban crimes in Turkey from a geographical perspective. The study aims at presenting the development and distribution of crimes. Urban crimes are grouped as crimes against persons and crimes against property, and then, maps showing the distribution of crimes by cities are prepared. It is seen that crimes have a tendency to increase all over the country. Although differences in crime rates can be observed among various cities. Crime against person is high in cities which have a lower population and lower socioeconomic development level. Property crime rates have been found to be higher in socioeconomically developed and over-populated cities

Crime tends to cluster in small areas. Police have taken advantage of this by identifying these “hot spots” of crime and concentrating their resources in these locations. This practice has shown evidence in reducing crime in the hotspot area. While it is possible that the benefits of such reduction be diffused to the surrounding areas, one criticism of this practice is that the crime in the hotspot may be displaced to the surrounding areas. A number of empirical studies have investigated the spatial pattern of crime displacement. However, few attempted to uncover the mechanisms that led to the displacement of crime. This paper presents a theory driven approach that applies agent-based modeling to simulate the mechanism of crime and policing. The processes that drive possible displacement of crime are investigated through experiments in a computational laboratory - SPACES. Our results reveal that crime cannot be easily displaced because opportunities for crime are limited in low crime areas and offenders are often attached to the area where they perform their routine activities.

Urban experts have long recognised crime and fear of crime as dominant challenges to sustainable cities. A sustainable community is a place free from the fear of crime, where a feeling of security underpins a wider sense of place attachment and place attractiveness. In this article, we follow the recent strand of Western research and suggest a framework for assessing safety, which includes the analysis of the geography of crime, fear of crime and crime prevention. Empirical evidence is based on Vilnius, Lithuania. Findings show that whilst Vilnius' geography of crime shows patterns similar to those found in Western cities, fear of crime shows a complex pattern, playing a minor role when citizens judge their residential quality. Crime prevention incorporates top-down features as well as approaches previously adopted by Western cities. The article concludes with an assessment of the proposed framework and directions for future work.

In the last few years there have been several “drug panics” over new synthetic drugs such as mephedrone and the substituted cathinones. These new designer stimulants have become increasingly popular as substitutes for MDMA and other “classic” stimulants. This paper discusses these compounds in the context of the substitutional effects caused by drug prohibition.  As drugs are banned, new drugs crop up to replace them. This results in the diversification and proliferation of new drug markets, drugs, drug distributors, and drug consumers. Processes of illegalization are shown to have directly resulted in an explosion of new synthetic stimulant drugs, and irrevocably altered the conventional geographies of drug production, distribution, and consumption. The continuing prohibition of these new substances along with the ones they originally substituted for has had the effect of creating ever-evolving stimulant drug markets, which foster more dangerous conditions for users than the original drug markets themselves.

Erstmals liegt für den deutschsprachigen Raum liegt ein geographisches Lehrbuch vor, dass sich in kompakter Form mit den Zusammenhängen von (Un-) Sicherheit, Kriminalität und Raum befasst. Auf Basis einer umfassenden Quellenrecherche skizziert und diskutiert Manfred Rolfes aus einer konstruktivistischen Perspektive die zentralen Aspekte einer humangeographischen Sicherheits- und Kriminalitätsforschung.
Traditionelle und zeitgenössische Ansätze der Kriminalgeographie werden ebenso kritisch in den Blick genommen wie Methoden zur Beobachtung und Analyse des Zusammenhangs von Sicherheit, Kriminalität und Raum, raumorientierte Präventionspolitiken und Sicherheitsproduktionen oder Beobachtungen über urbane (Un-) Sicherheiten. Ein Blick auf das Forschungsfeld aus globaler und geopolitischer Perspektive runden die Einführung ab. Alle behandelten Themenbereiche werden (raum-) theoretisch durchleuchtet und mit anschaulichen Fallbeispielen verdeutlicht.

From womb to tomb, a woman is under the constant fear of violence. Rape is the most
heinous and frequent forms of violence against women. In India, with a relatively more severe
taboo on sex and sex offences committed on women, one could well visualise the most drastic
consequences of such crime on the victims. The Geography of rape crime in India is very
peculiar. Though rape crime is widespread in all societies whether developed or
underdeveloped, India has a very low rate of rape as compared to developed countries, but it is
also a fact that there is a high variation in volume of rape from one state to another in India.
The discussion begins with an overview on status of women in Indian society, rape and
related issues. The objective of this paper is to examine spatial pattern of Rape crime. The
National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) publication ‘Crime in India’ provides data related to
women specific crime under caption ‘Crime against Women’. These are the data analysed in this
paper. For determining the spatial pattern and different level of vulnerability Standard
Deviation (SD) technique has been used. Average Rate of rape crime is considered as standard
variable and SD is calculated by using formula. The level of vulnerability under deviation is
grouped and finally comparative analysis is done to show spatial variation. The paper also
analyzes the relation between rate of rape and socio-economic indicators of society.

