Family ties

The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of Japanese attitudes toward acceptance of foreigners. It specifically focuses on the effects of education on xenophobia, and investigates which of the competing theories -labor market competition theory or contact theory better accounts for the educational effects on attitudes toward foreigners. Analyzing the subsample of those currently employed, the results from logistic regression suggest that age, ratio of foreign residents in the prefecture, and economic threat are positively associated with xenophobia, whereas education, the ratio of Korean residents in the prefecture, and several contact factors are positively associated with pro-foreign attitudes. Although the results indicate that both the dynamics of labor market competition and contact with foreigners are crucial determinants, the effects of education on xenophobia act through the latter rather than the former. The study finds that contact theory provides a better expl...

Objective: Cultural and familial ties are crucial for the overall well-being of children. Extant research and permanency planning practices support the reunification of children with their families when possible. In 1978, the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) was enacted to promote cultural and familial preservation for Indian children, but sparse empirical research has examined the implementation and outcomes associated with this landmark legislation. This article examines the relationship between compliance with ICWA in one Southwestern state and the rate of reunification of Indian children with family or tribal members following out-of-home placement. Method: Public child protection records were reviewed for 49 ICWA-eligible children who were placed in alternate care. Data were collected on compliance with placement type, use of qualified expert witnesses, and incorporation of Indian culture and resources. Additionally, 78 state caseworkers and 16 tribal workers were surveyed regarding knowledge and attitudes about three areas of compliance. Results: Case record reviews indicated that the majority (83%) of Indian children were placed according to preferences outlined by ICWA. Almost all cases included a court finding that active efforts were applied to prevent family breakup. While state workers reported limited understanding of many ICWA's requirements, both state and tribal workers reported a high level of state-tribal cooperation in working with Indian families and children.

Brain drain' is a phenomenon in which people of a high level of skills, qualifications, and competence, leave their countries and emigrate. One major case of the brain drain happens when students from developing countries studying in the developed countries decide not to return home after their studies. We examined the reasons for international students' inclination to stay in their host countries in a sample of 949 management students who came to study in the United Kingdom and the United States. The results support a three-fold model of factors that influenced this inclination. Students' perceptions of ethnic differences and labor markets, their adjustment process to the host country, and their family ties in host and home countries all affect their intention to stay. #

Large samples of data from the World Values Survey, the US Benchmark Survey and a comparable Canadian survey are used to estimate equations designed to explore the social context of subjective evaluations of well-being, of happiness, and of health. Social capital, as measured by the strength of family, neighbourhood, religious and community ties, is found to support both physical health and subjective well-being.

Within migration studies there has been a tendency to focus on a single case study of a particular national group. Adopting a comparative approach may raise new and interesting questions or challenge conventional thinking on migration. While on the surface, at least, Irish and Polish migrants would appear to have many commonalities, there has been surprisingly little comparative analysis of these two groups. Drawing on my own research on these migrants in the British context, I focus on women as a large but under-researched aspect of both groups. This paper suggests ways in which such a comparison could be undertaken by using social networks as a useful comparative tool. A social networks perspective not only allows a probing analysis of migration strategies, but also provides a framework within which to compare across different migrant groups, such as for example, examining the role of family networks (here and there) in migration processes. In addition, this approach enables an examination of dynamism over time and how migrants develop relationships within spatially dispersed as well as locally embedded ties.

This article examines the impact of familial social support ties (indicated by marital status, kin availability, sources of economic support, and frequency and quality of emotional interaction) on subjective health perception among a sample of elderly men and women aged 60 and older in South India. We used 1993 survey data from three states of South India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. We hypothesized that (a) widowhood would be associated with poorer self-rated health, (b) number of kin ties would be positively associated with self-rated health, (c) economic and emotional support from kin would improve outcomes, and (d) these associations would be stronger among women than among men. Results of logistic regression techniques supported the first hypothesis and partially supported the third. With regard to the second hypothesis, the presence of specific kin rather than the number of each type of family member was important. For the fourth hypothesis, results suggest that men and women in this sample have broadly similar associations between widowhood and self-rated health. For women however, controlling for socioeconomic status did not weaken the association between widowhood and self-rated health, suggesting the symbolic/cultural importance of this status. In general, these findings suggest that theories on the importance of marital status and kin ties for older adults' self-J Cross Cult Gerontol

