Environmental Hazards and Disasters

Chiang Mai is one of the most severe smog areas in Thailand. It was the world's ranked No.1 city with the worst air quality. Has detected the PM2.5 dust concentration higher than 500 micrograms per cubic meter. Which is the value than the Thai air quality index criteria. While the way to alleviate problems from the government as a distribution of assistance, such as installing a large air purifier and water drop spraying system in some area or there are officers leading the convoy to spray water spray to various points.

The purpose of this paper Project is to create a workplace toxicant intervention for Metropolitan Hospital of Denver, a large top-rated surgical facility located in Denver, Colorado. The project lays out the steps necessary to make contact with and gain entry into the organization, assess their needs, create a series of educational and intervention workshops to meet those needs, and display mastery of interventions that will benefit the hospital’s employees in reducing exposure to hazardous noise and responding to the associated health condition. The sample letter/ e-mail introduction, the needs assessment (the ‘Noise and Risk of Hearing Loss Assessment’), the educational and intervention PowerPoint presentations (‘Your Hearing and the Effects of Hazardous Noise’ and ‘Preventing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss’), and the Hearing Conservation Program are included as Appendices following the references page.

Through its chronic pollution and recurrent explosions, the petrochemical industry is the source of constant damage for fenceline communities. Measures that might prevent or correct this damage are postponed with a local ow of money, a situation viewed through the prism of the di erent levels of damage, from chronic pollution to cancers and explosions. This article analyzes how a collective lawsuit launched against a petrochemical complex in Taiwan is challenging this economy. Formosa Plastics, the owner of the petrochemical complex, is one of the world's largest chemical companies. Its 'good neighbor' policy includes a mix of political corruption, patronage care services and regular cash payments. Based on a four-year observation and in-depth interviews with the plainti s and other local sources, this article draws on the sociology of money to examine the ambiguous role of compensation in disputes over environmental and public health damage. I show that the search for justice and compensation nourishes a range of expectations. This includes, in proportion to the scope of the damage, a moral condemnation of the polluters and the prevention of further harm, in addition to economic assistance.

Urban and environmental historians are becoming increasingly interested in the social construction of expertise in the management and control of natural resources. Experts are often depicted as disinterested, neutral and objective professionals, sufficiently qualified to gauge an independent perspective on a given problem. Yet what happens when an expert's judgment is called into question by other professional experts? The micro-analysis of socio-technological disasters offers one way to interrogate the construction and challenge of professional expertise at both the empirical and conceptual levels. Taking a comparative approach towards the study of two major reservoir failures involving considerable death and destruction in the United Kingdom – Holmfirth in 1852 and Sheffield in 1864 – this paper draws on the under-utilised research of the sociologist Barry Turner and others on the social aetiology of disasters as a route into revealing and accounting for the contested nature of expertise within the Victorian engineering professions. It is based on extensive archival research, including the written records of local and central government, private waterworks' proprietors, the printed press and the records of public inquiry. The cases reveal remarkable continuities in administrative and professional knowledge regarding the explanation of socio-technological disasters, as well as the widespread use of outside experts to interrogate the supposed failings of interested parties.

Free copy available until 4 December from http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Ps~P15XEnSlBh

Comme les nombreuses catastrophes industrielles qui ont marqué l’histoire du Japon moderne et contemporain, la catastrophe nucléaire de mars 2011 a donné lieu à de nombreux procès. Les procès de Fukushima réunissent plusieurs milliers de plaignants à travers tout le Japon. Outre un procès pénal contre trois anciens dirigeants de Tepco, on relève une trentaine de plaintes collectives au civil contre Tepco et l’État. Ces procès posent des questions fondamentales sur l’origine de cette catastrophe et, compte tenu du problème des radiations, son devenir. Et bien que les montants d’indemnisation retenus par les juges jusqu’à présent restent faibles, ces décisions de justice revêtent pour les plaignants une importance morale et symbolique (voire des effets cathartiques), ainsi que pour le Japon contemporain, et à l’avenir pour d’autres pays qui pourraient être touchés par une catastrophe nucléaire.