Key Words: Rape, Geography of Crime, Crime against Women, Crime in India, SD technique

Literatür değerlendirmeleri bilimsel araştırmaların temel yapıtaşlarından olup, ele alınacak konuyla ilgili daha önce ortaya konmuş görüşlere bir çerçeve sunmaktadırlar. Bunlar, araştırmalarda genellikle bölüm bazında bulunabildiği gibi başlı başına bir yayın niteliği de taşıyabilmektedirler. Çalışmada, Türkiye'de suç coğrafyası alanında yapılmış yayınlar ayrıntılı şekilde incelenerek coğrafya literatüründe herhangi bir değerlendirmenin mevcut olmadığı alt dallardan bir tanesine yönelik yazınsal boşluğun daha doldurulması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca suç coğrafyası alanında yapılmış yayınların hangi konu alanlarına eğildiğinin belirlenmesi ve hangi suç tiplerine daha fazla yoğunlaşıldığının tespiti de hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmalara yönelik belli başlı sayısal ve niteliksel veriler tablo ve grafikler kullanılarak sunulmuş, bilhassa Türkiye'de suçun mekânsal analizine ilişkin araştırmalara konu olan iller harita üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Literatürün incelenmesi sonucunda, dikkat çeken boşluklar ve başta spesifik vakalar olmak üzere üzerinde daha çok çalışılması gereken suç tiplerine ilişkin önerilerde bulunulmuştur. / Literature reviews are one of the basic cut stones of scientific researches, and they provide a framework for the previously put forward views on the subject to be discussed. These can generally be found on a departmental basis in research, or they can also be a publication in their own right. In the study, it is aimed to fill the literary gap for one of the sub-branches in which there is no evaluation in the geography literature by examining the publications in the field of crime geography in detail. In addition, it is aimed to determine which subject areas the publications in the field of crime geography focus on and to determine which crime types are more concentrated. The main numerical and qualitative data for the studies are presented using tables and graphics, especially the provinces in Turkey that are the subject of research on the spatial analysis of crime are shown on the map. As a result of the review of the literature, suggestions were made regarding the types of crimes that should be studied more, especially the specific cases.

ABSTRACT
At present, Crime maps are densly used in crime studies carried out by many branches of science. The types of the crime maps produced in various sorts according to the branch of the science and to the character of the study vary because of the source-change of the data obtained depending on the study-field. The basic aim in making the crime maps is to identif the relations between the fields in which the crime develops and occurs and to analyze them. In the analysis process; the increase, decrease, distribution of the crimes, and their links related to the usage of the field are evaluated. In this study, the positive and negative aspects of the crime maps will be evaluated by giving examples from the crime maps, and what type of the crime map can be made with what kind of the data will try to be explained.

Özet: Çok farklı özelliklere sahip olan suç, çeşitli bilim dalları tarafından incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmalarda çeşitli tipte suç haritaları kullanılmaktadır. Problem çözmede değerli bir araç olan suç haritaları, genel olarak iki tip veriden oluşur: İlki coğrafi veriler ikincisi ise suç verileridir. Coğrafi veri kaynağı arazi parseli, caddeler, akarsular, otobanlar, şehir blok grupları, şehir sınırı, nüfus ve onun değişik özelliklerini ihtiva eden sayım verilerinden oluşur. Suç verileri ise faaliyet tipi, yıl, zaman, adres, sınır veya mahalle gibi bilgileri içerir. Yayımlanmış veya yayımlanmamış kaynaklardan oluşan suç verileri DİE, polis ve jandarma kaynaklarından alınır. Bu verilerin her biri içerik ve detay açısından birbirinden farklıdır. Bu yüzden suç haritalama da kullanılacak veri araştırma konusuna, bilim dalına, alana göre değişmektedir. Bu çalışmanın asıl amacı suç haritalamada kullanılabilecek veri kaynaklarının neler olduğu ve bu kaynaklardan nasıl faydalanılabileceğinin belirtilmesidir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Suç Haritaları,Veri. Abstract The crime, which has different characteristic, has been studied by various science departments. Crime maps, which are valuable problem solving tools, are typically composed of two types of data the former is geographical data and the other crime data. geographic data sources include land parcels, streets, streams, highways, block groups, city boundaries and census tract data which contains information on population and other demographic variables Crime data contains information about the type of activity, date, time, address, beat, and/or district Crime data, consisted of published and unpublished source, has been taken from the sources of Die (statistical Institute of the state), police and gendarme. Each of them different from each other regarding the contents and characteristics. Therefore, the data, to be used in crime mapping chances according to the research subject, discipline and the area. The main purpose of that study is to determine the data source to be used in crime mapping and how to benefit from these source.