Existing research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth homelessness identifies family rejection as a main pathway into homelessness for the youth. This finding, however, can depict people of color or poor people as more prejudiced than White, middle-class families. In this 18-month ethnographic study, the author complicates this rejection paradigm through documenting the narratives of 40 LGBTQ youth experiencing homelessness. The author examines how poverty and family instability shaped the conditions that the youth perceived as their being rejected because of their gender and sexuality. This rejection generated strained familial ties within families wherein the ties were already fragile. Likewise, the author shows how being gender expansive marked many youth's experiences of familial abuse and strain. This study proposes the concept of conditional families to capture the social processes of how poverty and family instability shape experiences of gender, sexuality, and rejection for some LGBTQ youth.

: Divorce or separation characterizes an unstable marriage. Our society which previously demonstrated strong
familial institution has now become visibly weak showing an increase in the divorce rates. The rise in divorces cannot be
and should not be, attributed to a single factor but rather be seen as a multifaceted issue. The research type was
qualitative which used structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews for data collection. The study was conducted
in Amar Pura, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, to identify the major variables associated with marital discord. The results
strengthen the hypothesis that divorce does not occur for a single reason and that frequently there are number of
factors like infidelity, mental harassment, lack of compatibility as well as economic and social issues.

: Information Communication Technology has exceptional effects on our lives. It has made our lives effortless and easy. The research focused on the institution of family under the influence of Information Communication Technology. The study aimed at studying the respondents’ attitudes toward ICT gadgets and its effects on family ties. The locale of the study was PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. The nature of the study was qualitative and data was collected through semi structured questionnaires from a sample of 70 respondents through convenient sampling. The results demonstrate that the variables identified were significantly correlated. ICT has absolutely affected the life of people in a way by playing an important role in bringing the people closer through cell phone and social media.

The current location of the border between Lebanon and Palestine, today's Israel, is a product of various competing forces. The Zionist Organization aspired to include the entire Galilee region up to the lower reaches of the Litani River (also known as the Kassimiyah River) within Palestine. The river itself was the desired northern border of the country. The Zionists supported their position by employing instrumental arguments that were largely related to the availability of water resources. On the other hand, residents of the upper Galilee, today's southern Lebanon, demanded that they be included with Lebanon. They used their trade links with Beirut, and cultural and familial ties with other parts of Lebanon to support their position. These instrumental and expressive arguments appear to have assisted in the demarcation of the border between Lebanon and Palestine. Currently, access to the water resources, not necessarily control over them, is likely to influence negotiations between Israel and Lebanon over the future of the Israeli-occupied ‘security zone’ in southern Lebanon.

Thailand has seen a growing number of women elected to Parliament in recent decades. Yet, little research has been done on who these women are and how they affect the quality of democracy. This article is an attempt to fill this lacuna. Drawing on previously untapped Thai-language primary sources, it argues that the majority of female members of Parliament elected since 1975 have contributed to entrenching family-based rule and stunting the growth of political pluralism. This argument is based on the finding that most female MPs are related, by blood or marriage, to former male MPs. These women from political families constitute one part of the long historical process through which Thailand has lapsed increasingly into a family-based patrimonial polity since the absolute monarchy was abolished in 1932. The importance of families remains undiminished over time; the advent of electoral politics has only accentuated it by bringing more women with powerful family connections into Parliament.

Keywords: democratization, elections, family rule, kinship ties, parliament, patrimonialism, Thailand, women, political dynasty

Ego identity status interviews were conducted with 53 male college seniors who had participated in a previous study of identity development during the freshman year. As hypothesized, significant increases in the frequency of students in the identity achiever status were observed for both occupational and ideological identity. Also, as predicted, the achiever status was found to be the most stable status from the end of the freshman year to the senior year, while the moratorium status was the least stable. While the general developmental trend was positive, a substantial proportion of the subjects were completing their college years in the identity diffusion status.

