Entrepreneurship and Management of Innovation

... Sony Heru Priyanto* ... Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Priyanto, SH and Sandjojo, I. (2005) 'Relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial competencies and venture success: empirical study on SMEs', Int. ...

The recent bankruptcy of Eastman Kodak Company (Kodak) has been much discussed. How could a company that was once as prominent as companies such as Google and Apple are today, fail so dramatically? While it is impossible to fully comprehend the mechanics of Kodak's failure, poor decision making and poor leadership appear to have played prominent roles in Kodak's decline and bankruptcy. With these lenses Kodak's downfall is analysed with attention to Kodak's leaders and the underdeveloped decision making routines they followed.

Organizations create competitive advantage by creating more economic value than their rivals. Increasing business competition and information technology development have both led to huge corporate organizational changes and have raised the importance of intangible assets along the value chain. Value creation and the success of organizations increasingly depends on the leverage of knowledge available internally, as nowadays it has become essential to understand employee portals' business value and to build adequate change management programmes. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Strategy Map (SM) show an organization's objectives, how they are achieved, and the link between the goals of the various sub-units and how these act together to produce the overall results. BSC and SM clarify how intangible assets are aligned with strategy, to create value for the organization. However, the concerns related to change management seem not to have been properly addressed. To conveniently deal with these matters, the authors propose a framework to map the cause-effect relationships that generates business value, as well as provides top management and decision makers with the information needed for a suitable top-down commitment and sponsorship, which is essential to bring about the appropriate change management and benefits' realization. SM and Benefits Dependency Network (BDN) were combined, resulting in a suitable framework to help organizations enhance their knowledge, mitigating the risk of investment failure or misuse, and a timely contribution to capture more value from investments in intangible assets. The developed framework helps organizations address their concerns related to value creation and change management, and it has been applied to this Employee Portal case study. This case study allows us to conclude that, although the promotion of organizational culture and corporate alignment are not usually frequent goals of organizations, and do not motivate investments in the development of employee portals, they are generally recognised as being essential tools for decision-making and value creation.

This multi-country study used role models to boost perceptions of entrepreneurial feasibility and desirability. The results of a structural equation model based on a sample comprising 426 individuals who were primarily from Austria, Finland and Greece revealed a significant positive influence on perceived entrepreneurial desirability and feasibility. These findings support the argument for embedding entrepreneurial role models in entrepreneurship education courses to promote entrepreneurial activities. This direction is not only relevant for the academic community but also essential for nascent entrepreneurs, policymakers and society at large.

Organizations create competitive advantage by creating more economic value than their rivals. Increasing business competition and information technology development have both led to huge corporate organizational changes and have raised the importance of intangible assets along the value chain. Value creation and the success of organizations increasingly depends on the leverage of knowledge available internally, as nowadays it has become essential to understand employee portals' business value and to build adequate change management programmes. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Strategy Map (SM) show an organization's objectives, how they are achieved, and the link between the goals of the various sub-units and how these act together to produce the overall results. BSC and SM clarify how intangible assets are aligned with strategy, to create value for the organization. However, the concerns related to change management seem not to have been properly addressed. To conveniently deal with these matters, the authors propose a framework to map the cause-effect relationships that generates business value, as well as provides top management and decision makers with the information needed for a suitable top-down commitment and sponsorship, which is essential to bring about the appropriate change management and benefits' realization. SM and Benefits Dependency Network (BDN) were combined, resulting in a suitable framework to help organizations enhance their knowledge, mitigating the risk of investment failure or misuse, and a timely contribution to capture more value from investments in intangible assets. The developed framework helps organizations address their concerns related to value creation and change management, and it has been applied to this Employee Portal case study. This case study allows us to conclude that, although the promotion of organizational culture and corporate alignment are not usually frequent goals of organizations, and do not motivate investments in the development of employee portals, they are generally recognised as being essential tools for decision-making and value creation.