Abstract Crime data consisting of published and unpublished sources is taken from the sources of T.D.i.K (statistical InstItute of the Turkey), police, gendarme and court. Each of them is different from each other regarding the contents and characteristics. Therefore, the data type to be used in crime research, changes according to the research subject, science branch and the area. The main purpose of the study is to determine what the data source to be used in crime research is, and how to benefit from these sources. In this study, the positive and negative aspects of the crime data will be evaluated by giving examples from the sort of crime data and the evaluation of its negative aspects will be done.

Crime Dislribotiorl and its Characteristics in Elaz~g City Yrd. DOG. Dr. Erdal KARAKAS-~z e t Bugiin heriz sanuyileqnliq hem Be geliqnrekte oltrrl iilke qe1zi1-1e1-i suq gibi ljir ~o k qehir sonlnsi ile kurp ;Grrr,nyurlzr: Cok farkll otclliklere scrlzip olurt srq sosvoloji, Iz~~k~lk, ekorlonli, krirnirloloji, c o~r a f i n Qibi qeqitli bilinz dallar~ tarnfirldnrr incelenlnekterlir. Bzl qcrfl,witcrkrrclri ~alzqnia kon~~sunn, bilirir dc~linuz o t e l l i~i~t e gore qeqitli tipte slq nruqtzr711nlnrr yuprlmaktadrr. Ccrlrqntanul verileri Elnz12 ~elzrindeki suq dn&hqz ile arazi kullc~nznt nraslnduki iliqkiyi apk!arlzak arnncl~lu 2001 jlrlr knrnkol srcq kc~yrtlcrrrndatz derlertdi. Suq dagrll~i ve yojzrnlugurtrla ~elzir i~i umzi kullcrriztit ozelli~irze Duglr olnrcrk fcrrklrka~1rzalnrzr1 olrlug~l tespit edil~ni~, rrterkeei iq snhnsr, scrglrk ve snrlnyi forlksiyorz nlarzlar~rt~n on plcraa pktzg~ goriilri~iiqtiir: Su~lnr-lrl znrnnlzsal, nzekailsal o~elliklerhin bilirlr~zesi ve ~eltir iqincleki dcrgrlrqz ile tercih ettigi alnr~lar~r~ ortnya ~~knrrlnlnsr onlrrt/rr rrniicadeleyi clr[lzn kolay hale getinrlekredir. Brt pl~ynarln Elcrzlg ~eltrindeki s~r~larrlr ozellikleri qelzir iqi~zdeki rlnCrl7~1 ve DN dci@11~~1 etki eden fcrktol-ler irzcelertnzeye qnlr~rlriuqtrr. Anahtar Kelimeler: Elnzrg, SSLLC, SIIG rklgrlr~r ' Frat Universitesi Fen-Edebi yat Fakiillesi. Co$afya B6liiniu. Elazlg. ekarakas@ I'iral.edu. [I. ---Abstract Today, cities botlz in tile irtclustrialized and cier~elopi~rg coitntries jkce to tnarty problems such as. crimes. Tlze crinze, whiclz lzas very different clzaracteristic, has been strulied by various science departtnent suclz as sociology, law, ecorzonzy, criminology, geograplly etc. It1 tlzese studies, different type of crinze researclz Izave been rnade according to researclz subject and science section.

Research in geography of crime started almost 200 years ago in Europe and environmental criminology has been developed for 30 years. In this study we showed and argued two theories that can be a convergence between the geography of crime and environmental criminology: social disorganization theory and routine activity theory. We concluded that although these theories have been created to developed countries they can explain part of the criminality spread in Brazilian urban areas.

Urban crime is unplanned change from urban development processes. Understanding of urban crime is necessary for crime prevention and increase urban living quality. The geographical approach in urban crime analysis can analyze crime pattern using a geographic information system, also investigate a correlation between crime and environmental condition. This research is conducted to analyze the relationships between urban crime and urban accessibility in Sumur Bandung as the region with the highest crime in Bandung City. Urban crime pattern can be determined using geographic information systems through kernel density estimation, whereas urban accessibility is obtained via network indices methods. The correlation between urban crime pattern and urban accessibility is determined from statistical tests. The results show there is a significant positive relationship between urban crime and urban accessibility in Sumur Bandung Sub-District. Urban crime pattern is concentrated in Braga and Ba...