The effect of business groups on economic performance is controversial, both theoretically and empirically. We hypothesized that the seemingly contradictory empirical results can be explained by the differentiated governance structure of the business groups and, in particular, the role of social ties (family ties and interlocking directorates). Using a sample of Chilean firms, we analyzed the effects of social ties on the economic performance of firms affiliated to business groups. Our results support the hypothesis that the ownership-control structure (i.e., economic rights and voting rights) affects performance both directly and in interaction with social ties. Social ties improve performance when the concentration of voting rights is low, and when the voting rights of the controlling shareholders are aligned with their economic rights. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transnational adoption and child migration are often regarded as recent phenomena, yet there is a long history of children travelling without their families, settling and integrating in a foreign culture and environment. In the 1920s, thousands of Hungarian children went to Belgium for a six-month holiday within the framework of a humanitarian project. Although they were supposed to return to Hungary after their vacation, some of them stayed indefinitely with their Belgian families. By analyzing oral testimonies of the now elderly 'children' about their migration and childhood experiences in Belgium, we explore how they construct and reconstruct concepts such as childhood, vulnerability, and loyalty commitments, and show the crucial importance of maintaining birth family ties for the future development of transnationally adopted children.

What is the future of social security systems in OECD countries? In our view, the answer belongs to the realm of politics. We evaluate how political constraints shape the social security system in six countries -France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US -under population aging. Two main aspects of the aging process are relevant to the analysis. First, the increase in the dependency ratiothe ratio of retirees to workers -reduces the average profitability of the unfunded social security system, thereby inducing the agents to reduce the size of the system by substituting their claims towards future pensions with more private savings. Second, an aging electorate leads to larger systems, since it increases the relevance of pension spending on the policy-makers' agenda. The overall assessment from our simulations is that the political aspect dominates in all countries, albeit with some differences. Spain, the fastest aging country, faces the largest increase in the social security contribution rate. When labor market considerations are introduced, the political effect still dominates, but it is less sizeable. Country specific characteristics (not accounted for in our simulations), such as the degree of redistribution in the pension system and the existence of family ties in the society, may also matter. Our simulations deliver a strong policy implication: an increase in the effective retirement age always decreases the size of the system chosen by the voters, while often increasing its generosity. Finally, delegation of pension policy to the EC may reduce political accountability and hence help to reform the systems. JEL Classifications: H55, E17, D72

This article has been written on behalf of the International Initiative for Mental Health Leadership (IIMHL). The IIMHL is a 'virtual' membership agency that works to improve mental health services by supporting innovative leadership processes: www.iimhl.com. The IIMHL contributes an article to every issue of The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services.

This paper examines the relationship between the replacement of CEO's and corporate performance in Danish firms. We use a unique longitudinal data set to test the hypothesis that CEO turnover is inversely related to firm performance. Evidence is provided using several measures of corporate performance and corporate governance. The results are consistent with the principal-agent theory; The threat of turnover ensures that CEO's act in the interest of the shareholders. Moreover, the status of the chairman of the board and family ties within the management and ownership of the company strengthen the relationship between CEO turnover and firm performance.

Розкрито актуальність джерел особового походження у вивченні регіональної культури. Охарактеризовано жанрову специфіку мемуарів, підкреслена їх суб’єктивність порівняно з іншими видами документально-художньої творчості. Проаналізовано інфо- рмаційний потенціал спогадів Л. Лісовського «Десять лет в Полтаве…» щодо висвіт- лення соціокультурного, музичного життя Полтавщини початку ХХ століття, а також частково Харкова і Петербурга. Виявлені творчі та родинні зв’язки композитора з видатними діячами сучасності.

Revealed the relevance of sources of personal origin in the study of regional culture. Described
the genre specificity of memoirs, emphasized their subjectivity in comparison with other
types of documentary and art creation. Analyzed the informational potential of memories of
L. Lisowsky «Ten years in Poltava ...» for coverage of sociocultural and musical life of Poltava,
partially of Kharkiv and St. Petersburg at the beginning of XX century. Identified creative connections
and family ties of composer with prominent figures of the present time.

