Design of Tall Buildings

This  Steel Technical Information and Product Services (Steel TIPS) report focuses on providing information to steel fabricators, detailers and structural engineers on detailing gusset plates in special concentrically braced frames. Current seismic design requirements (AISC, 2005c) for Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBFs) permit braces,  that buckle out of plane of the gusset, to be designed as having pinned ends if a detail can be provided that allows for the expected end rotation from brace buckling. Tests by Astaneh-Asl, Goel and Hanson (1982) using hinge zone length of zero, t, 2t, and 4t showed that the length of 2t  is sufficient to accommodate the expected cyclic rotation of end of the bracing member as it undergoes cyclic buckling. The specimens with hinge zone length of less than 2t did not perform in a sufficiently ductile manner to be qualified for use in Special Concentrically Braced Frames.  Satisfying this requirement in design office or fabricating shop can be an iterative and sometimes a time-consuming process.  The main goal of this report is to provide assistance in this regard by presenting simple and closed-form equations that can be used in detailing the gusset plate without a need for iterations.  In addition, a number of suggested ”Preferred Details” of gusset plates for Special Concentrically Braced Frames are provided  that can assist design professionals as well as steel fabricators and erectors in proper and economical detailing of the gusset plate for Special Concentrically Braced Frames.

"It's a critique that manages to mention Pamela Anderson, Brad Pitt and Rem Koolhaas. Estimated reading time: seven minutes."
-  SimCity Dubai - Designing Ottawa Blog (Ottawa Citizen)

Dubai tries to outdo the biggest and the best in the world. It is an amazing display of urban eye candy. But there is a dark side as well.

As a student of architecture, I took a break from my studies in India to work in a furniture factory in Sharjah 1976-1978. I returned to Dubai as an architect in 1988 and again in 2008 , being commissioned to write on Dubai for this edition on Future Cities.

(The essay was written in July 2008 and submitted for publication early Augus. Only in 2009 did the international press catch on, after Dubai’s boom was over. Burj Dubai opened in 2010, renamed Burj Khalifa after its lender who had bailed out Dubai).

One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight sa...

The purpose of this research is to investigate the wind flow pattern and pressure distributions on the re-entrant wing facades of an irregular L-cross sectional shape model over the range of wind incidence angles. Computational simulation with ANSYS (CFX) solver has been used for the study on model of the building of cross-sectional area 300m2 and height 50m at a length scale of 1:100. ANSYS (CFX) is a finite element modelling CFD program of pressure-based solver technology suitable for low Mach No. (Ma) fluid flow. Homogeneous flow of steady wind with gustiness of 5% turbulence in boundary layer of atmosphere is taken for the study. Investigation has been conducted for a range of wind angle of attack from 0° to 180° @ 15° interval. The findings were confirmed by examining similar wind flow on a rectangular model of same cross-sectional area and height under same boundary conditions as applied to L shape model. The results were compared with the values given in various international wind design codes/standards. For a better understanding of the flow characteristics around the L shape model in terms of flow stagnation, flow separation, creation of wakes & vortices and reattachment of flow; illustrations of flow patterns around the model for certain specific wind incidence angles are presented. On the basis of study of surface pressure generated on the model envelope, coefficient of pressure on the re-entrant corner faces has been discussed. The pressure on these wing faces has been found critical between 75° & 180° wind incident angles.

En la actualidad, las empresas sen grandes medianas o pequeñas buscan ser más competitivas en todos los aspectos, desde la calidad del producto hasta el crear un buen ambiente laboral competitivo de los negocios para el desempeño productivo y eficaz del personal que trabaja, la Administración de Recursos Humanos como la implementación de estrategias, planes y programas requeridos para atraer, motivar, desarrollar, recompensar y retener a los mejores candidatos para alcanzar las metas organizacionales y los objetivos operacionales. ya que de ellos depende el éxito o fracaso de la empresa. Para esto, se debe contar con departamentos, estructuras, tecnologías, los recursos financieros y materiales son aspecto físicos e inertes que requieren ser administrados, el área de Recursos Humanos, quien se encarga, entre muchas otras cosas, de reclutar al personal que labora de manera inteligente que conforman la organización. https://cucjonline.com/biblioteca/files/original/f37a438c7c5cd9b3e4cd837c3168cbc6.pdf la Administración de Recursos Humanos es uno de los más importantes por todas las responsabilidades y sus obligaciones son diversas, La ARH es un área indisciplinara incluye organizacional ^ional^^^ entre las que se puede encontrar el planear los requisitos para el personal, reclutar a los mejores candidatos, seleccionar nuevos empleados, orientarlos, capacitarlos, atender su seguridad y salud, retener el personal, entre muchos otros. No se puede hablar de un buen funcionamiento o servicio cuando no se tiene a las personas correctas ni capacitadas para desempeñar su función, la implementación de estrategias, planes y programas requeridos para atraer, motivar, desarrollar, recompensar y retener a los mejores candidatos para alcanzar las metas