This paper discusses an alternative conceptualization of Entrepreneurial Marketing that can be understood as "marketing with an entrepreneurial mindset". By combining the definition of marketing of the American Marketing Association (AMA) and two conceptualizations of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial management), we arrive at a definition of Entrepreneurial Marketing as the the organizational function of marketing by taking into account innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness and the pursuit of opportunities without regard for the resources currently controlled. This definition must not be restricted to young and small ventures, but can equally be applied to larger firms. We illustrate the concept of Entrepreneurial Marketing by highlighting Guerrilla Marketing, Buzz Marketing and Viral Marketing.

New business models are supposed to provide answers to never-asked questions about problems that everyone is waiting for solutions to. This book is for founders and managers who may deal with innovations of business models directly or indirectly. You will find countless tips, recommendations, checklists and methods in this book on how to identify, analyze, develop, change and manage new business models.

Business incubators have a 25-year history in the US. Today they number more than 800. Most are non-profit entities, many associated with universities. This article provides a general overview of business incubation in the US and provides a case study of the award-winning Austin Technology Incubator whose companies have generated over $1.4 billion in revenues and created some 3,000 jobs. The authors conclude that business incubators must accomplish five tasks well in order to succeed: (1) establish clear metrics for success; (2) provide entrepreneurial leadership; (3) develop and deliver valueadded services to member companies; (4) develop a rational new-company selection process; and (5) ensure that member companies gain access to necessary human and financial resources. Dr. Wiggins' current responsibilities include all aspects of incubator operations, planning, expansion, company recruitment and staff management. He also provides strategic direction in making the Incubator an 'experiential learning laboratory' where students, faculty, and global researchers can study high-tech entrepreneurship. Dr. Wiggins has also directed the student development programs of the incubators, coordinated the Institute's community relation activities in the university and local communities, and provided consulting services for the ATI companies. Dr. Wiggins holds a PhD in Communication from The University of Texas at Austin where he received numerous awards including a University Fellowship and the Jesse H. Jones Endowed Centennial Fellowship from the College of Communication.

By adopting and extending the game theoretical model developed by Chou (2011) from symmetric firms to asymmetric firms with monetary transfers, we characterise the strategic interactions between asymmetric firms in an alliance for new product development. We also integrate the game theoretical literature and empirical studies to show that a broader-scope link alliance tends to benefit the larger firm, while a narrower-scope scale alliance tends to benefit the smaller firm. The asymmetry of benefits also enables the larger firm to subsidise the smaller firm to maintain the stability of the alliance if it is beneficial for the larger firm to do so.

In this book, Brian Arthur presents a rich, complex and multi-level conceptualisation of technological evolution. First he views technologies as combinations of components or parts, put together for a particular purpose (such as jet engine technology being composed of a system of sub-parts designed to provide propulsion to aircraft). Second this broad assembly of parts is organized around a core principle (e.g. a jet engine burns fuel), which in turn is derived from a natural phenomena (e.g. fuel combustion). In this way, Arthur views technology as a long chain of artefacts starting at the phenomena, and ending in the designed purpose. Third, Arthur adds a further dimension to this hierarchy by introducing a complex interactive human system to describe the mechanisms through which this technological system evolves over time. Variation is introduced as designers and engineers make new combinations of parts to solve new and existing problems. If interpreted as successful these designs...

Intense changes have arisen in global agriculture, yielding a new market reality that is more complex and competitive than before. To confront these changes, a renewed perspective on the practice of agribusiness management is necessary. However, studies in this critical line of research are scant. This study updated the outlook on the strategic management of agribusiness in Taiwan by conducting in-depth interviews with 10 expert agrientrepreneurs. The results indicated that agribusiness strategies can be categorised as targeting one of three dimensions: the external environment, the internal environment, and sustainable development. This paper discusses each dimension in detail and suggests five broader trends of strategic management.

