Future Internet Architecture

Although Internet of Things (IoT) brings significant advantages over traditional communication technologies for smart grid and smart home applications, these implementations are still very rare. Relying on a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to contribute towards narrowing the gap between the existing state-of-the-art smart home applications and the prospect of their integration into an IoT enabled environment. We propose a holistic framework which incorporates different components from IoT architectures/frameworks proposed in the literature, in order to efficiently integrate smart home objects in a cloud-centric IoT based solution. We identify a smart home management model for the proposed framework and the main tasks that should be performed at each level. We additionally discuss practical design challenges with emphasis on data processing, as well as smart home communication protocols and their interoperability. We believe that the holistic framework ascertained in this paper can be used as a solid base for the future developers of Internet of Things based smart home solutions.

When you see it coming... but nobody listens: this paper was given at a conference in in 1995 and published in 1996. Twenty years later, unfortunately I was right.
Luciano Floridi, (1996) "Brave.Net.World: the Internet as a disinformation superhighway?", The Electronic Library, Vol. 14 Issue: 6, pp.509-514, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb045517

Internet was developed as a packet data network where users and data sources (server) with specific IP addresses interacted over a pre-established communication channel. This model of client–server data communication has evolved into a peer-to-peer mode of data sharing in recent times. Applications like, YouTube, Bit Torrent, social networks have revolutionized the idea of user generated contents. Modern users care only for specific data items irrespective of their sources. So, the idea of using IP addresses to identify servers hosting a particular content is losing its importance. Moreover, want of IP addresses is a challenging issue haunting the Internet community since long. The need of the time is a content-centric networking platform where data hosts are of less importance, and Named Data Networking (NDN) has been proposed to that end. NDN allows users to float a data request without any knowledge about the hosting entity. NDN can handle user mobility, security issues more efficiently than the current Internet. Although NDN has been proposed in 2010, so far, there is no survey paper studying its architecture and various schemes proposed for its different characteristic features, like, naming, adaptive forwarding and routing, caching, security, mobility, etc. In this paper, we introduce a novel taxonomy to study NDN features in depth. We have also covered several NDN applications. We conclude our survey by identifying a set of open challenges which should be addressed by researchers in due course.

Mobile communication has evolved from voice to data due to the demands and dynamics of today’s social – economically activities. Internet of Thing being a key aspect in the 5G era new terms have come up, in that, the core of internet is the world wide web (WWW) whiles for 5G the core network will be world wide wireless web (WWWW). But the big question is - will 5G be a new single Ratio Access Technology or an intergration of Radio Access Technologies?
This paper is a survey of the technologies of 5G and the research and project activities of 5G technology by Telecommunication standardization bodies, Telecommunication companies and research groups in Europe and Americas.

This paper investigates an approach to the use of fractals in architectural design. Two major aspects are discussed. First, the effect of the direction of the line segments on the generated fractal, as well as, the proportions between the generator and the initiator. Secondly, the meanings attached to the lines segments that constitute the fractal are based on some known architectural organization. The goal is to develop a basis for using fractals to suggest architectural forms.

This paper explores the enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems literature in an attempt to elucidate knowledge to help us see the future of ERP systems’ research. The main purpose of this research is to study the development of ERP systems and other related areas in order to reach the constructs of mainstream literature. The analysis of literature has helped us to reach the key constructs of an as-is scenario, those are: history and development of ERP systems, the implementation life cycle, critical success factors and project management, and benefits and costs. However, the to-be scenario calls for more up-to-date research constructs of ERP systems integrating the following constructs: social networks, cloud computing, enterprise 2.0, and decision 2.0. In the end, the conclusion section will establish the link between the as-is and to-be scenarios opening the door for more novel ERP research areas.

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture for the future Internet that focuses on content rather than IP addresses. By leveraging named-data instead of named-hosts, ICN does not need the set up and maintenance of stable paths between end-nodes. This makes ICN particularly convenient
in networks characterized by intermittent connectivity and hostile propagation conditions, such as wireless multihop networks like ad hoc and mesh networks.
In this paper, we present an information-centric architecture for IEEE 802.11 wireless ad hoc networks, named E-CHANET, which performs routing, forwarding and reliable transport functions, specifically tailored to cope with the limitations and requirements of wireless distributed environments. E-CHANET performance is evaluated through simulations and a comparison with the legacy TCP/IP architecture and the basic CCN model is provided. Achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
solution in mobile wireless environments.