Chapter excerpted from Vertical City: A Solution For Sustainable Living by Kellogg Wong, FAIA & Kenneth King, AIA with others. Section Three - Sustainability - Maria Sevely. Discusses current practice regarding sustainable architectural design, construction, and planning, especially in New York City. Added historical context to better understand sustainability as a concept that has been with us in the past, now given a new name and more structured approach.

The Future of the Skyscraper is a collection of essays, edited by SOM architects, of people outside or obliquely related to the profession of architecture to think and reflect on skyscraper design.
This approach is appealing, since the consequences of building skyscrapers with respect to their ecological, material and energy footprints are so large that the decision of their construction ought to be a larger societal question and a shared, public responsibility. In the most positive scenario this building type can help to solve problems of an increasingly urbanised and overcrowded planet: they can make cities denser, function as carbon sinks, generate energy and be used for rainwater retention and urban agriculture. If their explosive, and largely unregulated, growth is left unchecked, however, they will continue to be used to reinforce inequality and class divisions by creating privatised, heavily secured havens for the few, will continue to deplete resources, will create micro climates and heat islands, and last, but not least, will remain a massive contributor to CO2 emissions and thus speed up the process of climate change.

Construction progress monitoring has been perceived as one of the key factors that prompt the achievement of a construction project. However, assessing the progress is time consuming, costly and obliges specialized personnel to reduce disagreements and approximate the actual performance to the original plan as close as possible. Image processing is a promising method that has been developed for automated monitoring of construction projects. It has attracted increasing attention for progress monitoring, quality assurance and work space analyses. Nonetheless, remarkable drawbacks still remain in image processing, particularly for outdoor environment such as construction progress monitoring. The principle downside of image processing goes back to the image resolution. Ambient lightning condition significantly affects the image quality which does affect the accuracy of data, extracted from related images. Much research strives to reduce the level of errors for data extraction but so far none has been able to deliver complete satisfactory and reliable result. In this research a novel approach based on thermal image analysis is presented. The new method consists of three phases: First, collecting the thermal and original images by utilizing Infrared-Camera. Second, estimating the position of captured images by the use of wireless sensor network implemented in the work space. Finally, the 3D plan will be updated automatically in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) software. The preliminary experimental results from an actual concrete building construction site show the feasibility of inferring the actual state of progress by the use of thermal images to overcome the limitation of vision monitoring. 

AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS MONITORING USING THERMAL IMAGES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275024236_AUTOMATED_CONSTRUCTION_PROGRESS_MONITORING_USING_THERMAL_IMAGES_AND_WIRELESS_SENSOR_NETWORKS#share [accessed Sep 11, 2015].

This paper presents a framework for evaluating the equivalent static wind load and a new description of the loading based on the gust loading envelope/peak dynamic loading is presented. The gust response factors and the equivalent static wind loads for various along wind response components at different shapes of building are discussed in detail.

Offering guidance on how to use code-based procedures while at the same time providing an understanding of why provisions are necessary, Tall Building Design: Steel, Concrete, and Composite Systems methodically explores the structural behavior of steel, concrete, and composite members and systems. This text establishes the notion that design is a creative process, and not just an execution of framing proposals. It cultivates imaginative approaches by presenting examples specifically related to essential building codes and standards. Tying together precision and accuracy--it also bridges the gap between two design approaches--one based on initiative skill and the other based on computer skill.