Adaptive Space can be thought of the relational and emotional freedom for people to freely explore, exchange, and debate ideas. (Arena 2019) The values and design of W. L. Gore & Associates have created the conditions for personal freedom and fulfillment, as well as the free flow of ideas as evidenced by Gore’s repeated acknowledgement as a “Great Place to Work” and its record for prolific innovation.
This glimpse into the Gore practices that create adaptive space include a practical description of the practices, examples of how each practice led to successful innovation, and implications for human resources and organizational professionals. The focus is on practices that create the space to foster four types of connections most potent for innovation: discovery, development, diffusion, and disruption.  Gore fosters each of these with approaches that amplify rather than inhibit the freedom for people to work together to transform their ideas into innovative, customer-valued products.

This paper compares the findings of a research project aimed at investigating different perspectives on innovation issues to some of the latest, most relevant topics related to small and medium enterprise (SME) innovation under investigation in the European Commission (EC). According to recently published EC documents on the relaunched and revised Lisbon Agenda, the debate seems to focus mainly on four broad 'hot' topics:

Intense changes have arisen in global agriculture, yielding a new market reality that is more complex and competitive than before. To confront these changes, a renewed perspective on the practice of agribusiness management is necessary. However, studies in this critical line of research are scant. This study updated the outlook on the strategic management of agribusiness in Taiwan by conducting in-depth interviews with 10 expert agrientrepreneurs. The results indicated that agribusiness strategies can be categorised as targeting one of three dimensions: the external environment, the internal environment, and sustainable development. This paper discusses each dimension in detail and suggests five broader trends of strategic management.

In today's complex, knowledge and innovation-driven economy, innovating business models and their architecture is in growing demand. Innovating business models to become network-based is a complex venture, but critical for the survival of many companies. Business model innovation is not widely researched, though. This paper examines the development of new business models in three networks and focuses on the challenges related to that.

Due to the importance of family firms for the economy, researchers have begun to embrace family firms as a research object. This article seeks to summarise and to structure family firm research based on an extensive survey of the literature. Important research foundations such as the definition of family firms, a theoretical foundation in the resource based view and in entrepreneurship and research topics such as performance differences of family firms, their goal structure, psychological ownership and business succession are outlined and discussed.

This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the important factors explaining small firm growth contextualised in a very unique transition economy -Kosova. Although the small business literature suggests that there is a range of complex factors explaining small business growth, there is still scarce evidence on whether these interpretive frameworks are sufficient in explaining small firm growth in a transition context. For this purpose, this paper uses survey data from a randomly selected sample of 350 Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Based on this data set, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression is employed in order to compare the impact of the three sets of factors (the firm, the entrepreneur and the business environment) on the growth of new versus the more established small firms. Our findings generally refute Gibrat's Law and support Jovanovic's Learning Theory. We also find that a multiplant firm, the separation of ownership and management, the age of the entrepreneur at the startup and entrepreneurial teams exert a positive effect on firm growth. The findings support the view that the prior unemployment status of the entrepreneur is negatively linked with growth. The paper provides some important conclusions and implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs.

Based on a multiple case study research, the paper aims at providing some first evidence on the phenomenon of 'born global' companies (BGCs), i.e., companies that internationalise their activities from inception or shortly thereafter, founded by young entrepreneurs, by analysing those age-related factors that facilitate or hinder young entrepreneurs to start a BGC. An in-depth qualitative analysis has been performed based on eight BGCs founded by Italian young entrepreneurs. Results highlight that young entrepreneurs, being more financially constrained than old entrepreneurs, tend to move towards countries where those resources are more easily and widely available. Moreover, we found that young entrepreneurs seem to invest heavily on their social capital to countervail the young age effect. Finally, results suggest thatfor young entrepreneurs -prior experience abroad has amplified relevance in the internationalisation process of a company.

Intense changes have arisen in global agriculture, yielding a new market reality that is more complex and competitive than before. To confront these changes, a renewed perspective on the practice of agribusiness management is necessary. However, studies in this critical line of research are scant. This study updated the outlook on the strategic management of agribusiness in Taiwan by conducting in-depth interviews with 10 expert agrientrepreneurs. The results indicated that agribusiness strategies can be categorised as targeting one of three dimensions: the external environment, the internal environment, and sustainable development. This paper discusses each dimension in detail and suggests five broader trends of strategic management.