2011年3月の原発事故は、近現代の日本における多くの産業災害と同様に、数多くの訴訟を引き起こした。今日、フクシマ訴訟のために、日本全国で数千人の原告が結集している。東京電力の旧経営陣3人に対する刑事訴訟に加えて、東京電力及び国に対する民事集団訴訟は約30件に上る。これらの裁判は、この災害の原因、そして放射能という問題を考慮して、その将来的な影響についても本質的な問いを投げかけている。現在まで裁判官によって言い渡された賠償金額が僅かであったとしても、これらの判決は、原告及び現代日本、そして将来的に原子力災害で被害を受ける可能性のある諸外国にとっても、倫理的そして象徴的に重要である。

Like many industrial calamities that have marked the history of modern and contemporary Japan, the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster has given rise to many lawsuits; currently, these involve several thousand plaintiffs from all over Japan. On top of a criminal case against three Tepco executives, there are more than 30 class actions pending against Tepco and the state. These lawsuits raise fundamental questions about the origin of the disaster as well as its future fallouts due to radiation exposure. While the compensation awarded by the judges so far remains low, the court decisions carry a moral and symbolic—even cathartic—importance for the plaintiffs, as well as for contemporary Japan as a whole and for other countries vulnerable to a nuclear disaster. I further argue that these mobilisations are drawn from a legacy of collective lawsuits that have marked Japan over the past 50 years.

In this chaotic world, disaster is inevitable. Even without human interference, the world has many calamities. Earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes and Tsunamis; all of which take their toll on human life. The aspirations of people in their pursuit for power and civilization make their own disasters. Fires, wars, train derailments, toxic industrial calamities; these disasters cause death and destruction to people and the environment. Government and non-government organizations alike are set up to deal with disasters, and are each governed by their own ethical principles. The ethical dilemmas that organizations are faced with both natural and artificial disasters are common. However, some ethical dilemmas are unique to each situation. It is important to realize the similarities as well as the differences in ethical predicaments of the two types of disasters, because in the discipline of international psychology professionals in the field will be called into disasters to help with assessment and treatment of victims. In examination of the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association and the International Union of Psychological Sciences international psychologists, specific codes pertaining to ethical quandaries related to disasters that are followed by professionals in the field. Additionally, economic and political factors closely relate to natural and man-made disasters, and regarding the later are many times the causes. An examination of these factors is necessary to fully understand the situations of which ethical issues inexorably arise.

This article provides a brief introduction to advancements in the anthropology of disasters as well as the historical antecedents and the intellectual collaborations that contributed to contemporary work in the field. It reviews the multiple directions, methodological approaches, and theoretical leanings  that comprise today’s diversified field of disaster anthropology and discusses how the monographs included in the special edition of Human Organization (74[4]) on the applied anthropology of risks, hazards, and disasters showcase the variety of topics and themes engaged by applied anthropologists who work on disaster-related issues.

