Fisheries, Fisherman, Social Economic of Fisheries

O volume 10 das “Memórias da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, que agora se publica, é um estudo monográfico da comunidade de pescadores de Sesimbra retratados num tempo-espaço bem definido: o último quartel do século XX. É um trabalho de contextualização geográfico-sociológica das populações estudadas (e do seu carácter dir-se-ia anfíbio).
Este trabalho esboça e esclarece aspectos do sistema social desta vila piscatória em finais do século passado, descrevendo e decompondo, sob o ponto de vista antropológico, temas centrais para a caracterização e conhecimento de Sesimbra: a vila, as artes de pesca e suas variações (pesca artesanal, arte do anzol, arte do anzol simples e desportiva e artes locais), a vida no mar (as companhas, assimetrias sociais, os arraises e falas de mar) e a vida na terra (o casal, parentes, família, vizinhos e culto), entre outros. Estes aspectos, abordados com grande qualidade e pertinência, resultam da experiência de um ano vivido na vila de Sesimbra, período este em que o autor teve a possibilidade de privar de perto com pescadores locais de várias artes, saindo para o mar em diversas oportunidades, inclusivamente para as mais longínquas pescarias no banco do Gorrinche.
A informação e conhecimento disponibilizados neste trabalho constituem uma mais- valia para o conhecimento e salvaguarda do património sesimbrense, sobretudo no que diz respeito àquele conjunto de bens que se situam num plano intangível: o património imaterial, beneficiando da chancela de qualidade da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa.

Central to any other economic activity in production is the issue of efficiency. This paper employed the stochastic frontier production function to analyse the technical efficiency of 232 randomly selected artisanal fishermen in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The result shows that 96.7% of contract, 60.66% of the former contract, 26.25% of the non-contract and 94.8% of all fishers were 90% technology efficient; minimum efficiency were 0.82, 0.53, 0.71 and 0.86 respectively while the maximum and mean efficiency was 0.99 and 0.98 for all the categorised fishermen. Introduction Many poor rural dwellers rely on fisheries as their primary livelihood source especially in the coastal region of the sub Saharan Africa. This is because it provides direct and indirect employment opportunities, income and nutrition. According to IFAD (2004), it contributes to household resilience and reduced vulnerability to natural hazards and economic uncertainty. In Nigeria, it generates more than 3% of the country's foreign exchange earnings and provides paid and self-employment to 8% of the population. Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report (2012) reported that the fisheries sector contributes 6% to the total GDP at a growth rate of 6%. The government distinguishes between artisanal and aquaculture, the latter being commercial fish farming. The artisanal sector is divided into two categories: small-scale and industrial. The fishery sector in Nigeria is dominated by small scale artisanal fishermen, which involve fishing households using " relatively " small amount of capital and energy, small fishing boats, making short fishing trips close to shore and producing mainly for local consumption (FAO, 2007). Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report (2012) note that catches from artisanal inland rivers/lakes and artisanal coastal/brackish waters grew by 5.0 and 4.9% respectively. The development was largely attributed to the continued utilization of various constructed and rehabilitated fish cage structures and dam reservoirs across the six (6) geopolitical zones (2 per zone), coupled with the increased activities and investment by the private sector in fish farming. The output of the sub-sector was; however, lower than the estimated national annual demand of 1.5 million tonnes. It is apparent that the success of the agricultural sector in Nigeria is critical for raising living standards and for food self-sufficiency and as a sustainable source of livelihood for a large population. The Nigeria's agriculture programmes, as proposed in the New Agricultural policy for Nigeria has not officially recognises the importance of the fishery sub-sector and has made several attempts over the years to increase its production and productivity through institutional and economic reforms. Such reforms include: the Sea fisheries decrees (No. 30) of 1971, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) decree of 1978, Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) established in 1975, the National Council on Agriculture (NCA), the National Institute of Marine Research (NIOMR) and National Institute for Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR). Other programmes like the National Accelerated Fish Production Programme (NAFPP) was also introduced by the Federal Government with the mandate of supplying fishing inputs to fishermen at a 50% subsidy to increase maximum capture efficiency and the Fish Development Project of Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) etc. However, the first comprehensive agricultural policy for Nigeria with fisheries as a component was put forward in 1988. The document decentralized the responsibilities to the three tiers of Government in Nigeria-Federal, State and Local Governments. The fisheries policy objectives were: to increase domestic production, increase fish export promotion, employment creation by mechanization of the sector, increase per capita income, development of local fisheries based industries and; rational management and conservation of fisheries resources. All, with the sole purpose of making agricultural production more profitable and competitive. Be that as it may, this policy objective is far from reality. The artisanal fishers on like any other agricultural entrepreneur, typically produce to satisfy both household food needs and profit. With this dual interest in mind, he optimizes his effort and efficiently targets the use of resources. Thus, efficiency becomes an importance determinant in his productive bid. Efficiency which is how effectively the unit produces as large an amount of output as possible, for the purpose of profit maximization, given technology available is the kernel in resource allocation in agriculture. This is because the scope of agricultural production can be expanded and sustained by farmers through efficient use of resources