Incubation has recently attracted increased attention as a model of start-up facilitation. Venture capitalists see incubators as a means to diversify risky investment portfolios, and would-be entrepreneurs approach incubators for start-up support. Incubators face the challenge of managing both investment risks and entrepreneurial risks. More than a thousand incubators have been established in the last few years, most of them as regional business incubators. But new types of incubators are emerging. These incubators pursue different strategic objectives, apply different skills and competencies, and serve different markets. As a consequence, they have developed a new understanding of their sources of competitive advantage and business models. Based on 41 interviews with incubation and R&D managers, this paper outlines five incubator archetypes: the university incubator, the independent commercial incubator, the regional business incubator, the company-internal incubator and the virtual incubator. We describe a generic incubator business model, which is refined for different value propositions to customers and other major stakeholders. We conclude that whether an incubator is for profit or not, it should be run as a business. We also summarise some implications for operational and strategic management of incubators, as well as policy and strategy considerations for universities, venture capitalists, municipalities, corporations and other parent institutions of incubators.

The field of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been embraced globally by modern corporate entities of all shapes and forms. Advocates of the field argue that corporations that are perceived by society as being socially responsible are likely to derive enormous benefits from being so. They argue that most stakeholders whether primary or secondary, internal or external, local or national offer their support of the actions of these socially responsible corporations. Most would agree that corporate responsibility is an excellent idea, but from where did the ideology of CSR originate? An examination of the literature has given no conclusive evidence as to whether CSR is a capitalists' doctrine; in fact the literature is unusually silent in this respect, perhaps it is assumed that we all know. However, after examining the activities that stem from the ideology and considering the presence of the word 'social' in its very name one may deduce that CSR is a socialist doctrine. What history has preceded the evolution of CSR in today's corporation? Why are multinational corporations from these capitalists' states now exporting the ideology throughout the world? Is CSR representative of a new form of capitalist ideology? These are some of the issues that this study will explore in depth in order to establish the origins of CSR practiced by capitalist corporations in the 21st century.

This paper discusses an alternative conceptualization of Entrepreneurial Marketing that can be understood as "marketing with an entrepreneurial mindset". By combining the definition of marketing of the American Marketing Association (AMA) and two conceptualizations of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial management), we arrive at a definition of Entrepreneurial Marketing as the the organizational function of marketing by taking into account innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness and the pursuit of opportunities without regard for the resources currently controlled. This definition must not be restricted to young and small ventures, but can equally be applied to larger firms. We illustrate the concept of Entrepreneurial Marketing by highlighting Guerrilla Marketing, Buzz Marketing and Viral Marketing.

Sujet de mémoire : L'importance de la sensibilisation à l'entrepreneuriat Problématique : Quel peut être l'impact de la sensibilisation à l'entrepreneuriat sur le développement économique du territoire de Lens ?

Soutenu le 17 JUIN 2021 Devant le jury :
M. DUEZ Philippe : Maître de conférences HDR en sciences économiques EGASS-Université d'Artois
M. RENARD Jean-Marc : Professeur certifié à l'EGASS
Mme. CHARBIT Ludivine : Responsable territoriale de la BGE de Lens
Réalisé par : M. EL MOUBARAKI Zine Al Abidine

L’objectif de cette mémoire est d’explorer l’impact de la sensibilisation à l’entrepreneuriat sur le développement économique du territoire de Lens.

This research focuses on customer-oriented lean innovation and introduces the innovation empathy framework that has been developed for the early phases of innovation processes. The framework is based on the idea that increased empathy towards customers helps innovators gain a better understanding of customers' problems and needs, and increases the possibilities to generate more value to the customers. The analysis of the test use of the framework with business managers illustrates how empathising, i.e., putting oneself in the role of the customer, can be rehearsed through empathising exercises and, more importantly, through empathetic facilitation.