Pada bagian pertama tulisan ini, akan dipaparkan terlebih dahulu bagian yang mempunyai arti yang luas dan bersifat makro, yaitu tentang persoalan yang dihadapi oleh manusia di planet bumi ini, dan kemudian memberikan landasan mengapa pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) perlu diwujudkan. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi mengapa teknologi untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan akan memiliki peran yang penting dalam mewujudkan hal tersebut. Di samping itu, pengertian tentang teknologi tersebut akan dipaparkan secara singkat.

Information Centric Networking (ICN) is becoming an important direction of the future internet architecture research. Different ICN architectures like PSIRP, NetInf, PURSUIT, CCN, DONA, and NDN have been proposed with the aim of moving from the current host-to-host communication model to a content-centric communication model. Caching and data routing are among the most significant properties of ICN features which improves network efficiency and content distribution performance by satisfying user requests with cached content. New characteristics of ICN caching include the Internet to be transparent to applications, ubiquitous in-network caching (caching contents in routers in a granularity based-level different from the current Internet architecture which cache contents in file-level. This paper describes in-depth, the concepts of caching and data routing in ICN by providing a comprehensive survey of a number of cache decision and data routing policies in ICN. The paper provides also the caching and data routing mechanisms in the Named Data Networking (NDN) which is the promising ICN design for the future Internet architecture. In general, by modelling the in-network caching and data routing which will be based on more efficient cache decision and routing schemes, it will have more practical significance in ICN designs for the future Internet architecture.

Vehicular networks, characterized by dynamic, short-lived and spotty connectivity, challenge the design of reliable and efficient content delivery protocols. By leveraging content names instead of IP addresses and by enabling innetwork caching, Content-Centric Networking (CCN) reveals to be a promising paradigm for content retrieval and distribution on the road. The CCN architecture defines new operations to transfer named data objects, including naming, security, routing and transport schemes, that need proper design choices and deserve further investigation. In this paper, we focus on reliability issues addressed at the transport-level of a CCN architecture properly customized to be deployed on top of the IEEE 802.11p access technology in VANETs.

The Named Data Networking (NDN) is the forthcoming internet architecture which is developed and tested as an alternative to the standard IP architecture. It is acquired from Information Centric Networking (ICN). The data accessing depends on the name of the data content so that it is not depended on any particular server or location. Each router in the network stores particular data as cache based on different policies like Least Frequently Used (LFU), Universal Caching (UC), First in First out (FIFO), Least Recently Used (LRU), and etc., Caching process in NDN is the main function, where the availability of data to the user is based on getting and storing the appropriate required data in the storage area. So that it must be available whenever the user request for it. Due to this function, it is the major area to be concerned and researched in the NDN architecture. This survey is done on several caching strategies, their algorithm, caching types, their advantages and issues. Based on the survey work, various cache methods are compared based on different criteria. Different challenges in their works are analyzed, and a proposal based on these works is given at the end of this paper.

The aim of this essay is to outline and analyze milestones in the history of the Internet. As technology advances, it presents new societal and ethical challenges. Section II concerns the formative years (1957-1984).  The early Internet was devised and implemented in American research units, universities, and telecommunication companies that had vision and interest in cutting-edge research. Section III discusses the entry of the Internet into the commercial phase (1984-1989). It was facilitated by the upgrading of backbone links, the writing of new software programs and the growing number of interconnected international networks. Section IV concerns the massive expansion of the Internet into a global network during the 1990s when business and personal computers with different operating systems joined the universal network. Section V discusses the instant and growing success of social networking -- sites that enable Netusers to share information, photos, private journals, hobbies and personal as well as commercial interests with networks of mutual friends and colleagues.

In this paper we propose an innovative networking architecture for content retrieval and distribution in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs), that leverages the recently proposed Content-Centric Networking (CCN) paradigm. It is based on named contents instead of IP addresses, and seems an attractive opportunity to handle the dynamic, short-lived and intermittent connectivity typical of VANETs.

Nel 1980 Anthony Smith pubblicava "Goodbye Gutemberg", un saggio sulla sconfitta dell'uomo tipografico a opera delle nuove tecniche di stampa che mandavano in pensione le rumorose linotypes. Un felice preludio al processo di totale smantellamento delle vecchie tecniche di trasmissione dell'informazione e della conoscenza, che si sarebbe compiuto solo con l'arrivo di Internet.