Natural haven thanks to a fault in the Bessin Coast located in the North of Bayeux, in Calvados, Porten-Bessin has always been a shelter to local fishermen as well as to sea traffic, merchant ships and warships. Aware of the advantages of this natural "port", the Bishops of Bayeux, ruling power of the region, had a port built in order to offer the ships a safer berthing place. From there, local goods and merchandise were dispatched to Rouen, Cherbourg or to the other side of the Channel, in England. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, the choking up of the Bishops' port with mud as well as the financial and technical impossibilities of carrying out the necessary works led fishermen and merchants to abandon this port for good. The Bishops then decided to have capstans installed on which they impose port dues ; thus, the fishermen could hoist their boat on the upper part of Port-en-Bessin shingle beach. As for sea traffic, it almost entirely disappeared because of a lack of berthing place for high tonnage ships. From the seventeenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, Port-en-Bessin kept its vocation of natural shelter for fishing activities and no other development or facilities were achieved. Yet, the public records show two hundred and fifty years of letters, petitions from the inhabitants, papers, reports and projects of breakwaters and tidal dock building, either for beaching with low tide or berthing. Vauban, himself, thought of building a Royal Port mainly dedicated to defend France against Britain but finally, Cherbourg was chosen. The only souvenir of this period is the Vauban Tower equipped with cannons to protect the approaches to the haven ! Suffering for about three centuries from equinoctial tides which provoked flooding in the lower part of the village and from violent winter winds which destroyed boats and anchorages, the inhabitants were at last heard by the authorities and in the eighteen sixties, they saw their claims transformed into a real development project. Thanks to the records, we can study and follow the building of this port through the plans and the papers written by the people involved and responsible of the project. First, two breakwaters will give the basis to the port entry in the middle of the nineteenth century, then a first tidal dock and finally a second, which provided the basis of the present tidal dock. The aim of this study is to describe the different steps of the coastal development with the building of this port and the consequences for the town of Port-en-Bessin due to the decisions which were actually taken and the plans which, for some, were finally achieved.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the socioeconomic profile of fisher communities in Dengar beel under Melandah Upazila of Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. A total of 45 fishers were surveyed from November 2020 to April 2021. It was found that the family size of 53% of fishers was medium, consisting of 5-6 members. Most of the fisher communities belonged to the age group above 45 years old, represented by 100% Muslim. About 73% of fishers were less educated, 13% primary level, 7% secondary level, and 7% Secondary School Certificate passed and above, respectively. Most of the fishers (60%) have katcha houses with tin roofing, 7% have katcha house with straw roofs, 13% have semi-pucca houses and 20% have pucca houses. Around 93% of fishers used their own tube-well while only 7% used neighbours' tube-well. All of the fisher household were connected with electricity supply. About 27% of fisher communities used katcha toilets, 46% used semi pucca toilets and 27% used pucca toilets. About 47% of fisher communities were dependent on village doctors, 33% got health service from Upazila health complex, 20% from MBBS doctors, and others. About 46% of fishers were engaged in fishing as their primary occupation while 27% in agriculture with fishing, 20% in daily labour with fishing and 7% in livestock rearing. About 33% of the fishers had low income, 40% had medium income and 27% had high income. The present study revealed that the fishers of Dengar Beel were mostly less educated, less privilege to attain modern technology-oriented training experience, less income and less awareness about sanitation and health facilities. So, provide soft loans to fishers, and strengthening people awareness has been might be helpful to improve the socioeconomic status of fisher communities in Dengar Beel.

La fraude en mer : art ou nécessité ? Gens de mer de Port-en-Bessin et les règlements de la pêche au XIX e siècle — Marie-Pierre Labonne — Peti t village côtier du Calvados, au nord de Bayeux, Port-en-Bessin se niche dans une faille de la falaise côtière du Bessin. Depuis l'époque médiévale, son havre protecteur a permis le développement des activités maritimes de la pêche et du commerce. À la fin du xviii e siècle, la pêche du chalut 1 au poisson frais supplante les grandes pêches et le salage du hareng en mer du Nord. Les gens de mer de Port 2 s'y adonnent à bord de « grandes barques 3 » quillées et pontées entre les littoraux français et anglais de la Manche. À terre, cueilleurs et pêcheurs exploitent l'estran. Ils prélèvent des moules, la ressource majeure de la bande côtière du syndicat 4 , et du poisson aux cordes 5 ou aux filets.

