Early Modern Artisans and Trading Communities

The relationship between father and son in the early modern period has been conceptualised exclusively in terms of submission of the latter to the authority of the former and as implying a one-way flow of obligations and resources running from the father to the son. This study reverses this usual perspective by showing that the legal institution of patria potestas also entailed a son’s economic obligation to his father, for it gave fathers full rights over the earnings of their grown-up sons. It was to escape this burden that many adult men, sometimes married and fathers in their own right, resorted to the legal deed of emancipation, which freed them from the patria potestas
of their living father and hence from any economic obligations to his family. The analysis of a sample of over a hundred deeds from the last quarter of the 17th century reveals that emancipations were particularly frequent among those urban classes which largely lived of their work and participated in the labour market from an early age. The arguments used by sons to justify their request for emancipation throw light on the specific nature of the father-son relationship among these groups. Fathers are often portrayed as too poor to comply with the duty of settling all male children in a trade and paying for the dowries of the daughters, and as obliged to rely on older sons to fullfil these essential paternal and masculine roles. They are implicitly depicted as failed patriarchs and their legal prerogatives over the son thus appear illegitimate. The analysis of these narratives, together with a brief examination of representations of fatherhood in earlier artisans’ diaries, exposes the gulf between shared expectations about fatherly roles and practice that made the position of the paternal figure particularly vulnerable among the non-propertied classes. Here paternal roles were often shared by a range of male figures, rather than being entirely fullfiled by the biological father. Tensions or simply emotional and physical distance characterised the father-son relationship, in sheer contrast with the rhetoric of the time, which depicted such bond as ‘the greatest love there is’.

Abstract | Presentation made by the editor-director an the guest editors for issue 35.
This article deals with the relations between craftwork, material culture and religious devotion in the Nuevo Reino de Granada; explains and defines the role that met the craftsmen at religious festivals and the elaboration of ephemeral art objects for civil parties. His dedication to his work as a “work of God” and the condition of cultural mediators allowed to perform different activities and build economic independence and commercial networks. Carpenters, tailors, silversmiths, blacksmiths, masons and barbers were indigenous shaping, since the second half of the seventeenth century, as a “middle class” with economic power and independence of the hegemonic social groups. The cofradía and the workshop would be the most effective way to build a subculture within the Hispanic world.

Resumen | Presentación del editor-director y de los editores invitados para el número 35.
Este artículo se ocupa de las relaciones entre el trabajo artesanal, la cultura material y la devoción religiosa en el Nuevo Reino de Granada; explica y tipifica el papel que cumplieron los artesanos en el trabajo urbano. Su dedicación al trabajo como una “obra de Dios” y la condición de mediadores culturales les permitió desempeñar distintas actividades y construir independencia económica y redes comerciales. Carpinteros, sastres, plateros, herreros, albañiles y barberos indígenas se fueron perfilando, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, como una “clase media” con poder económico e independencia de los grupos sociales hegemónicos. La cofradía y el taller serían el vehículo más eficaz para construir una subcultura dentro del mundo hispano.

En svensk verkstad för utländska lyxvaror De kungliga pärlstickarna vid Gustav I:s hov 1523-1560 cecilia candréUs Uppsala universitet En europeisk renässansfurste förväntades kunna mäta sig med sina jämlikar. Genom stora satsningar på byggnation, inredning och dräkter som skulle samspela med ett ceremoniellt hovliv skapades bilden av en magnifik regent. Vid sitt tillträde som kung av Sverige 1523 betraktades Gustav I med misstro av omvärlden och rikets ekonomi tyngdes av skulder till utlandet. Denna artikel belyser hur den kungliga konsumtionen av kläder och andra lyxvaror mot denna bakgrund tjänade till att hävda den unga Vasadynastins ställning som ett furstehov av kontinental rang.