Desde fi nales del pasado siglo ha habido un incremento importante de la web 2.0 que permite al usuario introducir información, contribuyendo así a confi gurarla. En este ambiente, ha proliferado en todo el mundo, aunque con diferencias regionales importantes, una cartografía de delitos y confl ictos fundamentalmente urbanos, para la que a menudo se pide la colaboración de las personas, que se ha denominado web del delito. En este artículo se estudiará este fenómeno en América Latina a fi nales de 2010, donde encontramos dieciocho de estos lugares en internet. Se investigará su titularidad y su contenido, así como el formato que adoptan. Se contextualizarán en su ámbito territorial con la intención de establecer diferentes categorías y encontrar regularidades que permitan explicar su funcionamiento y su infl uencia espacial.

Abstract [wersja polska poniżej]:
This paper is focused on some of the possibilities of the use of cluster analysis (clustering) in criminology and the sociology of law. Cluster analysis makes it possible to divide even a large dataset into a specified number of subsets in such a way that the resulting subsets are as homogenous as possible, and at the same time differ from each other substantially. When analysing geographical data, e.g. describing the location of crimes, the result of cluster analysis is a division of a territory into a certain number of coherent areas based on an objective criterion. The division of the territory under study into smaller parts is more insightful when the clustering method is applied compared to an arbitrary division into official administrative units.
The paper provides a detailed description of hierarchical cluster analysis methods and an example of using the Ward’s hierarchical method and the k-means combinational method to divide data on crime reports in the city of Baltimore between 2014 and 2019. The analysis demonstrates that the resulting division differs considerably from the administrative division of Baltimore, and that increasing the number of groups emerging as a result of cluster analysis leads to an increase of variance of variables describing the structure of crime in individual parts of the city. The divisions obtained using clustering are used to verify the hypothesis on differences in crime structure in different areas of Baltimore.
The main aim of the paper is to encourage the use of modern methods of data analysis in social sciences and to present the usefulness of cluster analysis in criminology and the sociology of law research.

POLSKI abstrakt:
Prezentowany artykuł poświęcony jest wykorzystaniu w socjologii prawa oraz kryminologii środowiskowej jednej z nowoczesnych metod obliczeniowych przydatnych do badania dużych zbiorów danych – analizy skupień (grupowania; klasteryzacji). Metoda ta pozwala na podzielenie zbioru obserwacji na ustaloną liczbę podzbiorów takich, że elementy tego samego podzbioru są do siebie możliwie podobne, a elementy różnych podzbiorów – możliwie odmienne. Jeśli dane dotyczą położenia geograficznego, na przykład umiejscowienia przestępstw, rezultatem wykorzystania analizy skupień będzie podział obszaru na ustaloną liczbę wewnętrznie spójnych rejonów według zobiektywizowanego kryterium. Podzielenie badanego terytorium na mniejsze części z zastosowaniem klasteryzacji wydaje się być lepszym rozwiązaniem od kryteriów stosowanych tradycyjnie, w dużym stopniu arbitralnych, takich jak na przykład podział administracyjny.
W pracy przedstawiono szczegółową charakterystykę hierarchicznych metod analizy skupień, a następnie wykorzystano metody kombinatoryczną k- średnich oraz hierarchiczną Warda do podziału zbioru danych o zgłoszeniach przestępstw w mieście Baltimore, w latach 2014–2019. Wykazano, że powstały w ten sposób podział różni się w sposób znaczący od podziału administracyjnego Baltimore, a także że zwiększanie liczby grup powstających jako wynik analizy skupień prowadzi do pożądanego w pewnych przypadkach wzrostu wariancji zmiennych opisujących strukturę przestępczości w poszczególnych częściach miasta. Utworzone przy użyciu klasteryzacji podziały wykorzystano także do zweryfikowania hipotezy o odmienności struktury przestępczości w różnych obszarach Baltimore.
Głównym celem pracy jest zachęcenie do stosowania w badaniach społecznych nowoczesnych metod analizy danych oraz pokazanie, że analiza skupień może być cennym narzędziem w kryminologicznych i socjologicznoprawnych analizach poświęconych relacji między prawem a przestrzenią.