Gli interventi fuori dall’ordinario, cioè attuati secondo interventi legislativi speciali e in situazioni di particolare necessità, hanno prodotto aspetti e conseguenze dal peso non trascurabile sulla storia politico-amministrativa dell’Italia Repubblicana.
Il contributo che qui si propone prende in considerazione uno di questi interventi straordinari, il progetto di ricostruzione e di sviluppo industriale attuato nelle zone terremotate di Irpinia e Basilicata dopo il 1980. In quei mesi era in discussione la situazione complessiva dell’intervento straordinario nel Mezzogiorno; il ruolo della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno era nel 1980 storicamente e fattivamente terminato. Il terremoto diventò presto il canale attraverso il quale si perpetuava l’assistenza straordinaria ma anche passiva delle aree deboli del Paese. Com’è stato dimostrato da alcuni studiosi di politica economica (Ada Becchi Collida in particolare), “il punto non era più una sollecita ricostruzione, ma l’ottundimento di finanziamenti i più ingenti possibili e per un periodo di tempo il più lungo possibile”. Ad agevolare il flusso dei finanziamenti fu un gruppo politico trasversale, che fu efficacemente definito “partito unico della spesa pubblica”.
La teoria macro-economica proposta si basava sullo stanziamento di grosse somme di denaro da riversare nelle zone terremotate per realizzare infrastrutture, industrie, opere pubbliche, servizi per creare occupazione. Il disegno di creazione delle aree industriali era ispirato all’analisi di Perroux (teoria dello sviluppo polarizzato), il quale sosteneva che “il meccanismo espansivo viene avviato solo quando si insediano unità produttive esterne all’area di intervento, capaci di promuovere una funzione aggregante ed imitativa di iniziative imprenditoriali autoctone al punto da ottenere una rottura del relativamente stazionario equilibrio preesistente”. In sostanza, la localizzazione d’imprese esterne attraverso la creazione di molti poli industriali avrebbe dovuto risvegliare o far nascere nell’economia locale le condizioni per lo sviluppo. Per il raggiungimento di questo obiettivo non vennero posti particolari limiti né ai finanziamenti né alla tipologia di aziende che andavano a installarsi nel Cratere terremotato.
Il piano sancito dalla legge 219 del 1981 prevedeva la creazione di venti nuove zone industriali nelle tre province più colpite dal terremoto (8 in provincia di Avellino, 8 a Potenza e 4 a Salerno), con contributi per 228 nuove aziende che dovevano dare lavoro a circa 14mila dipendenti. I risultati parlano oggi di risultati molto lontani dalle attese, con capannoni abbandonati e pochi lavoratori ancora impiegati (circa 6mila, tra i quali molti in cassa integrazione o mobilità). 
Attraverso un’analisi quantitativa (dati, cifre, statistiche) e approfondimenti sull’evoluzione di lungo periodo, questa promessa non mantenuta di sviluppo e rinascita sarà descritta e confrontata con analoghi interventi “fuori dall’ordinario” della storia dell’Italia repubblicana, relativi in particolare a ricostruzioni seguite a catastrofi naturali, aprendo a una riflessione complessiva sulle occasioni in cui lo “stra-ordinario” si è sostituito o sommato a un “ordinario” quasi sempre inefficace.

Vale do Rio Itajaí, Santa Catarina -Desastres ambientais anunciados Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar, através da História Ambiental, as ocorrências de fenômenos extremos na região da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itajaí-Açu,SC desde o início de sua colonização pelos imigrantes europeus, no decorrer do século XIX), dando ênfase aos desastres de maior magnitude, ocorridos em 2008. O estudo pretende fornecer uma contribuição para o entendimento do atual modelo de ocupação territorial e da gestão sócio-ambiental dos desastres. Abstract: This paper aims to analyze, through the Environmental History, the occurrence of extreme events in the region of the River Basin Itajaí-Açu, SC since the beginning of the settlement of Europeans during the nineteenth century, emphasizing the disaster of greater magnitude, in the year of 2008. The study will provide a contribution to the understanding of the current model of territorial occupation and the management of socio-environmental disasters.

Surgery has the absolute to save lives but a number of hazards are lurking in operating theatre rooms, nurses, surgeons, anesthesiologist and other professionals working in surgical environment put themselves at risk every day in their careers. As part of the surgical team, it is essential that all the theatre users familiarize themselves with potentials hazards to avoid getting injured or exposure to other danger while they are on the job.
Perioperative nurses and others, utilize a variety of different equipment to assist in surgical procedures. Alas, this entails working in a semi-enclosed environment, coming into contact with dangerous medical tools and substances. These include sharp objects such as scalpels and syringes, anesthetic gases, drugs, and sterilizing chemicals. Others include physical injury or conditions from the ambulation of larger patients, radiation, electrical injuries and psychological issues such as burnouts. There are a variety of safety precautions nurses and institutions use in the OR to prevent injuries. Basic methods include comfortable non-slip shoes to prevent back pain and falls, handling sharp objects with caution, and having equipment routinely monitored for signs of breakdown or unsafe conditions. Assessing equipment is essential in preventing electrical/radiation related accidents; it ensures that the machines are properly grounded and no radiation escapes. Thus proper ventilation is also important in an O.R. setting to ensure that the anesthetic gases and other airborne substances are not trapped in the room.