The book explains loads and load combinations typically used in building design, explores methods for determining design wind loads using the provisions of ASCE 7-10, and examines wind tunnel procedures. It defines conceptual seismic design, as the avoidance or minimization of problems created by the effects of seismic excitation. It introduces the concept of performance-based design (PBD). It also addresses serviceability considerations, prediction of tall building motions, damping devices, seismic isolation, blast-resistant design, and progressive collapse. The final chapters explain gravity and lateral systems for steel, concrete, and composite buildings.

The Book Also Considers:

Preliminary analysis and design techniques
The structural rehabilitation of seismically vulnerable steel and concrete buildings
Design differences between code-sponsored approaches
The concept of ductility trade-off for strength
Tall Building Design: Steel, Concrete, and Composite Systems is a structural design guide and reference for practicing engineers and educators, as well as recent graduates entering the structural engineering profession. This text examines all major concrete, steel, and composite building systems, and uses the most up-to-date building codes.

The research examines the conflict between heritage and development in the context of a UNESCO World Heritage site (WHS). Post-industrial cities frequently try to reinvent themselves with a new city image. However, historical assets such as listed buildings or conservation areas can seemingly restrict development. At Liverpool Waters this conflict has reached a climax with UNESCO threatening to remove Liverpool's status as a WHS. This research investigates the proposed image, why it is problematic for UNESCO and what development is possible in the context of heritage. A visual analysis of Liverpool Waters identifies a hegemonic motif symbolising economic prosperity apparent in the design and highlights how its presentation can exacerbate concerns of heritage professionals. Interviews with office tenants suggest that the exterior design of the building is of low importance and therefore this motif's significance lies elsewhere. Finally, interviews with heritage professionals indicate that the design, especially the building height, is not responsive to the context nor sympathetic to the heritage. Heritage professionals explain that development is possible amongst heritage if it is sympathetic in design. The dissertation recommends an independent design review panel be established in Liverpool to audit new developments and ensure they fit well into their surroundings. Specific to Liverpool Waters it recommends that the developers forego the full realisation of the motif and scale back the design to meet UNESCO's restrictions. Overall, this publication contributes to current heritage management research by clarifying how development is acceptable in a heritage context particularly in relation to tall buildings.

This article paper is one of the “Most Read” in the LinkedIn Publishing platform, which has been made and provides a course background based on hands-on experiences with the requirement of Fire System Design and Analysis as part of the building built design and construction involving any facilities, which is an environmental design process and management from start to finish methodology. An introduction that will give a glimpse concerning the Fire System design within the building construction based on the client requirement and purpose of the development that explains and discuss the critical phases, elements, usage, and functions of every detail of the project. Moreover, this article talked about fire scenario that was happened in the Europe region within the two high rise building aspects due to the negligence of concerned parties and developer that caused residents fatalities and accidents drastically.
This article is an excerpt topic and edited from "Fire System Design and Analysis" approved AIUs Master Subject Curriculum Course of a research thesis submitted to the Atlantic International University School of Science and Engineering (AIU SCE USA) with a Grade of 4.00 ("A+") earned the Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 2010-2012 with 3.78 GPA. However, this thesis write-up is one of the sources in the Thesis Dissertation from PUP (Polytechnic University of the Philippines) Master of Science in Construction Management (MSCM). Also, a theoretical background of Ph.D. Course Thesis, “Building Fire Protection and Safety Engineering,” from the AIU SCE USA with an excellent marked “A+” (4.00) grade earned for this doctoral course subject, 2016-18 – Ph.D.in Building and Construction Engineering.

A tall building (skyscraper) is habitable multi-story building, where lateral loads govern its design, i.e. wind load, seismic load. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) ranks the height of buildings by three methods: (1) Height of  architectural top of the building (2) To highest occupied floor (3) To tip of spire/antenna. For tall buildings wind-induced response consists of three components (Yigit et al, 2010): static component
due to mean wind force, quasi-static caused by low frequency wind force fluctuation and resonant component caused by low wind force fluctuation near the structure’s first mode natural frequency (Tamura, 2003). This assignment presents the wind static loads and predicts the relative force and moment per floor according ASCE 7-02 for 42 story building.