In the world, the man matters, not the machine, people need to be care, not data. There is transition from information technology to human technology. The answer is internet of everything (IoE). The internet of everything (IoE) is a concept that extends the internet of things (IOT) by encompassing the machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, machine-to-people (M2P) and technology-assisted people-to-people (P2P) with expended digital features. It includes different types of devices, appliances and items that are connected to the global internet. The internet of everything (IoE) comprises four components, namely, people, process, data and things to make the networked connections more relevant and valuable. These components enable us to create new capabilities, wide experiences and economic opportunity for individuals and businesses. IoE connects people in more relevant and valuable ways, deliver the right information to the right people and/or machine at the right time, leverages data into more useful information for decision making and connect physical devices and objects with each other via the internet of things (IoT). The IoE includes user-generated communications and interactions associated with the global internet. The IoE is 5G technology that include evolution, elasticity, capacity, speed and agility. In this research work, we discuss the potentiality of IoE technology that includes the seamless interconnections and autonomous coordination among people, data and process through the global internet infrastructure. We will highlight the various applications of IoE in the area of privacy and security. Security and privacy are the major challenge in today world. There are various challenges like software and hardware compatibility, wired and wireless infrastructure, data analysis, data mining, big data and many other things that need to be solves globally. We will discuss the security aspects of IoE that ensure the securing the environment, the infrastructure and the process. Data collection is also the major challenge at the network edge. It includes multitude of endpoint devices and sensors that automatically collect, analyze and transmit the data on the massive scale and at very fast rate. Internet of everything (IoE) will have a huge impact on individuals and business in the next few years. It will be a radial shift to think that how we live, solve the problem, create value, secure environment to keep people, data, process and things under one umbrella. It will include devices and objects at the massive scale. The network capabilities will create the new experiences, capabilities and economic opportunities for individuals, businesses and governments. In short, the internet of everything (IoE) changes only one thing, which is everything.

As communication networks become increasingly complex and dynamic, the three functions known as monitoring, control and management prove to be ineffective. It is increasingly difficult to operate large networks, perform diagnostics, prevent cascading failures, or deliver dependable services. I argue that this is because, although the Internet serves more terminals than there are neurons in the brain, we still handle our networks via deterministic protocols. We still try to capture the complex entangle of interconnections by creating deterministic models of the network, its traffic and control system. By the year 2020 the number of interconnected ‘things’ will grow by a factor of a thousand, and networks will be programmed to ‘learn’ how to detect new communication patterns and self-regulate, rather than acting deterministically. I introduce the anatomy of a smart network, discussing what more could be achieved with it.

The increasingly centralized control of communications technologies is limiting the generative potential of the Internet. From commercially-motivated bandwidth throttling and restrictive data caps, to governments blocking websites and services to enforce political or cultural stability, the shift toward command-and-control networking is creating barriers for end-user innovation (Fuchs 2011a; McChesney 2013; Meinrath et al. 2013). Sennett (2008) describes the craftsman (which we purposefully changed to “craftsperson” for inclusiveness) as someone with the desire and ability to innovate and adapt a medium and create a new form or function. As networking technologies continue to evolve, the Internet-of-Things affords minimal opportunities for Digital Craftspersonship. In addition to proprietary hardware, control is being engineered throughout networking technologies as well (Galloway 2006; Zittrain 2008); from a technical standpoint, networked technologies are systems of hierarchical layers in which the function of any one layer is interdependent with the other layers of the system (Burns 2003, Van Schewick 2010). Changes in network management protocols and agreed-upon networking standards, locked hardware devices, copyright, patents, digital rights management, and restrictions on data access have the potential to severely limit how end-users can engage with contemporary networked technologies (Lessig 2002; Meinrath et al. 2010). By contrast, interoperable networks, unlicensed spectrum, open hardware, and access and portability of data provide the foundation for a far more innovative digital ecosystem. By updating prior theorizing (Burns 2003; Lessig 2002; Benkler 2006; Zittrain 2008), this paper offers a framework for analyzing control along five dimensions of networked technology: networks, devices, applications/services, content, and data. Using this framework, the authors analyze how centralization of control is increasingly hindering innovation, and how open digital platforms offer a far more liberatory alternative that supports future Digital Craftspersons.