This paper, based on a Multipurpose survey on a large national sample of Italian households which has made possible to analyse parent-child and grandparent-child dyads, explores the impact of marital instability on relationships with adult children and with grandchildren. As in other countries, the impact is more negative in the case of divorce than in case of widowhood and, in both cases, more negative for men than for women. It affects the threegenerational relationship and is not compensated by stronger horizontal kinship ties. The impact is most negative in the case of contacts, while in the case of material support it is more neutral -and even positive for widowed parents, confirming the strong role played by need in Mediterranean countries in the case of the latter. Not only divorce/separation, also remarriage has a negative impact on intergenerational contacts. And in this case the impact is stronger for women than for men. An exploratory comparison with countries where divorce rates are higher and have a different gender culture suggests that although the impact of marital instability is negative in both cases, its intensity is higher in Italy. These results offer new insight into the working of "strong family ties". These ties, particularly in the case of men, are more vulnerable to the dissolution of marital bonds than in countries with "weak family ties". Finally, family ties are strongly mediated and constructed by women and through relationships between women. When a mother is no longer present alongside the father, even in the case of widowhood, fathers and grandfathers risk weakening the intergenerational link.

There was a girl living in a small palm-leaf house in bad condition in the coun-tryside. She often envied those living in beautiful houses in the city and dreamt of once living in a house like that. One day an acquaintance offered her a job as a salesgirl in a small restaurant in the ...

This paper reports empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that family ties should be considered among the main determinants of tax morale, underground economy and trust. In societies where the power of the family is very high, the quality of public institutions tends to be low. This connection shapes the behavior of taxpayers and tends to increase the underground economy. The econometric analysis is based on linear panel data models and a new original dataset that puts together data on personal values, social capital and tax morale, in combination with an index of the shadow economy. The final results show that in countries where family ties are stronger, the level of trust and tax morale is low, while underground economy is higher.

Chinese family enterprises in the United Kingdom have penetrated many different sectors of the economy, including restaurants, wholesaling, retailing, trading, manufacturing, property development, computer services and investment holding. Among the companies in these sectors, those involved in different segments of the food industry, as manufacturers, retailers and wholesalers, reputedly feature characteristics of Chinese culture. A majority of these enterprises, for example, function as family firms. This study explores the assertion that, among companies owned by ethnic minorities, culture strongly influences form of business development. This argument will be assessed through a focus on Chinese food-based enterprises in the UK. Two family-controlled companies, Seven Seas (Frozen Food) Ltd and Dayat Foods Packaging Ltd, were selected as case studies as they are involved in key business components of the Chinese food chain industry. Through an in-depth comparative study of the history and development of these two firms, we consider the argument that Chinese businesses have evolved well because of family ties and their inclusion in mutually-beneficial ethnically-constructed networks. Through these case studies, we provide an alternative perspective to diasporic Chinese business development which brings into question the extensive use of the concept of ethnic enterprise.

In rural Bolivia, like many rural areas of the majority world, there are few opportunities for permanent employment and most young people do not have access to their own land. Consequently, many young people in southern Bolivia migrate seasonally to Argentina and their migratory experience provides them with a sense of collective identity during periods spent within their home community. It also enables them to access consumer goods as well as to continue to maintain interdependent family ties by contributing financially to their households. This paper, based on ethnographic fieldwork in rural Bolivia, considers the positive and negative ways in which the young migrant identity offers young people alternative youth transitions as well as enhances their social and economic autonomy.

What is the future of social security systems in OECD countries? We suggest that the answer belongs to the realm of politics, and evaluate how political constraints and ageing shape the social security system. The increasing ratio of retirees to workers lowers the rate of returns of unfunded pay-as-you-go social security, and induces citizens to prefer smaller such systems and a larger role for private savings. An ageing electorate, however, increases the relevance of pension spending on the agenda of office-seeking policy-makers and tends to increase the size of unfunded pension systems. Calibrating the strength of these effects for France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US, we find that the latter political aspect always outweighs the former. The relative size of the effects depends on country-specific characteristics and modelling details: when labour market distortions are accounted for the political effect still dominates but becomes less sizeable; the different redistributive character of pension systems and the strength of family ties also play a role in determining politico-economic outcomes. A higher effective retirement age always decreases the size of the system chosen by the voters, often increases its generosity, and may be the only viable solution to pension system problems in the face of population ageing.

Both Piketty (2014) and Lucassen (2021) argue that empires/states/markets demand strong ideologies to legitimize producing class inequalities (see Throulliot 2001). Are our conceptions of states itself such 'doxic' (hidden by power) ideologies? (Anderson 1990; Bourdieu & Eagleton 1990; Bourdieu et. al. 1994; Scott 2009; Kumar 2010)..

