Eletricity

If water is put on different level then from upper level to lower level it flows automatically for it’s same height principle. If we submerge a bucket in a water tank and pull it up holding it’s open faces vertically down then water enters into the bucket and the level goes up as far as the bucket pulled up because air give pressure on open water and water enters into the bucket to fill up the void area. Because the void area has no pressure. Now if we can attach a pipe from the upper part of the bucket and keep it’s open end down than the bucket’s pulled up height from the water then water will automatically come out from the bucket. Now if we fix a generator output terminal shaft with a fan fixed on it in the water flow then the shaft will rotate and eventually the generator will output electricity. This is how electricity is generated without fuel or any raw material or not from flowing water rather from stagnant water. Another method (Method 2) is on the same principle of water (Same height principle) is discussed later.

This paper presents an alternative approach to the one developed by the Brazilian National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) for analysis of efficient operating costs of electricity distributors. The approach adopted by the agency clusters distributors by the magnitude of the market, applying an input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model in two stages in which the second phase is used to adjust the efficiency considering environmental variables of each concession area. The aim of this paper is to use Self-Organizing Map (SOM) for grouping the distributors with similar environmental variables of the concession areas and later, to assess the distributors efficiency, through the same first stage DEA model performed by ANEEL. This approach eliminates the DEA second stage procedure, presenting a new way of analyzing distributors efficiencies.

This paper aims at investigating the relationship between electricity consumption and
manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria over the period 1981 to 2018. Electricity consumption per
capita was used to represent electricity consumption, while manufacturing sector performance was captured by manufacturing value added. The paper utilized Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root technique, Granger causality test, and the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) approach. The Granger causality test indicated that a unidirectional causality flows between electricity consumption per capita
and manufacturing value added. This therefore supports the feedback thesis. Meanwhile, the VAR result indicated that both electricity consumption and manufacturing value added were strongly endogenous.
That is, they significantly predict themselves. However, electricity consumption is weakly exogenous in predicting manufacturing value added rather, manufacturing value added is strongly exogenous in
predicting electricity consumption in Nigeria. This therefore points to the prevalence of the growth driven electricity consumption thesis in Nigeria. This thesis is in support of the conservation of electricity. The variance decomposition and impulse response indicated that variations in manufacturing
value added responded more to shocks in itself than from shocks electricity consumption. Therefore, the government have a key role to play in ensuring that as the domestic production accelerates and the demand on electricity is rising, adequate provision is made to converse electricity for the future.
Alternative energy sources should be developed and utilized so as to free the environment from carbon
monoxide emissions associated with running diesel plants during manufacturing activities as a result of epileptic electricity power supply.

This paper presents a methodology developed using the techniques Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) in order to cluster productive units under analysis. In this study, the input vectors are the weights calculated in DEA in order to generate groups with similar profiles of inputs and outputs contributions. This way, this clustering is different from most part of the applications found in literature, which commonly use the efficiency scores assessed by DEA as input vector. For this purpose, two processes are incorporated into the methodology to apply the method: the weights used are converted into the contribution of each variable to the DMU and, in addition, a problem of linear programming is used to determine which set of weights from the optimal weights generated by DEA will be used as input vector of SOM.

Resumo: O desenvolvimento regional teve como um dos seus pilares ao longo da história brasileira no século XX, a busca pela consolidação de um setor elétrico local. Ao mesmo tempo, a energia elétrica como produto que permeia vários aspectos da vida social se mostrou ativa no processo de materialização de novas estratégias políticas por parte de vários setores das elites ao redor do pressuposto deste processo de modernização. Conjuntura que aponta para a difusão da eletricidade como força motriz da industrialização brasileira e ao mesmo tempo, como um dos eixos centrais de um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico com forte presença estatal. Este artigo busca debater o lugar da energia elétrica na construção de um Brasil moderno e desenvolvimentista, sobretudo, partir da década de 1950.

Abstract: Regional development had as one of its pillars throughout Brazilian history in the twentieth century, the search for the consolidation of a local electric sector. At the same time, electric energy as a product that permeates various aspects of social life has shown itself to be active in the process of materializing new political strategies by various sectors of the elites around the presupposition of this modernization process. A conjuncture that points to the diffusion of electricity as the driving force of Brazilian industrialization and, at the same time, as one of the central axes of an economic development model with strong state presence. This article seeks to discuss the place of electric energy in the construction of a modern and developmental Brazil, especially starting in the 1950s.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a methodology widely used to assess the efficiency of electricity distribution companies. Most papers use the network length as one of the variables in the modeling: some of them as an input, since it accounts for the total electricity distributed, and others as an output, since it consists in the product of the investments made and the geographic dispersion, thus showing different dimensions of the same problem. In order to deal with this situation, this work presents an innovative way to deal with this variable by using a Network DEA model with two stages. In our proposed approach, the network length has been set to be both the output of the first stage (whose input is a rate of the operating costs) and an input for the second stage (whose outputs are number of consumers and total consumption). In addition, factors for sharing the operating costs between the stages are taken into account. For the sake of completeness, two Network DEA models are introduced, namely relational and additive approaches. Finally, the results of both models are presented, compared and discussed.