In recent years, the way organizations innovate and develop new solutions has changed considerably. Moving from ‘behind the closed doors’ style of innovating to open innovation where collaboration with outsiders is encouraged, organizations are in the pursuit of more effective ways to accelerate their innovation outcomes. As a result, organizations are establishing creative and entrepreneurial ecosystems, which not only empower employees but also involve many others to co-create new solutions. In this paper, we present a methodology for organizing hackathons, i.e. competition-based events where small teams work over a short period of time to ideate, design, prototype and test their ideas following a user-centric approach to solve a specific challenge. This paper also provides insights into two different hackathons organized in the United Kingdom, and Mexico, as well as a series of 5 hackathons organized in Argentina, Mexico, Switzerland, United Kingdom and in Senegal.

Children of self-employed parents are twice as likely as other children to become self-employed themselves, as family background exerts a significant influence on the values, attitudes, and behaviour one adopts. This study explores how entrepreneurial intentions are transmitted across generations within families. Using the data from 805 respondents and expanding upon Shapero and Sokol's model of intention in entrepreneurial events (SEE), we analyse the role of an entrepreneurial family background as an intergenerational influence on entrepreneurial intention and the underlying mediating effect of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility in starting a business.

E-commerce and geographical typicity of agrifood products are two leverages for the economic development of a lagging rural region where agribusiness is a leading sector of its economy. However, an effective response to this challenge much depends on how typical products are marketed through the internet to an international audience. This paper introduces a methodology for evaluating web interfaces of e-commerce systems of agrifood SMEs operating in an lagging rural region. The methodology has been applied to a regional survey where it is considered a sample of SMEs located in Calabria, a South Italy region. The collected data has been statistically analysed in order to get results on levels of B2C e-commerce adoption. A particular study is addressed to a classification of e-commerce interfaces depending on both SME’s stage in the industry and the way how SME’s ‘typical producer’ status is perceived by potential customers

The theory of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has been developed almost exclusively from the study of large deals by large firms. In this paper we argue that the behaviour and success of M&As by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) may be significantly different. Accordingly, we revisit established M&A theories, and develop a theoretical framework, and several testable hypotheses, regarding the distinctive features of SME M&As. Our empirical results support our expectations and show that, compared to large firms, acquiring SMEs: rely more intensively on external growth via M&As; are more likely to be withdrawn, suggesting that SMEs are more flexible, and more able to avoid deals that turn sour; and, finally, SME M&As are more likely to be financed with equity rather than debt, indicating that the influential financial pecking order theory is of less relevance to SMEs.

Technology is a complex system, composed of
more than one entity and a relationship that
holds between each entity and at least one
other entity in the system, to satisfy needs,
achieve goals, and solve problems of adopters to
take advantage of important opportunities or to
cope with consequential environmental threats for
purposes of adaptation and/or survival in highly
differentiated and volatile environments.

This research aims to develop a capabilities-based conceptual framework in order to study the stage-specific innovation problems associated with the dynamic growth process of university spin-outs (hereafter referred to as USOs) in China. Based on the existing literature, pilot cases and five critical cases, this study attempts to explore the interconnections between the entrepreneurial innovation problems and the configuration of innovative capabilities (that acquire, mobilise and re-configure the key resources) throughout the lifecycle of a firm in four growth phases. This paper aims to contribute to the literature in a holistic manner by providing a theoretical discussion of USOs' development through adding evidence from a rapid growth emerging economy. To date, studies that have investigated the development of USOs in China recognised the heterogeneity of USOs in terms of capabilities still remain sparse. Addressing this research gap will be of great interest to entrepreneurs, policy makers and venture investors.

The increasing volatility of the global economy, coupled with the pace of technological innovation, presents new challenges for family-owned businesses. The complex business dynamics and business inertia of family-owned business require a comprehensive perspective when developing the capability to manage transformations in the face of a business context such as this. This article draws on literature from the field of organisational change and development, organisational behaviour and family business, and proposes an integrative framework. The study is embedded in a collaborative research project with an Italian fashion design company, and portrays a five-year Leading transformation in a family-owned business 55 transformation process, starting with the family's decision to hire an external CEO for the first time in its hundred-year history. What has been learned from the case serves as the foundation for a further advancement of the proposed process-model for the management of a transformation in a family-owned business. The implications for research and practice are discussed.