Replacement policy in Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a necessary and current, function as an important part in Interest packet caching. Pending Interest Table (PIT) is the main and core cache tables in CCN and plays a significant role for recording the information of Interest packets that are forwarded but are still waiting for matching with incoming Data packets. However, PIT management is more fundamental with regard to CCN operations for better memory efficiency. The PIT size determination of the forwarding system is a difficult problem in PIT management. Due to the limited PIT sizing, PIT replacement is utilized to remove the current entry from PIT and constructing a new space for the incoming entry to it. In a disaster area, this problem is due to the massive Interest packet that generating by survivors from the disaster and rescuers. The PIT overflow could be subjected due to use of long Interest lifetimes that would simultaneously increase the number of entries in the PIT. Thus particularly when there is no flexible replacement policy, hence affecting PIT performance.  Therefore, the ultimate aim of this paper is to develop the replacement policy that can deal with this problem. The proposed policy is a PIT management based on CCN PIT replacement policy for  managing the PIT during a natural disaster, which can lead to mitigating PIT overflowing. The results showed the overall scenarios, the proposed policy better PIT memory usage as well as decreasing the Interest drop, delay time, Interest lifetime and Interest retransmission. A positive significance influence in this work would be to presents a formulate a rule as a function which can decrease the delay and thus be leading to increasing PIT utilization, which will be very much useful for survivors, emergency rescue teams as well as emergency operation centers.

The article applies the concepts of media socialization, media literacy, and media hygiene to the problem of human adaptation to the digital environment.
The interaction of humans with the digital environment is described from the viewpoint of media ecology, but the ecological paradigm is reversed: what is at issue is not the protection of the environment from humans, but rather the protection of humans from the digital environment.
The development of the digital environment is only a few decades old. Humans have no experience of living amid environmental confusion and temporal compression. The task of media ecology is to help humankind develop the skills of living in a digital environment.
Media socialization develops norms for the children who enter the digital world with little experience of social interaction in the real world. Media literacy is a method of teaching people to use technical and social interfaces for interaction within a new environment. Media hygiene guides people to “prosume” content in the digital environment safely.

A growing number of connected devices and solutions, related to the concept of Internet of Things, makes our environment increasingly smart and capable. However, existing application development processes and tools, designed for single device applications, do not allow to fully address this opportunity and to efficiently create applications that employ multiple devices and use the context information provided by ubiquitous sensors. To address this situation we propose a concept of Device Independent Architecture, which can be used to separate applications from devices and to provide a uniform platform for building smart multi-device applications. The main ideas of the Device Independent Architecture is to move processing from end-devices to a server side (backend) and to introduce a middleware layer that separates applications from devices and supports development of multi-device applications.

The capturing of drawing in motion has been a phenomenon discovered at the site of ancient cities and in caves. The art has developed further into more real-world-entities with use of complex algorithm and state of the art technologies both in 2D to 3D animation.
This paper is a survey comparing the traditional methods used for capturing and constructing motion in 2D and 3D, and the newly discovered method of constructing and capturing motion for 3D animation using LiSense a Visible Light Communication Technology.

The Internet has grown in size at rapid rates since BGP records began, and continues to do so. This has raised concerns about the scalability of the current BGP routing system, as the routing state at each router in a shortest-path routing protocol will grow at a supra-linearly rate as the network grows. The concerns are that the memory capacity of routers will not be able to keep up with demands, and that the growth of the Internet will become ever more cramped as more and more of the world seeks the benefits of being connected.

Compact routing schemes, where the routing state grows only sub-linearly relative to the growth of the network, could solve this problem and ensure that router memory would not be a bottleneck to Internet growth. These schemes trade away shortest-path routing for scalable memory state, by allowing some paths to have a certain amount of bounded “stretch”.

The most promising such scheme is Cowen Routing, which can provide scalable, compact routing state for Internet routing, while still providing shortest-path routing to nearly all other nodes, with only slightly stretched paths to a very small subset of the network. Currently, there is no fully distributed form of Cowen Routing that would be practical for the Internet.

This dissertation describes a fully distributed and compact protocol for Cowen routing, using the k-core graph decomposition.

Previous compact routing work showed the k-core graph decomposition is usefulfor Cowen Routing on the Internet, but no distributed form existed. This dissertation gives a distributed k-core algorithm optimised to be efficient on dynamic graphs, along with with proofs of its correctness. The performance and efficiency of this distributed k-core algorithm is evaluated on large, Internet AS graphs, with excellent results.