What determines remittances -altruism or enlightened self-interest -and do remittances trigger additional migration? These two questions are examined empirically in Egypt, Turkey and Morocco for households with family members living abroad. Results show, first, that one cannot clearly pinpoint altruistic or motives of self-interest since each country tells a different story and within a country both motives can be defended as driving forces behind remittance behaviour. A general conclusion based on a multi-country study is that the family ties and the net earnings potential of emigrants have stronger effects on receipt of remittances than net earnings potential of households in the country of origin. Second, the receipt of remittances has a positive effect on emigration intentions of household members living in the country of origin. Therefore, receipt of remittances may contribute to new flows of migration, in particular in the case of Morocco.

The first quantitative phylogenetic analysis of three sequenced genes (16S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, histone 3) of 25 genera of crab spiders and 11 outgroups supports the monophyly of Thomisidae. Four lineages within Thomisidae are recovered. They are informally named here as the Borboropactus clade, Epidius clade, Stephanopis clade and the Thomisus clade, pending detailed morphology based cladistic work. The Thomisus clade is recovered as a strongly supported monophyletic group with a minimal genetic divergence. Philodromidae previously widely considered a subfamily of Thomisidae do not group within thomisids and is excluded from Thomisidae. However, Aphantochilinae previously generally considered as a separate family falls within the Thomisus clade and is included in Thomisidae. The recently proposed new family Borboropactidae is rejected, as it is paraphyletic.

The authors propose that peer relationships should be included in a life history perspective on adolescent problem behavior. Longitudinal analyses were used to examine deviant peer clustering as the mediating link between attenuated family ties, peer marginalization, and social disadvantage in early adolescence and sexual promiscuity in middle adolescence and childbearing by early adulthood. Specifically, 998 youths, along with their families, were assessed at age 11 years and periodically through age 24 years. Structural equation modeling revealed that the peer-enhanced life history model provided a good fit to the longitudinal data, with deviant peer clustering strongly predicting adolescent sexual promiscuity and other correlated problem behaviors. Sexual promiscuity, as expected, also strongly predicted the number of children by ages 22-24 years. Consistent with a life history perspective, family social disadvantage directly predicted deviant peer clustering and number of children in early adulthood, controlling for all other variables in the model. These data suggest that deviant peer clustering is a core dimension of a fast life history strategy, with strong links to sexual activity and childbearing. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the need to integrate an evolutionary-based model of self-organized peer groups in developmental and intervention science.

The new paradigm of recovery has highlighted the importance of positive social relationships, but little is known about their role in recovery among homeless individuals with serious mental illness and comorbid substance abuse. This study used within-and across-case analyses of longitudinal data from qualitative interviews with 41 dually diagnosed individuals entering residential programs to exit homelessness and receive needed services. Thematic findings include (a) "loner talk" and the need for privacy; (b) family ties as "good news, bad news"; (c) when it comes to a partner, other things come first; and (d) in search of positive people. Analyses of change in individual trajectories revealed that stronger social relationships did not coincide exactly with positive outcomes. Although positive life changes were gradual, negative changes could be precipitous. Social relationships were threatened by concentrated disadvantage, that is, a lack of social and economic currency. Findings are discussed with implications for improving services for the most vulnerable individuals who stand to benefit from the era of recovery.

Introduction: Traditionally, the African extended family gave psychosocial support to all members, which cushioned any illness effects including depression. Recent changes in the African family, notably urbanization and market economies, have changed that structure. Changes, especially roles of the family and its relationship to life events and depression, have not received much research attention. Aim: To compare depressed and non-depressed patients in terms of their demographics, family structure, life events and depression. Methods: We compared quantitative data from 85 DSM-IV depressed patients that sought care at three Primary Health Care (PHC) centres with 170 unmatched non-depressed patients. To each group, we administered three questionnaires covering socio-demographics, family structure and an adapted Interview For Recent Life Events (IRLE). Results: Of the depressed patients, over 70% were females giving a M:F ratio of 2.3:1; 71.8% were aged < 39 years and 50.6% were ma...