The construction industry is witnessing a rapid rise in tall building projects due to an anticipated urban population explosion. However, this building typology has been subject to time overruns and total abandonment due to an underestimation of the project duration. Consequently, this paper presents the development of a model to predict the construction duration of tall building projects. In developing the model, a suite of machine learning algorithms was adopted including Multi-Linear Regression Analysis (MLRA), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Ensemble Methods. Thus, twelve models were developed in the process, and the most efficient model was selected. The procedure described in this study presents researchers and practitioners with a strategy to enhance the time performance of tall building projects through the adoption of modern digital technologies such as machine learning. The proposed model was based on an ensemble method using ANN as the combiner, with a Correlation Coefficient (R 2) of 0.69, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 301.72, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 18%.

Architecture is a physical and technical science, however it is also a social science as well. From this point of view, in this study the development of high-rise residential buildings that are presumably typology of the future built environment, are evaluated in the sense of sociologic, technologic and economic context. Depending on the environmental, social and psychological issues, advantages and disadvantages of high-rise residential buildings are discussed and recommendations for a sustainable environment are put forward.

This presentation is for young graduate Engineers and Students with fundamental knowledge of Structural steel design. It provides technical information of the various connections usually found in structural building frame.

Design of Simple connections is the main objective of the
technical session. The Code of practice for design is BS 5950 – 1 – 2000. The presenter discusses about the design of an End Plate connection for a Column to beam connection transmitting a factored shear of 500kN.

Also the presenter will discuss on the use of weld notation on drawing to convey design intent for connection joined by welding using ISO standard.

Recommended size of end plates and fin plates is given for design of Beam to Beam, Column to Beam connections. Also, recommendation is giving for the spacing of bolts on End plates and Fin plates and the recommended End/Edge distance.

I also gave recommended text, where you see other design examples for other type connections.

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Automatic building code check using building information modelling is an emerging field of study. BIM has progressive implications in the building design and construction industry. Building design and construction industry is in the process of accommodating BIM technologies. Limited and controlled building design and construction projects proved that BIM applications are capable of checking building codes automatically. Interpretation of linguistic building codes into logical verifiable digital codes remains a significant challenge in the development of automatic code checking BIM applications. Regulatory authority manages code compliance check of building design and construction. Automatic code check using building information modelling applications to achieve maximum benefit of code compliance building construction is the research interest. A hypothesis of improved BIM skills and knowledge of automatic code checking building information modelling applications to wrench maximum benefits out of code compliance check is generated to answer the research question. A cyclic process of alteration and modification to hypothesis to filter out research findings is implemented. Mixed methods of holistic and qualitative research data collection approach have been utilized. Informative data are collected from published literature on Building information applications, building design processes, code checking process and automatic code check. These collected data are synthesized and evaluated to formulate results and answers against the hypothetical answer. Suitable design stage to use automatic code check BIM applications in the design process is given investigative measures. Building design processes varies significantly at an individual level to achieve desired creative outcome. Practice of building design and construction requires moderately standard processes for collaboration and coordination between professional consultants. Desired design phase in which automatic code checking BIM applications will be used in the design cycle is synthesized out of BIM standard. The research formulates a conceptual guideline to use automatic code checking BIM applications simultaneously in the design cycle of building construction.

High-rises are becoming one of the most demanded building typology worldwide. The source of this intense interest can be listed as growing population in city centers, high land prizes and countries’ desire to show economic and technologic status. However, it is a common knowledge that the first step of constructing a high-rise is to achieve structural stability. Home Insurance Building (1885) which is accepted as the first high-rise building, has cast iron and wrought iron columns, wrought iron beams and girders, and thick masonry walls which provide lateral resistance to wind loads. In 1899, Park Row Building reached 30 stories in New York. In 1903, the first concrete high-rise, 15 story Ingalls Building was constructed.
Through the 19th Century, various building materials as concrete, steel and structural capacities of these materials were developed. By the 1910’s steel work started to encase in concrete to provide fire resistance. And also concepts of prestressing, using high-tensile steel become available in 1920’s.
In the first half of the 20th Century many iconic buildings constructed with steel rigid frames with wind bracings as Wool Worth Building with 57 stories (1913), Chrysler building with 77 stories (1930) and Empire State Building with 102 stories (1931). On the other hand, it is observable that the increase in the heights of the buildings carried out without any important structural development and drawn on excessive material use. In other words, these building structures was designed ignoring structural efficiency.
In 1963, Kahn introduced tube systems by his DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment design with 43 stories. In 1969, he put forward a classification for concrete and steel skeletons concerning efficiency of structural systems. And, this accelerate the seeking of efficient structural systems. Tube, core outrigger and diagrid systems were started to develop accordingly. Second half of the 20th Century witnessed construction of numerous high-rises with core-outrigger systems, diagrid systems and mega frames. Today, in the 21th Century, architects and engineers are designing unique structural systems for unique buildings. Indeed, in some cases unique software programs are designing for construction of a single high-rise as 30 St Mary Axe building. Today, the highest high-rise of the world, Burj Khalifa (2010), has a height of 828 meters with 163 stories.
With a retrospective view, from Home Insurance Building (1885) to Burj Khalifa (2010), this paper reviews the evolution of high-rises and gives a brief explanation about structural systems by a number of high-rise building case studies.