This dissertation then goes on to describe a fully distributed and compact Cowen Routing protocol. This protocol being comprised of a landmark selection process for Cowen Routing using the k-core algorithm, with mechanisms to ensure compact state at all times, including at bootstrap; a local cluster routing process,with mechanisms for policy application and control of cluster sizes, ensuring again that state can remain compact at all times; and a landmark routing process is described with a prioritisation mechanism for announcements that ensures compact state at all times.

This paper examines threats to autonomy created by significant emerging ICT's. Emerging ICT's cover a wide range of technologies, from intelligent environments to neuroelectronics, yet human autonomy is potentially threatened by all of them in some way. However, there is no single agreed definition of autonomy. This paper therefore considers the ways in which different versions of autonomy are impacted by different systems. From this range of threats we will derive some properties which any ICT must exhibit in order to threaten human autonomy. Finally, we will show how the range of definitions of autonomy creates problems for customary approaches to vale-sensitive design, and indicates a need for greater flexibility when attempting to improve the ethical status of emerging ICT's.

The present work introduces a novel approach to cope with the current internet limitations. The need to manage heterogeneous resources, over heterogeneous systems requires a cognitive approach. We propose a cognitive framework based on semantic virtualization of the main internet entities: actors, resources and applications. By means of dynamic generic enablers and proper interfaces, the cognitive framework can operate over heterogeneous environments, translating them into semantic-enriched homogeneous metadata. This virtualization allows the cognitive framework to manage the available resources using advanced, technology independent algorithms. A key role is played by the interfaces which, as the paper shows, can introduce a further cognition level.

It was rare to find a tech columnist last year that didn't make some reference to artificial intelligence. But it was also rare to find a writer who could clearly differentiate between the hype and true relevance of these accomplishments. Keep in mind, even after decades of tech progress, we still get lost with our GPS, our digitally translated documents are often unreadable, and our smartphones still drop calls. Even relatively simple computational tasks like scanning documents with optical character recognition is still not 100% accurate. Still, many well meaning thought leaders have issued impassioned warnings of the dangers of general AI, which is not anywhere in sight. This does not mean we are without danger, just not that kind of danger. Not yet. Perhaps the earliest dangers will come on the job front. The efficiencies that AI gives us will eliminate the need for many tasks, and even though many will be tedious jobs, working in undesirable conditions that few can point to as their dream position, they do serve as a current basis for employment, affecting countless lives. At the same time, few jobs are truly secure with most continually morphing along with their industries. 70% of the tasks software engineers did in 2000 didn't even exist in 1990.

At Davos 2020, Greta spoke of our need to consider working on the environment as if our children's lives depend on it.    As more frequent and more intense storms, fires, floods and other climate events occur, not only do we need to create new processes to alter the direction of climate change, but we must also prepare as much as possible for protecting  ourselves in the face of a continuation of challenges.  "Artificial Intelligence and The Environment" is a new book with contributions by 60 pioneering scientists from a global community of AI researchers that paves a path for adaptation, mitigation and resilience in our immediate future.    The volume is chock full of details on 16 environmental projects and the hybrid AI systems that address them.  Q & A at the end of each chapter helps readers quickly focus on the most salient aspects of the AI system that suits the environmental problem.    The text is not about the next ML algorithm or robot overlords, but IS about adaptation, mitigation and resilience in the face of increasingly difficult fires, algae, storms, floods and so on. Advance copies presented at the UN Conf on Climate in Madrid and MIT TedX Operation Earth. In this paper we see the list of pioneers, the table of contents, a foreword by National Geographic Explorer Tierny Thys, and an introduction by editor Cindy Mason,  who first proposed  bringing AI and Environment as a topic to the AAAI and IJCAI community of scientists.

Named Data Networking (NDN) aims to discard the existing host-centric networking paradigm just to replace it with a more practical Content-Centric Networking (CCN) paradigm. CCN allows users to fetch and distribute contents directly using their names. NDN router stores all incoming content requests ('/'-delimited string components) in the Pending Interest Table (PIT) until they are satisfied. Multiple requests for the same content are merged in a single PIT entry and when the requested content is available, it is forwarded simultaneously to all the requesters. Although NDN has several benefits over the existing IP-based network, replacing IP addresses with names increases memory consumption and lookup cost. One possible way to restrict memory usage is to use name encoding, i.e., to encode identical components of a name with a unique integer. In this paper, we proposed a novel memory efficient name encoding scheme (called, Radient) for PIT and evaluated it extensively. Our results show that the Radient scheme can reduce memory consumption by 35.45% compared to the ENPT for 29 million names.