The authors examine the link between creativity and entrepreneurial intention in young people and the roles that family and education may play in encouraging this link. The results from a survey of 180 undergraduate business school students show that the more creative young people consider themselves to be, the higher are their entrepreneurial intentions. Students' creativity also fully mediates the effect of family support for creativity on their entrepreneurial intention. Support for creativity in the university is found to have no effect on their creativity or on their entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship course attendance moderates the effect of individual creativity on entrepreneurial intention.

Food waste is a growing sustainability challenge for companies operating in the food services sector in developed countries. In this study, we examine how platform-based business models for food waste reduction can contribute to sustainability. We draw from the literature on business sustainability, sustainable business models (SBMs), and digital platforms, scrutinising two real-life business cases that provide digital services that help food service companies to reduce their food waste. Our findings identify the value network (user, producer, and support networks) and sustainable value proposition (economic, environmental, and social dimensions) as key elements for addressing sustainability in platform-based businesses. The study contributes to the SBM literature by developing an empirical and systemic understanding of platform-based SBMs. The cases illustrate that these SBMs have the potential to contribute to sustainability through scalability and attractiveness. From a managerial standpoint, the study offers companies insights into how to develop sustainability in their business operations.

The primaryobjective of this paper is to determine the impact of organizational culture on the employees’ performance in the telecommunication sector in Afghanistan. Researchers try to apply and adopt previously used questionnaires for the purpose. Both independent variable organizational culture and dependent variable employee performance is divided to their sub-elements to measure them in the targeted organization. As this topic has not been discussed methodically in the context of Afghanistan, therefore, it is perceived vital to conduct such a research and encourage the selected sector for improvement through recommendation.The target population of this research is employees in the telecommunication sector which are about 2000 workforces. This study includes 211 employees of various telecommunication companies in Afghanistan which are selected randomly. To achieve the abovementioned objective, the regression model is used for analysing the data and finding the relationships among...

This paper presents the results of case study research into the organisational culture issues underpinning the successful implementation of an open innovation (OI) strategy for multinational corporations. The results of this research are drawn from the series of single company case studies supported by data captured at multi-company workshops. The research highlights the different issues facing both 'blue sky' R&D and applied R&D, as well as those service functions established specifically to support the implementation of OI. For the 'blue sky' R&D, issues can be overcome by leveraging the scientists' motivation for research by setting up spaces for interaction with external organisations, and by reducing the barriers and obstacles of the more 'mundane tasks of external interactions. For applied R&D, issues can be overcome by setting specific targets for cooperation with the external organisations, showing the benefits of an OI approach by demonstrating its strong problem solving potential, and using budget constraints to induce the outsourcing of research.

This research examines differences between family and non-family firms with respect to new venture creation processes. We invoke a social embeddedness explanation of differences between family and non-family firms with respect to opportunity identification processes and outcomes and new venture development processes. In a sample of 183 family and non-family firms, we find that family firms are less likely to report an opportunity identification process that is sudden, spontaneous and creative. The new opportunities thus identified are less innovative than those identified by non-family firms. Finally, family firms are somewhat more likely to follow effectuation processes and significantly less likely to follow causation processes during new venture creation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The study aims to identify how workplace stress and employee behaviour impair the work-life balance of faculty members of Higher Education Institutes in Karachi, Pakistan. This study has included a quantitative survey research design. The study collected 386 sample responses from faculty members using the purposive sampling technique. The PLS-SEM analysis was used for data analysis through SmartPLS version 3.2.9. The results have shown that employee behaviour has a positive and significant effect on ER, IR, and WLB; workplace stress has a positive and significant effect on anxiety; workplace stress has a positive and significant effect on time stress, and workplace stress has a negative and significant effect on work-life balance. Furthermore, the study recommends using person-centered stress management techniques for possible work-life stress and employee well-being. Offering relaxation/care exercise classes, enabling wellness, and supplying facilities, such as gymnasiums, encourag...