The author presents a methodology for the design of diagrid structures based upon the systematic analysis of major buildings constructed from 2004 to the present as documented in her recent book “Diagrid Structures: Systems, Connections, Details” published by Birkhäuser in 2014. The design of diagrid towers will be demonstrated as based upon primary choices in module size, member type, node design, function of the core and the desired expression in the façade system. These translate into additional concerns of constructability and customized fabrication. Fire control systems will impact the ability to architecturally expose or conceal the steel, leading to detailing decisions.

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This Steel Technical Information and Product Services (Steel TIPS) report provides information and technologies that can be used to protect steel building structures against progressive collapse in the event of removal of a column.  Chapter 1 provides general information on progressive collapse of steel building structures.  Chapter 2 provides information on progressive collapse behavior of steel frames with shear connections. Design guidelines are provided, and a numerical example demonstrates application of the guideline. Chapter 3 discusses the tests performed on the exterior frame of a full-size test structure where the beam-to-column connections were bolted seat angles with an additional bolted single angle connecting the web of the girders to the columns.  The tests consisted of removing the middle column of the exterior frame and pushing the joint at the top of the removed column down 19, 24, and 35 inches to measure the strength, stiffness, and ductility of the structure as well as the connections.  The steel frame with shear connections showed considerable resistance to progressive collapse after removal of a column. This was primarily due to the development of catenary force in the beams that were connected to the top of the removed column and to a lesser extent to membrane (catenary) action of the steel deck of the floors adjacent to the area of collapse.  Chapter 4 discusses the research project conducted to investigate the use of steel cables to prevent progressive collapse of new steel building structures and develop design recommendations. The tests showed that the use of cables  would increase progressive collapse resistance of  the steel structures significantly.  Chapter 5 focuses on the results of progressive collapse tests done on the exterior frame of the test structure where the beam-to-column connections were typical shear tab (single plate) shear connections.  The tests were repeated adding steel cables to the structure to investigate the feasibility of using steel cables as a retrofit measure to prevent progressive collapse of the existing steel building structures with only shear connections. These tests found that the specimen with shear- tab connections alone (without the cables) had considerable strength after removal of the column and was able to resist design gravity loads primarily because of the catenary tension force developed in the girders that were connected to the removed column as well as due to the additional catenary (membrane) force developed in the steel deck of the floor. The addition of the cable, as a retrofit measure, was also very efficient in adding strength to the progressive collapse resistance of the existing structure.

This Steel Technical Information and Product Services (Steel TIPS) report provide information on blast resistance and protection of steel and composite building structures against an intentional or accidental explosion occurring close to the building.  Chapter 1 gives a background on the issues of blast-resistance and blast protection and introduces the reader to the current status of this important and rapidly developing field. Chapter 2 discusses the  blast effects on humans and structures and provides a summary of blast loads used in blast resistant design. Chapter 3 provides information on material properties of steel and concrete under a high strain rate of the blast. Chapter 4 focuses on the discussion of the performance of specific steel and composite members and connections with an emphasis on the primary members such as beams, columns, and floors as well as the connections directly subjected to blast pressures. The non-structural elements are not part of this report. In addition, Chapter 4 provides some suggestions on how to improve the detailing of steel and composite members to attain better performance under blast loads. There is a bibliography listing for further reading.