"Sample chapter "A Peek at the Future Internet" available at
http://www.springer.com/978-94-007-1472-4

<< Beautifully written, this book takes the reader on a compelling tour of the state of affairs in today’s Internet and the challenges it faces for supporting pervasive services of tomorrow. The approach adopted by the authors looks at the big picture, discussing the evolution of the Internet from a rigidly defined layered architecture to an interactive multi-faceted system providing, beyond connectivity, a more generative next-generation network infrastructure. In this context, the authors describe a selection of some of the prominent network mechanisms that may help in shaping the architecture of the future Internet. Overall, this book is informative, enjoyable, and an excellent reference source for every student, network professional, or researcher interested in the post-Internet era. >>

Prof. Raouf Boutaba, University of Waterloo (Canada)


Since its inception in the 1970s the Internet has become larger, faster and wireless. It is the biggest machine ever built, the “generative” engine of our digital society. However, the software that runs the global network has not seen any substantial upgrade since the early 1990s. It is now evident that the existing mechanisms that transport data around the Internet are no longer adequate for the new breed of Web applications. This book explains why the time is ripe for a complete overhaul in view of the Future Internet. Through a series of simple examples, the authors present a wealth of network mechanisms, starting from those that sustain the Web today. Readers will become familiar with a range of advanced protocols that will make the Internet more ubiquitous, reactive, proactive, information-driven, distribution-efficient and searchable. This book presents a selection of remarkable research ideas, making them accessible to the non-specialist reader.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. On the Way to the Pervasive Web
1.1 The Net, a Tool for Everyone 1.2 The Inexorable Transformation of Internet applications 1.3 The Application’s Mutiny 1.4 Everything on the Move 1.5 New Interaction Paradigms Emerge 1.6 The Scent of Pervasive Applications 1.7 The Billion Dollar Question.- References.
2 The Network, as We Know It
2.1 The Multiple Facets of Networks 2.2 Networks from the Eyes of an Ordinary User 2.3 Invite a Programmer to Understand What’s in the Cloud 2.4 A Network Engineer to Turn a Switch into a Router 2.5 The Computer Science of a Router 2.6 Simple Math to Stabilize the Net 2.7 Life of a Commuter 2.8 The Three Fundamental Principles.- References.
3 Six Problems for the Service Provider
3.1 The Net has Ossified 3.2 Problem 1: Not Truly Ubiquitous 3.3 Problem 2: The Unresponsive Net 3.4 Problem 3: Too Much, Too Stale Signaling 3.5 Problem 4: Lack of Parallelism 3.6 Problem 5: Data Agnosticism 3.7 Problem 6: Inadequate Net-search Engine 3.8 Concluding Remarks.- References.
4 Spontaneous Networks
4.1 The Gift of Ubiquity 4.2 Spontaneous Connectivity 4.3 The Hidden-terminal Problem 4.4 The Exposed-terminal Problem 4.5 Preventive Measures to Avoid Collision 4.6 Path Discovery in a Volatile Network 4.7 The KISS Approach.- References.
5 Reactive Networks
5.1 Why Networks on Demand? 5.2 A Traffic-free Network 5.3 Our First Path 5.4 Path Management 5.5 Our Second Path 5.6 Global Synchronization 5.7 Error Management 5.8 Remarks on Reactive Networks.- References.
6 Proactive networks
6.1 From Reactive to Responsive 6.2 Keep the Network Ready 6.3 How do I Find My Multipoint Relay? 6.4 Life of an OLSR Node 6.5 The Node’s Information Repository 6.6 Shortest Path over the MPR Sub-topology 6.7 A Complete Example 6.8 How Proactive Can You Be? 6.9 The Power of Hybrid Protocols.- References.
7 Content-aware Networks
7.1 Routers Should Read the Content 7.2 A Network on Top of the Physical Network 7.3 Centralized Assignment of Node Identifiers 7.4 Centralized Entry-point Discovery 7.5 Multiple Bootstrap Servers 7.6 Decentralized Assignment of Node Identifiers 7.7 Entry Point Discovery via Underlying Links 7.8 Content is an Asset at the Edges.- References.
8 Distribution-efficient Networks
8.1 Publishing goes beyond Bootstrapping 8.2 The Two Flavors of Virtual Networking 8.3 Creating Unstructured Neighborhoods 8.4 Making Yourself Known in Unstructured Neighborhoods 8.5 Unstructured Resource Publishing 8.6 Secure a Role in Structure Worlds 8.7 Build Strict Formations 8.8 Place Links and Resources into a Structured Ring 8.9 Data-awareness via Protocol-agnosticism.- References.
9 Discovering Virtual Resources
9.1 Four Ways to Reach a Resource 9.2 Assessment of Discovery Mechanisms 9.3 Containing the Proliferation of Discovery Messages 9.4 Blind Discovery for Unstructured Networks 9.5 Informed Discovery in Unstructured Networks 9.6 Discovery in Loosely-Structured Networks 9.7 Deterministic Discovery in Structured Networks.- References.
10 A Peek at the Future Internet
10.1 The Fourth Networking Principle: Beyond Mere Connectivity 10.2 Internet of Things: Sense and Influence your Environment 10.3 Small, Large Networks 10.4 Manage the Autonomics 10.5 Dependable Networks 10.6 The Fine Line Between Freedom, Security and Privacy 10.7 Energy-efficient Networks 10.8 No Matter What, the Network will Remain Generative.- References.
Index"