أخـر أطروحة دكتوراة كانت تحت إشراف العَالِم الجليل والأب الحنون، أ.د/ محمد صبري محسوب، وقد تمَّ مُناقشتها في يوم السبت الموافق 6-6-2015،  ومُنحت بمرتبة الشرف الأولى.
إعداد الطالب
محمود عبد الفتاح محمود عبد اللطيف عنبر
إشراف: أ.د/ يوسف عبد المجيد فايد
أستاذ الجُغرافيا المناخيَّة
أ.د/ محمد صبري محسوب
أستاذ الجُغرافيا الطبيعيَّة

Based on The Writing of the Disaster, by Maurice Blanchot, this paper proposes connections between this philosophical literary work and the panorama of the law regarding major environmental disasters.
The dense imagery of Blanchot's thought allows us to reflect on the need to get a better knowledge of catastrophes in order to structure appropriate responses to these unfortunate events that happen repeatedly.

The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site in Kazakhstan
was conceived as an experimental landscape where
science, technology, Soviet Cold War militarism, and
human biology intersected. As of 2015, thousands
of people continue to live in rural communities in
the immediate vicinity of this polluted landscape.
Lacking good economic options, many of them claim
to be “mutants” adapted to radiation, while
outsiders see them as genetically tainted. In such a
setting, how do post-Soviet social, political, and
economic transformations operate with radioactivity
to co-constitute a “mutant” subjectivity? Today,
villagers think of themselves as biologically
transformed but not disabled, showing that there is
no uniform way of understanding the effects of
radioactive pollution, including among scientists.

El riesgo, definido como la combinación entre la probabilidad de que ocurra una amenaza y sus consecuencias negativas en las personas o en los bienes expuestos, es un concepto reciente en el ámbito de la conservación del patrimonio cultural inmueble. Cada año, en áreas geográficas con alto riesgo de catástrofes naturales como el Anillo de Fuego o Circum Pacífico, la elaboración de planes integrales de gestión del riesgo podría disminuir el daño de los bienes culturales, al establecer criterios para priorizar la inversión pública o privada, y al orientar proyectos de conservación preventiva y obras de mitigación. En este contexto, este libro propone tres herramientas de evaluación del riesgo, con el objetivo de abordar la etapa de la prevención con una mirada integral, desde la disciplina de la conservación del patrimonio cultural inmueble.
Es así como la herramienta 1 permite establecer una prioridad de la inversión para asistir el patrimonio edificado, en función su valor patrimonial y su escasez, los cuales se evalúan en tres escalas: la local, la nacional y la internacional. La herramienta 2 permite describir, jerarquizar y mapear todas las amenazas que podrían afectar el patrimonio edificado, las que pueden ser esporádicas, como la amenaza sísmica, la hidrometeorológica, la química, los deslizamientos de laderas o el peligro volcánico; o procesos continuos que deterioran los materiales constructivos como la erosión, el estrés físico, la contaminación atmosférica, la amenaza socio-organizativa y la disminución demográfica, asociada a la falta de mantenimiento. Finalmente, la herramienta 3 evalúa y cuantifica la vulnerabilidad constructiva sísmica de los edificios de mampostería, en base a parámetros como la posición del edificio, su geometría en planta y en elevación, la distancia entre muros de riostra, el tipo y calidad del sistema resistente, el estado de conservación, las alteraciones en el sistema constructivo, entre otros.
Estas herramientas fueron aplicadas en dos casos de estudio, dando cuenta de que podrían utilizarse para el desarrollo de políticas públicas enfocadas en el aumento de la resiliencia de los bienes culturales inmuebles, lo que no sólo disminuirá los costos y plazos de recuperación después de una catástrofe, sino que además permitirá prevenir la destrucción muchas veces irrecuperable de nuestro patrimonio.

Cai X.,  Ostroumov S.A.  Toxic effect produced by liquid laundry detergent on Lens culinaris // Fundamental basis of biogeochemical technologies and prospects of their application in nature protection, agriculture and medicine.  Geokhi, Moscow, 2021, p. 409-412.

ISBN 978-5-6045160-0-3.
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https://www.academia.edu/53516135/ ;

The a. tries to assess whether the Roman cultural and legal experience have known a sensitivity towards the protection of landscapes (as a notion other than the environment). The research focuses on the consequences of economic action on rural, coastal, marine and urban landscapes, giving a substantially negative answer to the issue.