The apothecary occupied a liminal position in early modern society between profit and healing. Finding ways to distance their public image from trade was a common problem for apothecaries across Europe. This article uses the case of a Bolognese apothecary, Filippo Pastarino, to address the question of how early modern apothecaries chose to represent themselves to political authorities and to the wider public. ‘Mercy’, alongside ‘craft’, was a pillar of apothecaries’ social identity. By contrast, no matter how central financial transactions (‘money’) were to their activity, apothecaries did not want to be perceived as merchants. Thus, the assistance and advice apothecaries provided to patients and customers resulted as central aspects of their social role. In this context, Bolognese apothecaries aimed to defend their current status, which had been challenged by naturalist Ulysses Aldrovandi, city authorities and local monasteries. However, Pastarino's claims can also be seen as antecedents to the self-legitimizing strategy that seventeenth-century artisans deployed when faced with the need to enhance their new status as natural philosophers. The present study attributes a name, a date of birth and a shop to Filippo Pastarino, revising previous interpretations. More broadly, by focusing on how these artisans defended their position in the city it enriches our understanding of the self-representation of apothecaries.

CRAFTSMEN IN THE TOWN OF PIŃCZÓW IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
The private town of Pińczów, ca. 80 kilometres north of Cracow,  was a leading centre of the Reformation in Lesser Poland from 1550 to the late 1580s. The new owners, the Myszkowskis, who reintroduced Catholicism, turned the town and the neighbouring castle into a thriving economic hub and a noble residence, one of the most populous in the province. The margrave invited craftsmen of various nationalities, and Italian sculptors seem to have been the most numerous group. The other newcomers were merchants and artisans, including goldsmiths, from Italy, France, Scotland and Germany. The extant sources shed more light on Benedict Briott, the bell-founder who hailed from Lorraine and arrived in Pińczów in 1643 or 1644. Earlier, he had travelled over the central German lands and Bohemia. By 1655, Pińczów was his main place of residence. In those years, he was active mainly in Lesser Poland, but also in Greater Poland and Brandenburg. His wife, Katherine, died in Pińczów in 1660, and it is unclear whether their daughter Marianne survived pestilence. Between 1658 and 1668, he founded bells for churches in Greater Poland, Moravia, Bohemia and Silesia. In 1671, he was noted as a royal servitor in Warsaw.

Martin Altman (also known as Martin Alteman and Martín Alemán) (1530-1600?) was a prominent clockmaker and engineer to the Hapsburgs, including Emperor Ferdinand I and King Philip II of Spain. Despite of his connections with the most influential rulers of the period, Altman was almost unknown until the recent discovery of different sources about him in Spanish archives. The aim of this article is to summarise these known available sources, to trace the different places he lived and to offer an overview of the different works he did during his life. My intention is not to exhaust the research possibilities about Altman, but to offer a starting point for future research.

"Avec des contributions de N. Schlanger, F. Bon, O. Weller, M. Sternberg, L. Astruc, G. Ledosseur, S. Rostain, O. Langlois, N. Provenzano, Ch. Arnaud, B. Quilliec, C. Breniquet, G. Charloux, C. Michel, H. Procopiou, P. Brun, A. Averbouh, Cl. karlin, S. Méry et P. de Miroschedji
Papers in French, Abstracts in English and Spanish"

Α Διεπιστημονικες προσεγγίσεις των τεχνικών της παραδοσιακής κοινωνίας. Η ιστορικότητα των τεχνικών α) Οι τεχνικές ως εργαλείο προσέγγισης της παραδοσιακής κοινωνίας Η ανάδειξη των τεχνικών ως αντανάκλασης οικονομικών και κοινωνικών δομών των παραδοσιακών προβιομηχανικών κοινωνιών, της καθημερινής ζωής, της οικονομίας και του πολιτισμού αλλά και των νοοτροπιών των πληθυσμών τους, αποτελεί βασική παράμετρο της έρευνας με την οποία πραγματοποιείται η ανάγνωση του κόσμου της παράδοσης. Oι τεχνικές ως ενδεικτικά στοιχεία του επιπέδου του πολιτισμού, τεκμηριώνουν την ιστορική περίοδο στην οποία εμφανίζονται και λειτουργούν, δηλώνοντας την ιστορική περιοδολόγηση των κοινωνιών, είτε ως ιστορία των τοπικών τεχνικών που ανέδειξαν εργαλεία με γενική ή ιδιόμορφη χρήση, είτε ως μέρος μιας τεχνικής δραστηριότητας, όσο και ολόκληρης της οικονομικής και ιστορικής πραγματικότητας μιας εποχής. 1 Συγκροτούν την οικονομική διάσταση της 1 βλ. Leroi-Gourhan, Α., 1971. Στη μελέτη Milieu et technique, ο Α. Leroi-Gourhan κατέθεσε ένα υπόδειγμα κατάταξης των τεχνικών, των εργαλείων και των δράσεων με τις οποίες συνδέονται, ως αναπαραστάσεις των δυνατοτήτων της εποχής και του επιπέδου του πολιτισμού.