The implementation of communication protocols in the current Internetarchitectureistightly-coupledwhichhinderstheevolutionoftheInternet.Thisarticle describes how the principles of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)can be employed to develop a flexible network architecture. The prototypeof the concept has been developed and demonstrated in the EuroView 2012workshop. We showed that the SOA paradigm can be applied to networksby utilizing the concepts of self-contained building blocks, dynamic protocolgraphs (PGs) and functional composition (FC) methods. We demonstratedthatbothshort-termflexibility(i.e.,networksareadaptedbasedonapplicationrequirements) and long-term flexibility (i.e., networks can be evolved) can beachieved by using the architecture.

A tie between cyber journalists and bio-journalists has already occurred. – Three threats to journalism. – News story on earthquake and tectonic shifts. – Generative journalism. – Two arguments about “robots’ incapability”. – Road map for robot journalism. – Forecasts and suggestions.

Internet of Things (IoT) is entering from concept to commercialization in the industry. The growth of sensors, connected devices, communication technologies and reduction in costs of processing, sensor, and bandwidth technologies are triggering the growth of internet of things industry. By 2020, it is going to surpass 50 billion connected devices in the world and over $1.7 trillion market size (IDC Research). This article highlights the growth of internet of things, drivers, applications, technologies and related industries.

Ability of caching the contents is one of the most important feature of an Information Centric Networking (ICN) node. By managing the cache space intelligently we can improve network’s performance and increase users’ Quality of Experience (QoE). Moreover, scalable video streaming in ICN is envisioned to be very beneficial as well as a challenging issue. In this paper, we are proposing a mechanism for cache management and request forwarding policies for scalable video streaming in ICN. Our proposed cache decision policy ensures to cache the base layer of a scalable video near to the users, which is mandatory layer for decoding any SVC encoded video and is needed by all the users with any data-rate budget, and consequently cache the higher layers in the upper nodes in the CCN/ICN within a specific RTT range. Furthermore, our intelligent cache decision cover fairness by considering router’s cache capacity (inside the RTT range) and at the same time giving more priority to the nodes that are nearer to the users. A limited cooperative request forwarding mechanism, which is the part of our proposal, plays a role to improve users’ QoE by providing the popular requested contents quickly. We have intensively simulated our proposed cache management and request forwarding scheme. The simulation results show that our proposed solution outperforms the current cache management schemes and improve the cache utilization. Also our proposed scheme decrease the traffic flowing inside the network by eliminating the request flooding and providing the requested contents from the nearby location to the users. The proposed scheme provides video faster to the users, specially the mandatory base layer is provided very quickly to the users.