Planners aim at making cities and their populations resilient against sudden occurrences of stress such as environmental disaster. Adaptive planning measures serve to achieve this aim, not only in the realm of resilience, but in the arena of sustainability as well. Yet resilience and sustainability are different in terms of the scales of time and space they refer to. How to delineate these differences and how to reconcile them to support effective adaptation measures? While processes of climate change increasingly fuel more frequent and intense environmental disasters, time is of the essence. Pre-Print Version of the Text published in Topos Nr. 116/2021

This study deals with the geology, petrography,
geochemistry and radioactive mineralization of older granites,
younger granites and associated pegmatites to record their
suitability for ceramic industry and other purposes in Wadi Abu
Sheih area, located between Latitudes 26º 30' and 26º 44' N and
Longitudes 33º 20' and 33º 30' E, North Eastern Desert of Egypt.
The rock types cropping out in the study area from the youngest
to the oldest are classified into acidic dikes, basic dikes and
pegmatites, younger granites and older granites.

As the COVID-19 pandemic descended upon us, the myth of nature's revenge took hold of our collective imagination. Anthropomorphizing flora/fauna, ecosystems and the biosphere as vengeful forces punishing humanity is especially effective. It communicates the urgency of imminent environmental apocalypse. By tying the threat of environmental catastrophe to a global health emergency, environmentalists wielded a truly pragmatic environmental rhetoric. They had harnessed the myth of nature's revenge. If we have learned anything from Thunberg's idea of generational environmental betrayal and environmentalists' notion of nature's revenge, it is that myth-making is an effective way to catalyze mass behavioral change.

The ever-expanding pollution and consequently increasing pressure on food production demand high agricultural productivity, concurrent with adequate increase in crop yield by use of fertilizers and protection of crops from damaging insect pest and diseases. Ambitious use of synthetic agrochemicals in ecosystem caused variety of deleterious effects to the environment and human health. Inefficient uptake of applied fertilizers resulted in the hardening of soil thereby making it less productive. Leaching of pesticides to ground water or nearby rivers, simultaneous nonselective killing of pest, accidents with toxic pesticides, pesticide residues of food crops and the disappearance of certain vertebrates have become more of less synonymous with modern intensive agriculture. The problem of hazardous consequences of the use of synthetic agrochemicals may be solved effectively by developing and practicing fertilizers and pesticides of biological origin. Use of bioagrochemicals in agro ecosystem is now emerging as one of the prime device to increase agricultural productivity and to protect crops from insect pest and diseases in an ecofriendly manner. Bioagrochemicals are being preferred over their synthetic counterparts on account of their low mammalian toxicity, ecofriendliness and non-hazardous characteristics to non-target subjects. In this article, scientific approaches, their advantages, common characteristics, potentiality and eco-friendly nature of bioagrochemicals have been reviewed.

Transboundary innovation is one that modifies, redefines or transcends boundaries or affiliations such as: political, national or administrative; cultural, ethnic or religious; corporate or accounting boundary; academic discipline. Its purpose is to solve social and planetary problems towards more sustainable peace and development.

This chapter, following a brief review of the core findings in gendered disaster analysis, outlines four areas of research on gender and disasters -­‐-­‐ disaster vulnerability, post-­‐disaster violence, early warning systems, and policy interventions -­‐-­‐ emphasizing emerging analyses and new findings. The enormous scale of violence against women associated with natural disasters is just now being acknowledged. Digitally-­‐based systems represent new promise in early warning, but in many parts of the world patriarchal restrictions prevent women from using these technologies. Implementation of the gender commitments in the Hyogo Framework is shown to be lacking.
Almost everywhere in the world, gender-­‐aware disaster policy is, at best, unfinished business; in many places in the world, it is actually ‘unstarted’ business. The chapter concludes with three policy remedies: put patriarchy on the agenda, take “household”-­‐level data and analysis off the agenda, and add real incentives to meet the gender commitments of Hyogo.

Droughts are socio-environmental phenomena, usually related to low rainfall recorded in certain regions of relatively long periods, unbalanced, the replacement of soil moisture. The analysis of the
drought through the Environmental History seeks to highlight how disasters are socially constructed. This paper aims to scrutinize the droughts that have occurred in western of Santa Catarina, especially between the years 2011 and 2012. As sources we analyzed the reports of the Civil Defense, Emergency Decrees, periodicals and scientific literature. Droughts have consistently achieved the
western region is constituted in a permanent risk to its inhabitants. The climatic conditions are
determined by temperature fluctuations of the Pacific Ocean that produce, throughout the south of Brazil, phases of high or low rainfall, as the temperature of the waters of the Pacific warm-present (producing the phenomenon known as El Niño) or cold (La Niña). Such events should be treated as social and environmental disasters, as they are produced not only by climatic events, but also by human action and lack of adequate public policies. Like other environmental disasters, damages caused by droughts affected the socio-economic life of the whole region.