... Engravers were in fact received into the Academie in their own category in 1655, as long as they did not wander into the domain ... of Intelligence": Leonardo's "Traite" and the Perspective Wars in the Academie royale', in 'I1 se rendit en Italie': Etudes offertes a Andri Chastel (Paris ...

Pénétrer dans les règles des métiers entre les XIIIe et XVIIIe siècles, c’est renouveler une historiographie qui les a trop souvent confondues avec le règlement intérieur des corporations. Dans le cadre d’un projet sur « Les formes de réglementation des métiers dans l’Europe médiévale et moderne », ce volume s’est concentré sur la multiplicité des acteurs intervenant dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces normes, des gens de métiers aux monarques, en passant par les communes, les seigneurs, les « bonnes gens », les élites marchandes, les juridictions... ou les voisins !
La réglementation est un processus auquel participent le plus souvent les gens de métiers, mais qui contribue en retour à les définir, comme individus ou communautés, comme artisans ou artistes, comme travailleurs ou fraudeurs.
Ces règles servent-elles la concorde ou sont-elles instrumentalisées par des intérêts particuliers ? Réunissent-elles des groupes professionnels ou nourrissent-elles des conflits entre eux, voire en leur sein ? Comment s’articule le pouvoir des autorités avec celui qui est conféré aux gens de métiers par leur expertise ? De Paris à Palerme et de Valence à Venise, les contributions rassemblées présentent les acteurs de jeux d’influence dont la réglementation des métiers est partout le théâtre et dont le dénouement n’a rien d’une évidence.

Drawing first on the critical concept of 'influence' employed routinely by cultural historians, I examine the ways in which Beale's early personal and artistic development may have been informed by objects she saw. Second, I discuss the artist's exploration of likeness and identity, as expressed in the painted and written objects she made, and how she used them in the manipulation of her own reputation. The model of 'influence' presented by the case-study as a whole offers a complementary methodology for exploring the lives and works of historical subjects.

Maare Paloheimo & Merja Uotila

JOHDANTO Suomalaisen elinkeinotoiminnan monipuolistumisen ja modernisoitumisen aikana on yleensä pidetty 1800-luvun loppupuolta, mutta toisinaan kehityksen on katsottu alkaneen vasta 1900-luvulla. Esimerkiksi teollisen tuotannon kasvu, kaupallisen toiminnan monipuolistuminen ja volyymin kasvu sekä uusien työpaikkojen synnyttämä muuttoliike maaseutualueilta kaupunkeihin ajoittuvat vuoden 1850 jälkeiselle ajalle. Myös monet suuret yhteiskunnalliset muutokset, kuten valtiopäivien säännölliset kokoontumiset vuodesta 1863 alkaen ja elinkeinovapaus (1879), ovat vahvistaneet käsitystä ajanjakson merkittävyydestä. Vastaavasti vuosisadan alkupuolta on usein pidetty virkavaltaisuuden ja pysähtyneisyyden aikana. Taloudellisiin kysymyksiin liittyvien anomus- ja valituskirjelmien systemaattinen tutkimus kuitenkin osoittaa, että tilanne ei ollut näin yksiselitteinen, vaan elinkeinotoiminta alkoi monipuolistua ja jopa modernisoitua aikaisemmin. Voidaankin perustellusti sanoa, että 1800-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneiden muutosten perusta luotiin aikaisemmilla vuosikymmenillä. Tämä näkyy esimerkiksi uusien toimialojen edustajien elinkeinolupahakemusten lisääntymisenä, kaupan alan toimijoiden ja perinteisten käsityöammattien harjoittajien lukumäärän kasvuna sekä osin myös elinkeinonharjoittajien sosiaalisen taustan monipuolistumisena. Arkipäiväisten kulutushyödykkeiden kasvava kysyntä ja yleisen vaatimustason nousu niin maaseudulla kuin kaupungissa kertovat omalta osaltaan kulutuskulttuurin voimistumisesta. Kulutustavaratuotantoon liittyvien innovaatioiden leviäminen oli osa tätä kehitystä. Tämänkaltaisella kehityksellä on yhtymäkohtia Jan de Vriesin luomaan uutteruuden vallankumous (industrious revolution) -teoriaan. Siinä de Vries analysoi kotitalouksien kulutuskulttuurissa tapahtuneita muutoksia, joissa siirryttiin lähemmäs markkinapohjaista tuotantoa. Samanaikaisesti kotitalouksissa ryhdyttiin käyttämään enemmän ja laaja-alaisemmin markkinoiden tuottamia kulutushyödykkeitä. Teoriaa on pidetty yhtenä viime vuosikymmenien stimuloivimmista varhaismodernin ajan taloudellisesta kehitystä kuvaavista teorioista, vaikka sitä on kritisoitu muun muassa keskittymisestä vain nopeasti teollistuneisiin maihin.