This document presents information on behavior and design of steel double-angle and tee shear connections. In these connections, a tee section or two angles are welded or bolted to the web of a beam and to the supporting member. The main role of a tee or of double angles in these connections is to transfer shear force from the end of the beam to its support. Chapter 1 provides a brief summary of the behavior of shear connections under gravity and seismic effects. Chapters 2 and 3 provide updated summaries of behavior and design procedures for double-angle and tee connections, respectively. The report includes Notations and a list of References.

In building design, an outrigger denotes a rigid horizontal structural element used to improve strength and resistance to overturning. Because they don’t require closely spaced perimeter columns and spandrel beams, outrigger-braced systems have replaced the framed tube as the premier lateral system in tall buildings (Choi, 2012). These outriggers, comprised of multiple story deep trusses or girders, connect a building’s lateral-load resisting core to perimeter columns to prevent free cantilever rotation (Taranath, 1998). Outriggers can connect to perimeter columns on mechanical floors, saving the structural system from intruding on rentable floor space. An outrigger-braced building has less story drift and will have 30 to 40 percent less overturning moment in the core when compared to a free cantilever (Lame, 2008). In the case of supertall towers with mega columns designed for drift control, the reduction in core overturning can be up to 60 percent (Choi, 2012). Outriggers are an efficient structural solution that dramatically increases architectural possibilities. However, their use ushers in new space-planning complications and structural challenges associated with differential shortening between core and perimeter column members (Nair, 1998). This paper will highlight the benefits, challenges, and solutions associated with outrigger-braced systems in tall buildings.

One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a
narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid
configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.

Efficient vertical mobility is a critical component of tall building development and construction. This paper investigates recent advances in elevator technology and examines their impact on tall building development. It maps out, organizes, and collates complex and scattered information on multiple aspects of elevator design, and presents them in an accessible and non-technical discourse. Importantly, the paper contextualizes recent technological innovations by examining their implementations in recent major projects including One World Trade Center in New York; Shanghai Tower in Shanghai; Burj Khalifa in Dubai; Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and the green retrofit project of the Empire State Building in New York. Further, the paper discusses future vertical transportation models including a vertical subway concept, a space lift, and electromagnetic levitation technology. As these new technological advancements in elevator design empower architects to create new forms and shapes of large-scale, mixed-use developments, this paper concludes by highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research in incorporating elevators in skyscrapers.

The symbolic value of a tall building is very powerful in an urban landscape. The approach to designing evolutionary tall buildings is an open subject of professional debate, and the role of the architect is very important, from the point of view of form generation. Today, an interesting approach in contemporary tall building design is the twisting forms and facades, which are employed as a reaction to the boxed forms of the recent and the past. A very popular example is the Turning Torso in Sweden, designed by Santiago Calatrava. Many other tall buildings with twisting forms are designed and constructed worldwide. Twisting facades of a tall building perform various surface effects reflecting, refracting and distorting views of the city. However architecturally, structurally and aesthetically, it is a complicated task to develop a twisting form for tall buildings due to the interrelationship of a huge number of building components. The objective of this paper is to explain the morphological scheme and geometrical properties of twisting forms in a systematical approach, and to discuss the difficulties of designation and construction, such as selecting the supporting structure and detailing the façade system. A number of case studies are also presented in the paper.

This article paper has been made and published at the LinkedIn Publishing as one of the “Most Read Article” as well as in the Academia Publishing platform. However, I intend to re-publish in the ReseachGate Publishing Network that has been edited which will give and provide a course background based on hands-on experiences with the requirement of Fire Protection and Safety Engineering in the building built construction involving any facilities. It is also an environmental process and management from start to finish methodology at the design stage to the construction and building operation, whereas discussed the economic analysis of the fire sprinkler system in a high-rise building facility.
Moreover, this article paper is an excerpt information in the course subject from my "Fire System Design and Analysis" approved AIUs Master Subject Curriculum Course and used as references of my Thesis Dissertation for my application to be a Licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer (PME) includes Oral Defense with a grade of "Distinction" given by the Philippines Professional Regulation Commission Board of Mechanical Engineering in 2010. And this has been modified, evaluated and edited in my research thesis in align with the subject course submitted to the Atlantic International University (AIU USA) with a Grade of 4.00 ("A"), and graduated with Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (MSc-Honour) in 2012 with 3.78 US GPA. However, this thesis write-up was one of the sources in my Thesis Dissertation with my PUP (Polytechnic University of the Philippines) Master of Science in Construction Management (MSCM) studies.