This working paper examines the role of civil society in urban resilience policy and practice in Nairobi, Kenya, within the transition period to a new devolved governance system. It explores how the civil society interacts with climate and risk science, and evaluates how devolved governance in Kenya has affected the capacity of the civil society to perform its role. Through key informant interviews with leaders of the civil society, the private sector and the government, the study identifies eleven roles of the civil society in urban resilience. It concludes that a robust legislative framework alone is not adequate to enable the participation of the civil society in urban resilience building. It argues for building the civil society’s capacity to engage with both the concept or urban resilience and the new devolved system of governance.

RESUMO: O livro está estruturado em 13 capítulos escritos por 26 qualificados
autores, dos quais encontram-se pesquisadores, professores e operadores nacionais e internacionais do Direito, ligados a distintos e referenciais Programas de Pós-Graduação no Brasil e exterior. As ricas e diversas contribuições de cada capítulo transitam de estudos teóricos ligados aos temas do Direito dos Desastres e Sociedade do Risco, até trabalhos mais tópicos, baseados em análise de problemas, com o exame de casos concretos de desastres ambientais. Experiências que permitem à reflexão alçar voos de melhor compreensão para diferentes complexidades na busca por respostas para as fases relacionadas com um desastre ambiental (prevenção, mitigação, resposta de emergência, compensação e reconstrução), com ênfase para as discussões relacionadas com as diferentes ocorrências de responsabilizações socioambientais.

REFERÊNCIA COMPLETA: . BRASIL, Deilton Ribeiro; CARVALHO, Délton Winter de; SILVA, Romeu Faria Thomé da (orgs.); CALGARO, Cleide; GOMES, Magno Federici (coords). A emergência do direito dos desastres na sociedade de risco globalizada. Belo Horizonte: Conhecimento Editora, 2020. 266p. ISBN 9786586529029.

Overtopping failure of noncohesive earthen dams was investigated in 13 large-scale experiments
with dams built of compacted, damp, fine-grained sand. Breaching was initiated by cutting a notch across the
dam crest and allowing water escaping from a finite upstream reservoir to form its own channel. The channel
developed a stepped profile, and upstream migration of the steps, which coalesced into a headcut, led to the
establishment of hydraulic control (critical flow) at the channel head, or breach crest, an arcuate erosional feature
that functions hydraulically as a weir. Novel photogrammetric methods, along with underwater videography,
revealed that the retreating headcut maintained a slope near the angle of friction of the sand, while the
cross section at the breach crest maintained a geometrically similar shape through time. That cross-sectional
shape was nearly unaffected by slope failures, contrary to the assumption in many models of dam breaching.
Flood hydrographs were quite reproducible—for sets of dams ranging in height from 0.55 m to 0.98 m—
when the time datum was chosen as the time that the migrating headcut intersected the breach crest. Peak
discharge increased almost linearly as a function of initial dam height. Early-time variability between flood
hydrographs for nominally identical dams is probably a reflection of subtle experiment-to-experiment differences
in groundwater hydrology and the interaction between surface water and groundwater.

The integration of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Structure from Motion and MultiView Stereo techniques allows to obtain comprehensive models of complex objects by using each technique in contexts presenting the optimal operating conditions, as widely reported in bibliographic references. A different situation occurs for emergency surveys. In this case, time and security act as constraining factors, requiring the use of these techniques also in the most unfavourable conditions. In the case of photogrammetry, these include areas where the object surfaces are not perpendicular to the camera axis, and in the case of TLS, they include areas where laser beams are almost tangent to the surveyed object surfaces. These situations are anyway necessary for safely carrying out these surveys in the minimum possible time and cost. Although this kind of survey results locally in lower precision levels than those obtainable by these techniques in ideal conditions, it entails the possibility of obtaining complete models, e.g. including vertical external walls in inaccessible buildings, with controlled precision.