Title: Artisans, Objects and Everyday Life in Renaissance Italy: The Material Culture of the Middling Class
Author: Paula Hohti Erichsen
Series: Visual & Material Culture, 1300-1700
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

Did ordinary Italians have a 'Renaissance'? This book presents the first in-depth exploration of how artisans and small local traders experienced the material and cultural Renaissance. Drawing on a rich blend of sixteenth century visual and archival evidence, it examines how individuals and families at artisanal levels (such as shoemakers, barbers, bakers and innkeepers) lived and worked, managed their household economies and consumption, socialised in their homes, and engaged with the arts and the markets for luxury goods. It demonstrates that although the economic and social status of local craftsmen and traders was relatively low, their material possessions show how these men and women who rarely make it into the history books were fully engaged with contemporary culture, cultural customs and the urban way of life.

For more info, visit https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789463722629/artisans-objects-and-everyday-life-in-renaissance-italy

For Table of Contents & Intro, see https://assets.ctfassets.net/4wrp2um278k7/7nMkdPZtjWdzXPTKUdn4lG/e0d3e08a1c532bcfa94989bca9472c7d/9789048550265_ToC_Intro.pdf

En europeisk renässansfurste förväntades kunna mäta sig med sina jämlikar. Ge-nom stora satsningar på byggnation, inredning och dräkter som skulle samspela med ett ceremoniellt hovliv skapades bilden av en magnifik regent. Vid sitt tillträde som kung av Sverige 1523 betraktades Gustav I med misstro av omvärlden och ri-kets ekonomi tyngdes av skulder till utlandet. Denna artikel belyser hur den kung-liga konsumtionen av kläder och andra lyxvaror mot denna bakgrund tjänade till att hävda den unga Vasadynastins ställning som ett furstehov av kontinental rang. På de få bevarade samtida porträtten av Gustav I framträder han klädd i dräkter med exklusiva broderier i guldtråd och pärlor (bild 1). Broderade dräkter syns också på avbildningar av andra europeiska renässansfurstar som Henrik VIII av England och Frans I av Frankrike. 1 För att kunna uppvisa kunglig prakt av kontinentalt snitt krävdes förutom ekonomis-ka medel och goda handelskontakter också hantverkare specialiserade på bland annat guldsmide, broderi, tapetvävning och måleri. En viktig grupp av hantverkare var pärlstickarna, som var specialiserade på att utföra de dyrbara broderierna. Stora europeiska huvudstäder som Lon-don och Paris hade under 1500-talet ett omfattande utbud av dyrbara Artikeln har granskats av två externa lektörer enligt modellen double blind peer review.