Brain drain' is a phenomenon in which people of a high level of skills, qualifications, and competence, leave their countries and emigrate. One major case of the brain drain happens when students from developing countries studying in the developed countries decide not to return home after their studies. We examined the reasons for international students' inclination to stay in their host countries in a sample of 949 management students who came to study in the United Kingdom and the United States. The results support a three-fold model of factors that influenced this inclination. Students' perceptions of ethnic differences and labor markets, their adjustment process to the host country, and their family ties in host and home countries all affect their intention to stay. #

The post-fledging dependence period of 15 radio-tagged juvenile Black Kites Milvus migrans, was studied in the Donana Biological Reserve (Spain). The juveniles fledged at a mean age of 48 days after hatching and continued to depend on their parents for 15-36 days more. During the whole period a progression was observed in the flight behaviour of the young, as an increase of both the total time spent flying and the use of more elaborate and energy-saving flight types such as gliding and soaring. Neither hunting nor manipulative play behaviour with objects was observed, although pursuits were recorded and considered as social play. Migratory restlessness seems to shorten the post-fledging dependence period as the season progresses. Juvenile departure was sudden and definitive, and family ties always broke before migration.

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این تحقیق با هدف تاثیر پیوندهای خانوادگی، وضعیت اقتصادی خانواده و مشارکت اجتماعی زنان بر احساس امنیت اجتماعی زنان 45-15 ساله شهرستان اّبادان انجام شده است. تحقیق از نوع روش پیمایشی می باشد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه زنان و دختران ساکن در شهرستان آبادان که طبق آخرین سرشماری در سال 1395 به تعداد 133736 نفر می باشند از این تعداد 58239  نفر در فاصله سنی 45-15 سال هستند. نمونه آماری تحقیق با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 382 نفر می باشد که به روش تصادفی خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه محقق ساخته 83 سئوالی می باشد. روایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی(805/0= KMO) مورد تایید قرار گرفت. همچنین پایایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب پیوندهای خانوادگی 76/0، وضعیت اقتصادی 79/0، مشارکت اجتماعی84/0و احساس امنیت اجتماعی90/0 مورد تایید قرار گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات با استفاده از آزمون ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون با نرم افزاز آماري SPSS.21 انجام شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که پیوندهای خانوادگی، وضعیت اقتصادی و مشارکت اجتماعی با احساس امنیت اجتماعی رابطه مستقیم و معناداری دارند. همچنین از بین متغیرهای مستقل پیوندهای خانوادگی، وضعیت اقتصادی و مشارکت اجتماعی 61% از واریانس متغیر وابسته احساس امنیت اجتماعی زنان را تبیین می کنند.

Research into intimate partner violence has shown that social isolation constitutes a risk factor, and the presence of social networks can be an important source of social support. This research note presents some results of an empirical study carried out in Mexico into women's social relations, especially their family relations, and their role in the promotion of traditional gender norms. Findings indicate that some of the main conditions that are associated with the production of violence against women are either generated or reinforced within the realm of what can be regarded as women's “strong ties.”

Introduction: Traditionally, the African extended family gave psychosocial support to all members, which cushioned any illness effects including depression. Recent changes in the African family, notably urbanization and market economies, have changed that structure. Changes, especially roles of the family and its relationship to life events and depression, have not received much research attention. Aim: To compare depressed and non-depressed patients in terms of their demographics, family structure, life events and depression. Methods: We compared quantitative data from 85 DSM-IV depressed patients that sought care at three Primary Health Care (PHC) centres with 170 unmatched non-depressed patients. To each group, we administered three questionnaires covering socio-demographics, family structure and an adapted Interview For Recent Life Events (IRLE). Results: Of the depressed patients, over 70% were females giving a M:F ratio of 2.3:1; 71.8% were aged < 39 years and 50.6% were ma...

The role of Eritrean women in thirty years war of independence brought major changes and reflects in the present demography and economy of Eritrea in the development arena. Their participation in the economy contributes to local production and income by filling the gaps left by men who died in the war or who have left the country and settled in different parts of the world. Despite the growing importance of women for the formal economy, jobs and self-employment opportunities available to women are still clustered in low-productivity and/or low-status industries. To cope with the growing number of female-headed households, Eritrea needs to increase the earning potential of women. This paper indicates that providing women with education at secondary or tertiary level is one way to go. This paper deals with, why Eritrean women are entering into the labour markets: one, family ties and control of women is weakened due to absent men and increasing divorce rates. The second, there is a sh...

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