La pesca ribereña es una actividad compleja por los múltiples actores sociales que en ella confluyen y por los factores que suelen mantenerla en una condición de incertidumbre Sin embargo, cada vez se documentan más casos en los cuales la puesta en marcha de diversos procesos de innovación social, tales como los organizativos y los institucionales, contribuyen con el robustecimiento de los sistemas de manejo pesqueros. Este artículo tiene dos objetivos centrales: a) visibilizar y constatar la importancia que los procesos de innovación social, generados desde abajo (bottom-up) y a partir del conocimiento ecológico tradicional de pescadores y buzos, y b) contribuir al análisis de estos procesos desde un marco teórico-analítico que pone el énfasis en la dimensión social y cultural del manejo pesquero. El análisis se desarrolló desde la perspectiva de Sistema Social-Ecológico y la innovación social, enfatizando la dimensión cultural desde una metodología cualitativa y específicamente desde el método etnográfico. Se encontró que el conocimiento ecológico tradicional pesquero y el desarrollo institucional consuetudinario, tienen un peso fundamental en la creación, consolidación y reproducción de un sistema de innovación social que refleja principalmente la conservación de la pesquería comercial del erizo rojo. Este análisis es relevante porque enfatiza el aporte, orientado a la conservación, que los pescadores y buzos organizados tienen en el manejo de sus pesquerías. Se concluye que este proceso de innovación social desde los pescadores y buzos, contribuye a la sustentabilidad pesquera regional.

Coastal area becomes a meeting place of various interests, both the interests of the government to protect and exploit it, as well as local communities for their livelihood survival. This research analyzed the livelihood bases of fishing settlement in north coast of Jakarta, from the time of intimidation, until its existence was recognized by the government. The research strategy used historical case study. Collected data were primary and secondary data. Primary data collection was through in-depth interview and observation. Researcher in this case used biographical methods. Data analysis used a qualitative approach performed simultaneously during data collection took place, and after completion of data collection within a certain period. The secondary data was obtained through literature studies. The results of research showed that livelihood bases of fishing settlement in north coast of Jakarta rely on marine products. Fishermen in this settlement have a deep connection with the sea, so all the economic activities of the people are related to the sea. Since it was first inhabited in the 1970s, the region often got government intimidation which forced fishermen to leave the area. However, due to the fierce resistance of the citizens, the intimidation was ultimately unsuccessful. The government finally acknowledged the existence of fishing settlement after entering the reform era. It results the democratic tap was open where dialogue and negotiation by fishermen figures intensified.

The management of highly migratory species (HMS) is a complex domestic and international system that was initially established to regulate HMS taken in commercial fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean. For managing HMS taken in recreational fisheries, the authority and the data required is lacking and remains to be stipulated by regulating bodies. In the United States, Florida saltwater anglers target various HMS, but swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is a favorite among anglers. The recreational swordfish fishery off the Southeast Florida coast has experienced resurgence in recent years, with directed tournaments resuming in 2001 after being absent almost 20 years. Today, South Florida supports the largest group of recreational swordfish anglers in the world. Despite the increasing popularity and interest, little data is available describing the recreational swordfish fishery and its socioeconomic aspects in South Florida. This study aimed to compile, describe, and identify the demographics, fishing tactics, costs, and fishery management perceptions of recreational swordfish anglers in South Florida based on nonprobability purposive sampling organized through the Southeast Swordfish Club (SESC). The sample size (n = 38) represented about 16-38% of the SESC members and between 6% and 8% of the recreational anglers that actively targeted swordfish in South Florida during the time of the survey. We acknowledge the sample size was small (n = 38), but believe the study encompassed the most active swordfish anglers given their knowledge, expertise, and connection with the fishery in terms of participants, fishing effort, and fishing techniques. As such, it is highly probable that a large portion of the recreational swordfish angling population was represented by members of the SESC in terms of swordfishing gear, techniques, and socio-economics, which reduced apparent bias in the study. Overall, the annual income of recreational swordfish anglers in 2007 ranged from US$15,000 to $200,000 with an average income of $91,940 (n = 33). Sixty-nine percent of polled anglers indicated they had more than 26 years of recreational fishing experience and 81% had less than 10 years of experience targeting swordfish in South Florida. Thirty-seven percent of surveyed anglers indicated they departed from Port Everglades, Florida. To target swordfish, anglers generally used five rods and set their bait, commonly squid, at 91 m. Anglers also indicated they changed their fishing tactics from day to night, and took about five fishing trips per month. Overall, anglers spent around $14,210 on annual costs associated with swordfishing, which was 16% of their annual income. Many polled anglers also reported they were dissatisfied with the current swordfish management regulations.

The fisheries Observer Program of Colombia –POPC- in 2016 was the base to identify the main current fisheries dynamics in the Atrato river basin, and compared with historical sources available. Seven sampling points along the river allowed analyzing 1508 fishing trips and 32 fish species captured; Prochilodus magdalenae, Ageneiosus pardalis, Caquetaia kraussii, Hoplias malabaricus and  Megaleporinus muyscorum were the most captured species. Comparison with a previous study showed how fishery resources increased to 52 species, 12 more than in 2011. The most common fishing gear was the gillnet (“trasmallo”) with a wide range of sizes; fishing boats were woodmade canoes with oar propulsion and fiberglass boats with outboard engines; fisheries activity was divided in small scale subsitence fishery and small scale commercial fishery. Capture per Unit Effort for “trasmallo” was very variable, but in general low for the different monitoring sites, although fish had a medium size.  Range capture size, mean capture size and mean size at maturity was analyzed for the main species; trading aspects, main natural and antopogenic factors influencing the fishery activity were described.