Мирон Капраль. Люди корпорації: Львівський шев­ ський цех у XVII—XVIII ст. / Львівське відділення ІУАД ім. М. С. Грушевського НАН України.— Львів, 2012.— 552 с. + 16 іл.— (Львівські історичні праці. Дослідження. Вип. 5) В історії ремесел та міських корпорацій шевська спільнота як люд " сірий", посполитий не надто привертала увагу дослідників, які віддавали перевагу або ба­ гатим та впливовим професійним групам міського населення, або ремісникам, що були дотичні до мистецьких виробів. Як зазначає М. Капраль, " не тільки шевське, але й загалом усе львівське ремесло цікавило вчених лише з погляду економіч­ них процесів, а також визначних культурних досягнень" (С. 15). Однак дослідника зацікавили шевці як найчисельніший у місті цех, а також як унікальний приклад " товариського співіснування двох найчисленніших етнокультурних громад: като­ ликів (поляків) та православних (згодом — унійних) українців" (С. 17). При дослідженні епохи раннього Нового часу історики значною мірою зале­ жать від можливостей джерельної бази. Стосовно шевської корпорації велике значення має збереженість цехових книг 60-х рр. XVII — 30-х рр. XVIII ст., які дають можливість ретельно вивчити життєвий цикл пересічного шевця чи внут­ рішні питання ремесла. Водночас автор монографії зазначив, що " немає жодних згадок про щоденну роботу в майстерні, про інструменти, асортимент взуття, обсяг продукції. Не зафіксовано майже й свідчень про техніку ремесла, особисті стосунки, цехові звичаї, інтер'єр помешкань, харчування, святкування тощо. Ді­ знатися більше про щоденне, сімейне та соціальне життя львівських ремісників перешкоджає й відсутність будь-яких наративних джерел — щоденників, родин­ них хронік, записників" (С. 18). Однак використання чималого джерельного матеріалу дало змогу масштабно проаналізувати життя шевського цеху, подати детальну статистичну канву. Ви­ користання М. Капралем фінансових та метричних книг дозволило предметніше вивчити структуру сім'ї львівських шевців, з 'ясувати їхнє економічне становище, демографію та соціотопографію. Попри те, що статистичний ухил, популярний у довоєнному позитивізмі з його культом фактів і під час чергового витка кванти-фікації у 60—80-х рр. XX ст., нині начебто відійшов у минуле, все ж можемо ствердити, що ретельні кількісні підрахунки досі залишаються актуальними. Ста­ тистичні обчислення звичайно не варто ідеалізувати — часто вони мають значні погрішності, спричинені недосконалістю джерел. Однак суха, але досить об'єктивна мова цифр у руках досвідченого дослідника може перетворитися на промовисту картину життя епохи. Часто саме пильна увага історика до кількісних показників неодноразово дає можливість провести межу між ретельним і якісно виконаним історичним дослідженням та поверховою есеїстикою на історичну тематику.

Fashion is the definitive guide to the evolution of costume and style. Tracing 3,000 years from the early draped fabrics of ancient times to today's catwalk sensations, this is your own personal fashion show through history.

Breathtaking in its scope, Fashion is packed with over 1,500 costumes from around the globe and lavishly illustrated with a mix of original fashion plates, archive images and commissioned photography. Plus features on famous trend-setters, fashion icons and designers from Jackie Onassis to Alexander McQueen bring the world of fashion to life.

Fashion is guaranteed to add style to your bookshelf; with its luxurious textured jacket, it's the season's must-have for anyone with a passion for fashion.

Trust and credibility are key factors in any form of transaction, yet their influence on the Tibetan economy has rarely been acknowledged. Even less consideration has been given to the role played by Tibetan Buddhism and its institutions in the promotion and consolidation of inter- and intra-group trust among different sectors of the indigenous social fabric. The present contribution aims to further our understanding of the economic benefits of ritual participation by examining the emergence of Khams pa trading families in 20th-century Tibet and the mutually advantageous dynamics they developed with Central Tibetan monasteries. Sponsorship, donations, and active involvement in religious activities fostered trust and credibility, thus smoothing the assimilation of the wealthy Eastern Tibetans into the upper strata of dBus-gTsang society. Whereas ritual performance signalled group commitment and expedited the integration of Khams pa trading firms into the urban environment of Central Tibet, the trustworthiness of their members, often employed by monastic establishments and incarnates as personal trade agents (tshong dpon), much relied on the internal structures of such clan-like families, based, as they were, on principles of reciprocal obligations. Scholarship on the socio-economic rise and political influence of Khams pa trading firms abounds, yet no study has to date considered a commonly shared non-sectarian (ris med) attitude as a possible contributory cause to their success. The final section of the present article advances the working hypothesis that such a non-sectarian attitude acted as trade facilitator, allowing Eastern Tibetan traders to profitably dominate economic niches that required considerable trust and credibility.

El Centro de Historia Argentina y Americana (CHAyA) de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, invita a toda la comunidad académica al Ciclo de Lecturas en Diálogo, un espacio de discusión y debate, para socializar la producción escrita y los trabajos en proceso de becarios e investigadores vinculados al Centro. El evento será comentado por el Lic. Gastón García y estará coordinado por el Dr. Julián Carrera y el Dr. Juan Pablo Bubello.