In mining operations carried out below the water table, mine area could potentially affect the surrounding. With further deepening of the mine and quarry, the drawdown can impact on water supply wells and base flow. The variation in radius of influence under confined and unconfined aquifer condition is assessed using a hypothetical case study with three operational quarry sites. Average pit-wise radius of influence (R0) for the pit mine, under unconfined and confined aquifer conditions is 963 m and 61 km, respectively, whereas effective radius (Re) for total (cumulative) excavated mine area is 1.7 and 146 km, respectively. It means that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the unconfined aquifer lies in-between 963 m and 1.7 km. Similarly that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the confined aquifer lies in-between 61 and 146 km. Meanwhile, Re or effective radius for total (cumulative) excavated area seems more appropriate from evaluation viewpoint due to the overlapping (superposition) concentric mining quarries. Thus, assessment of quarry-wise and total radius of influence is of importance to fulfil targeted production, economically with minimum interruptions as part of the mine planning. Moreover, it helps us to assess, monitor and regulate the impact of a mine-dewatering program in the area. Also, the pumping test is often used to estimate radius of influence; it can trigger the inflow or radius of influence. Estimate of the radius of influence using analytical equation mainly independent of discharge/abstraction from the aquifer stands as a preferred choice for the prediction of radius of influence at the quarry/mine pit. There is a strong rationale that policies should be informed by such analytical assessment because it helps us to prevent or minimize negative impacts as part of regulation and pit-mining management and are useful tools for practitioners to design economically efficient and cost-effective in situ groundwater remediation systems, to contain contaminant plumes, to evaluate the surface–subsurface water interaction and to verify numerical models.

There is much architectural and engineering literature which discusses the virtues of exterior bracing and diagrid systems in regards to sustainability -two systems which generally reduce building materials, enhance structural performance, and decrease overall construction cost. By surveying past, present as well as possible future towers, this paper examines another attribute of these structural systems -the blend of structural functionality and aesthetics. Given the external nature of these structural systems, diagrids and exterior bracings can visually communicate the inherent structural logic of a building while also serving as a medium for artistic effect. Viewed in this light, the visual appeal of these systems can be enhanced to give a tower a more distinct urban identity. This entails the creation of structural elements that are aesthetically pleasing, geometrically coherent and that demonstrate dexterity of application in regards to a building's composition, while also respecting the laws of physics and mechanics. In this fashion, an artistic approach can promote structural systems as not just purely rational features that enable the construction of tall buildings, but as important visual components that afford opportunities for creative expression. This paper, therefore, synthesizes the concepts of structural performance and creative artistry to facilitate a better understanding of the aesthetic developments in skyscrapers worldwide.

PEER has just published Report No. 2017/06 titled: “Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings,” Version 2.03, prepared by a TBI Working Group led by co-chairs Ron Hamburger and Jack Moehle: Jack Baker, Jonathan Bray, C.B. Crouse, Greg Deierlein, John Hooper, Marshall Lew, Joe Maffei, Stephen Mahin, James Malley, Farzad Naeim, Jonathan Stewart, John Wallace.

In the time since the publication of the 2010 Guidelines, the profession has gained substantial experience in application of performance-based techniques to design buildings around the world, and, in particular, the western United States.

This second edition addresses lessons learned in application of the first edition on many projects and the conditions, knowledge, and state-of-practice that presently exist.

The turn of the last century saw a surge in the construction of high-rise buildings. The surge created a demand for performance-based approaches to enable construction using new framing systems rising to heights outside the range of building code prescriptive provisions. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) responded to this need by leading an initiative to develop design criteria that will ensure safe and usable tall buildings following future earthquakes. Download the primary product of this initiative: Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings.

Collectively known as the Tall Buildings Initiative, this project involves the Applied Technology Council, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council, California Seismic Safety Commission, San Francisco Department of Building Inspection, Southern California Earthquake Center, Structural Engineers Association of California, U.S. Geological Survey, PEER, and several practicing professionals.