Este estudio provee una prueba empírica y correlacional de un modelo descriptivo de la
geografía del robo en la zona metropolitana del valle de México (ZMVM). Incluye una
revisión de estudios previos en geografía del crimen y una descripción de la variación
espacial en la composición social de la metrópolis. La prueba del modelo ofrece resultados coincidentes, divergentes y/o novedosos a los hallazgos en estudios previos. A la par, el modelo ofrece resultados diferentes cuando se aplica al distrito federal y al área conurbada de la metrópolis, lo que sugiere la presencia de un patrón de heterogeneidad espacial para este tipo de delito y de explicaciones contextuales ad-hoc al interior de la metrópolis.

violência e a criminalidade são fenômenos amplamente discutidos pela sociedade brasileira, seja pelo senso comum ou pela universidade. Esta última, atualmente, vem recebendo subsídios de diversas ciências, configurando, sobretudo, um assunto interdisciplinar. Contudo, a proposta do presente artigo é compreender como a temática vem se desenvolvendo na área da Geografia, cujas categorias de análise (espaço, território, paisagem etc.) podem ser um diferencial na análise do crime e da violência. Para alcançar tal intento, como procedimento metodológico, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico sistemático em dois meios de divulgação de trabalhos científicos: anais de encontros especializados e artigos em periódicos da área.

Crime is a serious concern in modern times in which we live. Day by day we encounter criminal event which starts from the weaker motivations to the more unusual ones. Types, forms and categories of crime are extended. Not few are the cases that shock the public. Crime varies from one country to another country. The causes and reasons for this are numerous. The aim of the article is to identify the geographical distribution of crime in Albania, new forms of crime that are applied by area, making a detailed study, based on official statistics over the years. The article begins with an argument of the relationship between geography and crime, as well as recognition of the importance of the geographical distribution of crime. Part of the objectives of purpose, the authors aim to present a logical analysis of the factors that have brought this overview of the geography of crime, based on the relationship of social geography with geography of crime.

The Malta CRISOLA case study is investigated in terms of its analysis of the approaches taken to ensure that data in the physical and social domains are tackled within a reliable structure as that provided by the spatial domain through INSPIRE. The crime, social and landuse themes, being pivotal to the model, have served as a bridge across the landuse domains identified as fundamental in the INSPIRE Directive and as expressed in the Plan4all project. The case study is described in terms of its eventual take-up of functions developed by the Plan4all project which are essential for the future successful outcomes as identified in the CRISOLA model. The idea is to disseminate Maltese results to other geoportals including Plan4all geoserver which focuses on the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial planning data. The aims are to support holistic planning through the provision of data services across the spatial and social themes.

This paper is an exploration into the fear of crime that pervades South
Africa, indeed more than crime itself. The obvious linkage of high rates
of crime resulting in higher degree of fear of crime suggests itself.
However, in the South African context, there exist several paradoxes
between actual risk and perceived risk, and the linkage between crime
and fear is not as direct as it would intuitively appear. Further, in case
of South Africa the fear of crime is not just at the level of fear but can
better be described as hysteria, paranoia or obsession. Indeed this level
of fear of crime has had consequences both for policing responses and
popular responses (like lynching) to crime. Therefore, in this paper I
shall apply a five factor social-psychological model to South Africa, that
may explain not just the fear itself but also the reasons for the degree
of fear expressed

En las proximas paginas abordaremos el analisis de datos empiricos sobre denuncias e intervenciones policiales acaecidas en la ciudad intermedia de Lerida, para establecer algunas pautas que permitan desvelar su logica locacional, que, ademas, contrastaremos con otras realidades para comprobar la validez de nuestras hipotesis. Partimos de la idea de que la delincuencia es, en cierto sentido, una construccion social y, que para comprender en su complejidad los temores, que se enraizan territorialmente, es preciso superar las servidumbres que impone la logica actuarial, que se limita a intentar mejorar la gestion de los riesgos.

In Europe, especially in Eastern Europe, geographic research in criminology deals mainly with data analysis and accompanying cartographic communication through the visualisation of crime maps is less developed. Therefore, there is still a dearth of crime maps that could potentially not only show the facts, but also portray the criminal landscape of the city and tell the reader a story in a way that stimulates thinking, and motivates deeper analysis and spatial reasoning. This set of maps, which were designed by the authors, represent specific characteristics, density and temporal distribution of crimes in the city of Vilnius in 2014. It also shows changes in the crime rate from 2012 to 2014. The maps represent generalised data that was derived from detailed tabular data on reported criminal activities in 2012, 2013, and 2014. The primary map reveals some primary factors that allow understanding of spatio-temporal patterns of crimes in modern Vilnius: prevalent crime types with specific territorial and temporal distribution (crimes of violence, property crimes, and distribution/ possession of drugs); changes in distribution over the examined period of 3 recent years; overall crime rate and detailed structure of 9 types of crimes, the rate of burglaries and seasonality of violent crimes for all the 21 administrative districts of the city. Original cartographic signs have been designed for the depiction of 11 characteristics. The maps are supplemented by 3D visualisations and a chart that shows changes in the overall crime rate and juvenile crime numbers in the decade from 2004 to 2014. The reference scale is 1:100,000 for the Main map and 1:300,000 for complementary maps.