The Internet can not keep up with changing application
requirements and new network technologies as its network
architecture makes it hard to introduce new functionality because
existing functionalities in the Architecture are inherently tightly
coupled. This article describes how the principles of Service
Oriented Architecture (SOA) can help to develop more flexible
network architecture. We argue that the SOA paradigm can be
applied to networks by utilizing the concepts of self-contained
building blocks, dynamic protocol graphs and selection and
composition methods. In order to make use of flexible networks,
applications must be decoupled from the protocols they use. We
give a brief overview, of how some of these concepts are already
implemented, by presenting few approaches. Finally we describe
some challenges of service oriented network architecture.

An increasingly wireless world will mean that devices with multiple network interfaces will soon become commonplace. Users will expect to be always connected from anywhere and at any time as connections will be switched to available networks using handover techniques. However, different networks have different Qualities-of-Service so a Quality-of-Service Framework is needed to help applications and services deal with this new environment. In addition, since these networks must work together, future mobile systems will have an open, instead of the currently closed, architecture. Therefore new mechanisms will be needed to protect users, servers and network infrastructure. This means that future mobile networks will have to integrate communications, mobility, quality-of service and security. This paper provides an overview of potential architectures for communication in future networks. Our study shows that only a number of these architectures support this integration.

This Chapter proposes a novel Cognitive Framework as reference architecture for the Future Internet (FI), which is based on so-called Cognitive Managers. The objective of the proposed architecture is twofold. On one hand, it aims at achieving a full interoperation among the different entities constituting the ICT environment, by means of the introduction of Semantic Virtualization Enablers, in charge of virtualizing the heterogeneous entities interfacing the FI framework. On the other hand, it aims at achieving an inter-network and inter-layer cross-optimization by means of a set of so-called Cognitive Enablers, which are in charge of taking consistent and coordinated decisions according to a fully cognitive approach, availing of information coming from both the transport and the service/content layers of all networks. Preliminary test studies, realized in a home environment, confirm the potentialities of the proposed solution.

This paper is focused on discussing the actual research that was conducted to date on using MobileIPv6 (MIPv6) to provide real-time mission updates to Commanders and decision makers during combat operations. This paper provides an overview of the search that has been conducted and the limitations that occurred in the research as a result of time, costs, schedule, and resources. The paper will also provide recommendations on how to improve the results of the research that has been conducted and the potential future military and civilian applications that be implemented based on the research that has been conducted.

The Internet was originally designed to support
universal reachability by allowing any host to communicate with
any end server over the globe. Unfortunately, this feature has
been abused by attackers to overload the servers with malicious
traffic. In order to deal with this situation, many mechanisms
such as Firewalls and Access Lists have been introduced to
restrict servers’ accessibility only to legitimate users. This paper
discusses some of these mechanisms, highlights their pros and
cons and then proposes a new mechanism that attempts to limit
a server’s reachability based on its operational scope.

Abstract—Mobile devices with two network interfaces
(WiFi and 3G) are already commercially available. Pointto-
point communications such as Infrared and Bluetooth
are also readily used. In the near future, mobile phones
will have several interfaces including satellite and new
technologies such as Ultrawideband. Hence we must assume
that such devices will be multi-homed by default. For
various reasons, including network congestion, network
resilience and increased endpoint bandwidth, there have
been several attempts to address multi-homing. Heterogeneous
environments with the need to support vertical
handover introduce another set of issues which make the
need to solve multi-homing problems more urgent. This
paper outlines the issues, looks at past efforts and proposes
a solution based on the Location Id/Node Id concept but
also argues that additional support is needed to make such
an approach efficient for heterogeneous environments.

This paper studies the management system scalability properties of a networked media eco-system. The system offers guaranteed Quality of Services (QoS) multimedia delivery, over multiple domain networks, based on creation of data plane slices named Virtual Content Aware Networks (VCAN). The VCANs are realized under control of a management plane, by centralized per network domain “controllers” - cooperating in order to span the VCANs over multiple IP domains. Scalability is an issue- similar to the multi-controller problem, in emerging Software Defined Networking (SDN) technologies. The management system architecture considered in this paper has been previously defined. This work provides a simulation model and results concerning the multi-controller communications. It is shown that SDN-like control approach is conveniently feasible in a multi-domain environment.

Today's Internet has a static architecture that makes introducing new functionality a complex and costly task, so the Internet can not keep pace with rising demands and new network capabilities. Therefore, evolvability and flexibility are the keys to a future Internet architecture. In this paper we propose a building block interaction model that can be used to build highly flexible and evolvable network architectures. The paper also explains how the interaction model can be used as a basis for automatic protocol selection and composition.