Since the high-rise building in today's society, it is very important multi-dimensional and should be paid special attention to this important matter. Because these days we cannot found a place where there are not a tower or tall buildings. Especially, in the big and crowded city which is Tehran one of them. So with the rise in high-rise buildings, buildings should be designed and implemented in such a way that does not harm the urban landscape and on the other hand, the identity of the site and its context. Especially Iranian high background of architectural identity. In this study, I have tried to examine the coordinate of Tehran International Tower building in terms of the context and responding to the needs of the site and whether this building represents the architectural identity of Iran? According to the criteria of high-rise buildings in Iran and other parts of the world and according to the visual inspection, unfortunately, I should say that the building does not coordination with the site and its context and you cannot see Iranian identity in this building. Only an imitation of Western high-rise buildings. No matter the color, material, form consistent with the architectural identity of Iran.

Al-Madinah City is the second holiest city in the Muslim world. Millions of visitors densely populate the city center around the Grand AlHaram Mosque most of the year. The recent seismic activity experienced near Al-Madinah city in 2009 triggered researchers and engineers to examine and improve building safety and structural seismic resistance. Owing to the seismic activities of the region and the geological nature of Al-Madinah, which comprises volcanic basaltic rocks surrounding clay rich agriculture land, piled-raft foundation was the design choice for many buildings including the Grand Mosque first extension project. The supporting piles extend deep into the basaltic stratum up to 50 m in some locations.The behavior of the piled raft foundation under earthquake loading would influence the seismic performance of the supported structure. Based on observations during past seismic events, it was suggested that the lateral inertial force of the building is supported by frictional resistance beneath the raft as well as piles shaft resistance. Moreover, the raft could potentially experience excessive settlement. As a result, the ratio of the load carried by the raft to the total structural load could increase after the earthquake event. The case study presented in this paper investigates the seismic performance of the piled raft foundation of a selected building in the city center. The seismic response of the piled raft foundation is analyzed using three-dimensional finite element model employing the computer program Plaxis 3D. The foundation response during the earthquakes is investigated. The result has shown that the piled raft configuration has better lateral resistance to the seismic loading than the piled cap configuration. The results also has shown that reducing the piles length by 20% has increased the resistance to lateral shaking and reduced the horizontal response of the piled-raft foundation. ABSTRAIT La ville d'Al-Madinah est la deuxième ville la plus sainte du monde musulman. Des millions de visiteurs densément peuplent le centre-ville autour de la Grande mosquée (AlHaram) la plupart de l'année. L'activité sismique récente menée près de la ville d'Al-Madinah en 2009 a déclenché des chercheurs et des ingénieurs pour examiner et améliorer la sécurité des bâtiments et la résistance sismique structurale. En raison des activités sismiques de la région et de la nature géologique d'Al-Madinah, qui comprend des roches basaltiques volcaniques entourant une terre agricole riche en argile, la base de poteaux-radeaux a été choisie pour de nombreux bâtiments, y compris le projet de première extension de la Grande Mosquée. Les pieux de soutien s'étendent profondément dans la strate basaltique, jusqu'à 50 m dans certains endroits. Le comportement de la base de radeau empilée sous le chargement du tremblement de terre influencerait la performance sismique de la structure supportée. Sur la base des observations effectuées lors des événements sismiques passés, il a été suggéré que la force d'inertie latérale du bâtiment est soutenue par une résistance à la friction sous le radeau ainsi que la résistance de l'arbre des pieux. En outre, le radeau pourrait potentiellement avoir un règlement excessif. En conséquence, le rapport de la charge portée par le radeau à la charge structurelle totale pourrait augmenter après l'événement sismique. L'étude de cas présentée dans cet article étudie la performance sismique de la base de radeaux empilés d'un bâtiment sélectionné dans le centre-ville. La réponse sismique de la base de radeau empilée est analysée à l'aide d'un modèle à éléments finis tridimensionnels utilisant le programme informatique Plaxis 3D. La réponse de la fondation lors des tremblements de terre de conception est étudiée. Le résultat a montré que la configuration de radeau empilée a une meilleure résistance latérale au chargement sismique que la configuration de capuchon empilée.