Crime is an inseparable part of society and for the fact that place, time and society are inextricably interwoven implies that the conceptualization of the spatial aspect of crime is imperative. By adopting crime pattern and social disorganization theories, while using neighborhoods as the unit of analysis, we examined how crime behavior varies in an urban context. This was achieved by using Location Quotient of Crime (LQC) to identify and represent robbery , assault and threat agglomerations, as well as neighborhood at risk areas. The result of our analysis suggest that most neighborhoods had a relatively higher LQC for robbery, assault and threat crimes as compared to the city as a whole with quite a significant proportion of assault incidence in neighborhoods located near educational facilities. This paper also shows the usefulness of LQC in understanding crime behavior pattern at a micro level. A strong linkage between robbery, assault and threat crime incidents and key land use types were also established.

Abstract
Today, cities both in the industrialized and developing countries face to many problems such as crimes. Crime are human phenomena therefore their distributions across all landscape. In this study, I try to find out how the place might play an important role for the crimes, and why some area has high crime rates For this purpose, the crime of theft was mapped with respect to general area distribution and the type of the theft by GIS (Geographic Information System) in the city of Elazığ The distribution of the crime was handled with considering the parameters such as month, day and hour, and related to the land use. The data of the study were collected to examine the relationships among crime distribution and city landuse from the police station records in 2001. As a result, it was determined that there were many differences in the distribution and the density of crime rate in theft with respect to the land use inside the city and central shopping area, health and industrial regions were common criminal areas. The methods and findings in this study will provide rapid and accurate analyses for such kinds of studies. In addition, interrelating the type of the crime with the regions or areas will contribute to preventing crime, and security in urban areas.

Özet:
Bugün hem sanayileşmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülke şehirleri suç gibi bir çok şehir sorunuyla karşı karşıyadır. Suç insana has bir olay olduğundan arazide (alanda) dağılım gösterir. Bu çalışmamızda alanın suçlar için nasıl bir faktör olabildiğini, niçin bazı alanlarda suç oranının yüksek olduğunu saptamaya çalıştık. Bu amaçla GIS (Geographic Information System) ortamında Elazığ kentindeki hırsızlık suçlarının genel ve suç tipine göre dağılış haritaları yapıldı. Suç dağılışı ay, gün, saat, gibi değişkenlere göre ele alınmış, şehirdeki hırsızlık suçlarının dağılışı, şehrin mekansal arazi kullanımı (city landuse) ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri Elazığ şehrindeki suç dağılışı ile arazi kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak amacıyla 2001 yılı karakol suç kayıtlarından derlendi. Sonuçta Elazığ şehrindeki hırsızlık suç dağılışı ve yoğunluğunda şehir içi arazi kullanım özelliğine bağlı olarak farklılaşmaların olduğu tespit edilmiş, merkezi iş sahası sağlık ve sanayi fonksiyon alanlarının ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu araştırmadaki yöntem ve bulgular; hızlı, etkin ve doğru analizler yapılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bunun yanında suçların yoğunlaştığı mekanların özelliğinin ortaya çıkarılmasıyla, suçun coğrafi mekanla ilişkilendirilmesi, önlenmesi ve şehir güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından önemli katkılarda bulunacaktır Anahtar Kelimeler: Suç dağılışı, Şehir, Suç haritaları

This article provides an overall picture of crimes committed against women in the district of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal. The rate of crime against women is quite startling in South 24 Parganas district in comparison to other districts of West Bengal. The paper intends to reveal the impact of illiteracy, poverty and societal customs upon the increasing rate of crimes against women in this district. By using official crime data, we analyzed general crime trend and characteristics of crimes and also highlighted the crime control practices. The seriousness of crime problems in South 24 Parganas is also examined from a comparative perspective by engaging in a inter district comparison. The findings of the paper indicate that crime against women in South 24 Parganas is present in various forms and the preventive measures of crimes are not satisfactory.