Sébastien Le Clerc (1637–1714) was the most renowned engraver of Louis XIV's France. For the history of scientific publishing, however, Le Clerc represents a telling paradox. Even though he followed a traditional route based on classic artisanal training, he also published extensively on scientific topics such as cosmology and mathematics. While contemporary scholarship usually stresses the importance of artisanal writing as a direct expression of artisanal experience and know-how, Le Clerc's publications, and specifically the work on cosmology in his Système du monde (1706–1708), go far beyond this. By reconstructing the debate between Le Clerc and the professor Mallemant de Messange on the authorship of this ‘system of the world’, this article argues that Le Clerc's involvement in publishing ventures shaped his identity both as an artisan and as a scientific author. Whereas the Scientific Revolution supposedly heralded a change from the world of ‘more or less’ to the ‘world of precision’, this article shows how an artisan could be more ‘precise’ than the learned scholar whose claims he disputed, and points to the importance of the literary field as a useful lens for observing the careers of early modern scientific practitioners.

Esta comunicación pretende plantear un acercamiento historiográfico a un fenómeno social y antropológico que definió la Península Ibérica durante la Edad Moderna: el grupo de los judeoconversos y criptojudíos desempeñó un papel muy significativo en la sociedad peninsular. Su devenir, su proceso de supervivencia e integración ha sido sin duda muy estudiado desde las últimas décadas, principalmente en estudios inquisitoriales y algo generalistas y desde un punto de vista mercantil y financiero; en clara descompensación en calidad y cantidad frente a otros grupos socio-económicos que fueron especialmente relevantes en el mundo urbano. Por su parte, la historiografía sobre los artesanos hasta el momento ha estado muy concentrada en el aspecto económico e institucional y más centrada en el siglo XVIII.

In 1688, the Bernese merchant Jean Felice filed for bankruptcy.  Amongst his possessions, he listed an indienne night shirt with a brown flower print (valued at three talers) and several cotton handkerchiefs.  Jean Felice was not unique.  During the course of the long eighteenth century, thousands of Bernese filed for bankruptcy, at which point the city court created an inventory, listing their outstanding debts and credits.

Using Felice and others as a departure point, this paper discusses some of the initial findings of our project, “Textiles and material culture in transition: consumption, cultural innovation and global interaction.”  Since the sixteenth century, the increasing import of Indian cotton textiles affected fundamental changes in Europe’s material and consumer culture, textile industry, and global trade.  Europeans were not only fascinated by the qualities of Indian printed cottons, they also learned to imitate, adapt, and, finally, to produce their own domestically printed cottons. While these developments have been investigated thoroughly for the British context, Switzerland’s place within this narrative remains to be assessed.   

As existing research has demonstrated, inventories are central sources for studying textiles, trade, and consumption.  Typically, most inventories were created at marriage or death, restricting the analysis to only two, albeit distinct and important, phases of life.  With bankruptcy inventories, we are able to track changes in the use, possession and trade of cottons, calicoes and other textiles at many different life phases. 

Based on a serial run of these bankruptcy inventories from 1646-1797, our talk probes these sources to see what they can reveal about economic and sartorial change in eighteenth-century Bern.  With this paper, we will present some of our initial findings and outline the future parameters of our project.

This chapter provides two answers to the question: "What do households do?" First, their members participate in craft activities and second, the social composition of these craft households evolves and changes through time.  One type of craft activity that households practice is pottery making, but what happens to potters' households through time? How do they change? To answer these questions, I trace the changes in the composition and location of potters' households in Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico, between 1965 and 1997. By describing these changes, I hope to provide some insight into the processes that affect the organization of potters' households through time, and how those processes might be applicable to the study of ancient households.

(This is a distillation and early version of pp. 31-91 in the author's "Social Change and the Evolution of Pottery Production and Distribution in a Maya Community" 2008, University Press of Colorado. See detail in "Books" above. Furthermore, a narrative account of these changes by type of production unit (Brumfiel and Earl's typology) and changes in extended family of potters through time along with changes in physical layout, and why is provided in another book: The Evolution of Ceramic Production Organization in a Maya Community (University Press of Colorado, 2015).