Military engagement of insurgents risks destruction of religious monuments and historic structures, and political and economic instability that follows armed conflict enables looting of antiquities. In combination, threats to cultural structures and movable cultural patrimony compromise cultural security. This paper explores the potential of the art market for open-source intelligence assessments of cultural security. A comparison of the market value of artifacts of different ethnic origins provides a measure of the risk of looting of cultural patrimony by geographic region. Intelligence assessments of the relative desirability of cultural artifacts by region of origin can inform strategic planning to mitigate looting in conflict zones and to alert security services to emerging threats of trafficking in cultural patrimony.

De um modo especial gostaria de agradecer à Professora Doutora Paula Cristina Cadima Remoaldo por toda a sua disponibilidade, ajuda, e principalmente incentivo demonstrado ao longo de toda a investigação. À instituição da Guarda Nacional Republicana representada pelo Tenente Mendes e Capitão Fernandes, que ao longo de toda a investigação se mostraram disponíveis para responder a todas as solicitações. À instituição da Polícia de Segurança Pública representada pelo Subintendente Daniel Mendes e Subcomissário Ricardo Amaral, pela ajudada e disponibilidade. À Professora Doutora Alina Esteves da Universidade de Lisboa pela sua disponibilidade em fornecer elementos da sua pesquisa. A todos os responsáveis pelas farmácias onde fiz a aplicação dos inquéritos o meu agradecimento pela ajuda e cooperação. Gostaria de sobressair de modo especial o apoio dado, a Sara, a Carina, a Carolina, a Rita, o Sérgio, o Jorge Leão, o Rui, o Jorge Nunes, e a todos aqueles que me foram incentivando e apoiando. Aos meus pais e sogros, estou-lhes grata pelo apoio, incentivo, ânimo e amor demonstrados nesta etapa da minha vida. À minha irmã Quitéria, e a ti, Sílvia por toda a ajuda e paciência. A ti, Nuno pelo apoio incondicional, amor, carinho e perseverança. Muito Obrigada! Geografia da (in)segurança no município de Guimarães v Resumo A criminalidade em meio urbano é um tema relevante para a população portuguesa, conduzindo a alterações mais ou menos significativas das suas rotinas diárias, de modo a sentir-se mais segura. O município de Guimarães tem sido estudado em vários domínios sociais e culturais, mas sabe-se muito pouco sobre a problemática da criminalidade e sobre o sentimento de insegurança. Atualmente pode-se afirmar que a criminalidade pode ser atenuada ou inconscientemente potencializada, pela disposição da malha urbana, como comprovaram Jacobs (1961), Newman (1972), Jeffery (1971, 1977) e Crowe (1991), nos seus estudos desenvolvidos sobre o espaço urbano e a sua dinâmica organizacional. Tendo em consideração esta perspetiva, resolvemos investigar a atual situação do município de Guimarães face aos crimes de furto e roubo, tentando compreender de que modo estes comportamentos infratores influenciam as rotinas dos cidadãos. Todos os indivíduos desenvolvem mapas mentais dos espaços em que se deslocam frequentemente e o objetivo é perceber quais são os espaços considerados por eles como perigosos para a população. Para tal, dividimos a nossa investigação em duas partes de investigação. A primeira está relacionada com a análise de 9.970 queixas/denúncias deportadas à Guarda Nacional Republicana, bem como à Polícia de Segurança Pública, entre os anos de 2009 e 2012. A segunda parte refere-se à análise de 200 inquéritos feitos em 2013 à população do município de Guimarães. Os inquéritos realizados permitem-nos concluir que a noção de aumento de criminalidade está bem patente na perceção dos cidadãos vimaranenses em relação aos últimos anos. Geografia da (in)segurança no município de Guimarães vi

Suç analizi, hepsi kendine özgü birçok aşamadan oluşan bir bü-
tündür. Analiz süreci her ne kadar farklı aşamalardan oluşsa da
birbiriyle etkileşimli bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu aşamalar; verilerin
toplanması, kontrol edilmesi, uygun şekilde sınıflandırılması,
analiz edilmesi, ilgililere duyurulması, geri bildirimlerin alınması
ve değerlendirme yapılması şeklinde birkaç ana başlık altında
toplanabilir. Bu bölümde suç analizinin teorik aşamalarının öncesinde
örneklerle zenginleştirilmiş suç profilleme konusuna yer
verilecektir. Böylelikle suç analizinde aşamalara ilişkin genel
açıklamaların yanı sıra uygulamada suç ve suçlu profillemenin
nasıl gerçekleştirildiği, suç profilleme konusunda temel kavramların
neler olduğu, profillemenin hangi metotlar uygulanarak
gerçekleştirildiği sorularına cevap aranacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Suç, suç analizi, suç profilleme.

En estas páginas se estudia la lógica locacional de ciertos delitos en tres ciudades inter- medias de Cataluña: Gerona, Lérida y Tarragona; con el objetivo de validar y afinar modelos formulados con anterioridad. Se analiza el emplazamiento de contravenciones con una lógica estructural, es decir, con una tendencia a la estabilidad territorial vinculada a funciones y rasgos urbanos. El análisis se ha centrado en los hurtos y en los robos con violencia o inti- midación, cotejando estos últimos con las lesiones y los delitos contra el orden público para esclarecer sus dinámicas internas.
El trabajo ha permitido definir áreas específicas que atraen y estabilizan estas contravenciones y abre la reflexión sobre los rasgos del espacio público que pueden propiciar la sensación de seguridad en la ciudadanía.

These pages investigate the location logic of certain crimes in three intermediate cities of Catalonia: Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, with the aim of validating and fine-tuning previously formulated models. It analyzes the location of crimes that show a structural logic, that is, that have a tendency towards territorial stability linked to urban features and functions. The analysis has focussed on robberies or thefts with violence and intimidation. These have then been compared and contrasted with assaults and crimes against public order in order to clarify their internal dynamics.
The research has allowed us to identify and define specific areas that attract and foment these sorts of violations and to invite further thinking about features of public space that can be conducive to a sense of security amongst urban citizens.

Crime is an unplanned change due to the process of urban development. The geographical approach is able to analyze spatial interactions of criminogenic factors into crime phenomenon. This study aims to explain the spatial interaction between socio-economic conditions and crime risk in Bandung City. The crime risk is obtained through Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method based on The Annual Crime Data from Bandung Police Department, whereas the socio-economic condition data is revealed from interview and questioner with 176 respondents who determined by multistage random sampling in 37 hamlets. Variable interactions are analysed based on Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) with Gaussian Distance Function type of cross validation as optimum weight. The results show the socio-economic conditions has a positive and significant effect on crime risk. This model shows that the independent variable acts as a crime attractor. Partially its known that economic conditions have a stronger interaction with crime risk than the social climate. The strongest interaction between variables are concentrated in the southern of Kebon Pisang Urban Village, precisely in the area passed by arterial roads at southern of Sumur Bandung. Crime prevention efforts are conducted using environmental interventions by the formal security personnels and strengthening the social climate of the community.

Resumen

La ciudad de Acapulco, en el sur de México, construyó fama mundial en la segunda mitad del siglo XX por sus cualidades turísticas. Sin embargo, en losúltimos cinco años se ha ubicado como una de las más violentas del país por la alta tasa de homicidios, incremento que se ha relacionado con disputas de grupos criminales, narcotráfico y corrupción de autoridades locales y nacionales. Las víctimas, por supuesto, incluyen ampliamente inocentes, aunque en una proporción difícil de calcular con exactitud. Aunque se han ensayado diferentes explicaciones para explicar la crisis que enfrenta el puerto, este artículo propone hacerlo desde dos perspectivas. Por un lado, utilizando la idea de ciudad para explicar la centralización de procesos de violencia y crimen. Por el otro, a través del análisis la geografía de Acapulco (y más específicamente del puerto y la infraestructura que lo comunica con rutas y destinos en una lógica de mercados criminales) como una variable de explicación. A partir de ambos ese análisis, se argumenta la necesidad de incorporar un enfoque de " rutas y conexiones " en la elaboración de políticas públicas para ciudades con altas condiciones de violencia y criminalidad.

Abstract

Acapulco city, in the South of Mexico, built its fame as a great tourist spot during the second half of the twentieth century. However, in the last five years, the city has been ranked as one of the most violent cities in the country due to the high homicide rate, often related to criminal group disputes, drug trafficking, and corrupted authorities in both local and national levels. Victims broadly include innocent people in a ratio difficult to accurately calculate. Although scholars have tried to explain this crisis from many angles, this article proposes to do so from two perspectives. On the one hand, by using the idea of the city to understand the processes of violence and crime centralization. On the other, by using Acapulco´s geography as an explanatory variable-and more specifically, the infrastructure that communicates the city with routes and destinations to expand criminal markets. Finally, this paper points to suggest the necessity of incorporating a " routes and connections " approach for the public policies for cities with high levels of violence and crime.