Culture tourism

Purpose – The emergent paradigm of hospitality studies does not have a coherent philosophical foundation. In seeking to identify a philosophy of hospitality this paper explores Derrida’s contribution, along with other writers in philosophy and postcolonial theory, who are either writing in the field or have developed his works.
Design/methodology/approach – Derrida and others are often cited within the context of the emerging paradigm of hospitality studies. In order to examine and critically evaluate the possibility of the construct of a philosophy of the phenomenon of hospitality, the review of the philosophical concepts is set within three perspectives: individual moral philosophy; hospitality and the nation states, and hospitality and language.
Findings – Although examining the writings of Derrida and others provides an insight into the phenomenon of hospitality, a coherent philosophy of hospitality seems to be an enigma; possibly because hospitality is not a matter of objective knowledge.
Research limitations/implications – In order to inform the emergent paradigm of hospitality studies there needs to be a continuing multi-disciplinary study of hospitality; further inter and intra disciplinary research and investigation is required.
Originality/value – The paper illustrates that critical analysis is more important than the
unquestioning acceptance of the views of philosophical theorists.

Abstract
This paper originated from the fact that the tourist villages (11 villages that have SK. Bupati) in Badung not evenly distributed in the development of tourism in accordance with its potential. This study used a qualitative approach and FGD in obtaining the data, data analysis and data presentation techniques in qualitative descriptive.
The results showed that of the total tourist village in Badung, only two villages has been running activity tourist village, which is a tourist village in the hamlet Comedy, Turn Sidan Village, and in the Hamlet Kiadan, Plaga Village. Many of the problems faced by managers of tourist village of the Group of Tourism Awareness (Pokdarwis) in each village, like a weak understanding of the tourist village, the support of local governments that have not been integrated together stakeholders of tourism, finance, the potential of which has not been developed to the maximum, and the development of a tourist attraction without proper planning. Another important finding is confusion tourist village and tourist attraction, so at the application level tourist villages that already has a tourist attraction has been established, will be lifted name, but in real tourism activities are carried out precisely focused to a tourist attraction that exist in the village. So the tourist products offered by Pokdarwis, rarely touched even many tourist villages that do not have tourist products and attractions.
Keywords : planning, development, rural tourism

Abstract
This paper originated from the fact that the tourist villages (11 villages that have SK. Bupati) in Badung not evenly distributed in the development of tourism in accordance with its potential. This study used a qualitative approach and FGD in obtaining the data, data analysis and data presentation techniques in qualitative descriptive.
The results showed that of the total tourist village in Badung, only two villages has been running activity tourist village, which is a tourist village in the hamlet Comedy, Turn Sidan Village, and in the Hamlet Kiadan, Plaga Village. Many of the problems faced by managers of tourist village of the Group of Tourism Awareness (Pokdarwis) in each village, like a weak understanding of the tourist village, the support of local governments that have not been integrated together stakeholders of tourism, finance, the potential of which has not been developed to the maximum, and the development of a tourist attraction without proper planning. Another important finding is confusion tourist village and tourist attraction, so at the application level tourist villages that already has a tourist attraction has been established, will be lifted name, but in real tourism activities are carried out precisely focused to a tourist attraction that exist in the village. So the tourist products offered by Pokdarwis, rarely touched even many tourist villages that do not have tourist products and attractions.
Keywords : planning, development, rural tourism

Öz Süreç içerisinde işlevini yitiren tarihi yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilerek yaşatılması düşüncesi son yıllarda tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de uygulanmaktadır. Özellikle hızlı kentleşme sonucunda kent merkezlerinde bulunan sivil mimari örnekleri bu koruma anlayışı ile yeniden işlevlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Kastamonu kent merkezinde yeniden işlevlendirilen 15 sivil mimari örneği bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturur. Çalışmada birer turistik işletme olarak yeniden işlevlendirilen tarihi yapıların sürdürülebilirlik kapsamında sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik açılardan ne kadar başarılı olduğu araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca bu tarihi yapıların işlevlendirilmesinin sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik gerekliliğine vurgu yaparak çevreye adaptasyon, tarihi yaşatma ve varlığını sürdürebilme düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sorularını yanıtlayabilmek amacıyla Kastamonu kent merkezinde turistik işletme olarak işlevlendirilen 15 sivil mimari örneği yapının sahip, yönetici ve çalışanlarına yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile iki ayrı kategoride hazırlanmış ucu açık 4'er soru yöneltilmiştir. Veriler yüz-yüze yürütülen derinlemesine görüşme tekniği ile toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda yeniden işlevlendirilen tarihi yapıların çevreye ve çevredeki insanlara ilişkin adaptasyonunu sağladığı, tarihi yaşatmaya devam ettiği ve işletme olarak varlığını sürdürebilmek için gerekli ekonomik kazancı elde edebildiği saptanmıştır. Abstract The idea of survival by being refunctioned of historical structures that lost their functions in the process also have been applied in Turkey as it is being applied all around the world. Especially, the examples of civil architecture in the city centers have been started to re-function with this protection mentality as a result of rapid urbanization. 15 examples of civil architecture that were re-functioned in Kastamonu city center form the subject of this study. In the research, it has been investigated to understand how successful the historical structures that were refunctioned as a touristic business are in terms of sustainability socially, culturally and economically. Besides, it has been intended to identify adaptation to the environment, the survival degree of keeping alive the history by emphasizing to the socio-cultural and economic requirements of refunctioned those historical structures. 4 open-ended questions have been prepared in two different categories with the structured interview technique were asked to the owners, managers and labors of 15 examples of civil architecture touristic businesses in the Kastamonu city center for the purpose of being able to get answers of the research questions. The data have been collected by face-to-face in depth interview technique. The obtained data have been analyzed with content analysis method. As a result of the research, it has been determined that refunctioned historical structures provide adaptation to the environment and the people around, continue to keep alive the history and acquire the necessary economic gain in order to be able to survive as a business.

The number of nuclear families decreases depending changing demographical structure in the United States of America, in time. On the other hand the number of women without kids are increasing day by day. It creates a new tourism alternative known as PANKs. It stands for “Professional Aunts with No Kids”. In this study the relationship between aunts and nephews/nieces and its effects on tourism as a new alternative are researched. As a method 8 questions were asked to 22 participants via snowball sampling to determine relation levels between aunts and nephews/nieces. Travel tendencies were analyzed with 3 more questions. Content analyses was implicated. The results of the study it is seen that PANKs are willing to make good relationships with their nephews and nieces and do activities though they do not have the same attitudes on their trips to abroad. Besides they keep distance with the kids except for relatives and they are impartial to do recreational activities.
Key Words: Panks Tourism, New Trends, Alternative Tourism.

Özet İzmir kentinin her noktasında geçmişten günümüze hissedilen çok renkli kent kültürünün tanıklık mekânlarının başında Kemeraltı gelmektedir. Makale İzmir kent kimliği ve kültürünün önemli bir parçası olan Kemeraltı özelinde mimarlık, sanat, zanaat, moda, tekstil gibi tasarım alanların somut ve soyut değerlerini odağına alan bir tasarım kültürü haritalama pratiğini konu alır. Çalışma, konuya ilişkin güncel yazına katkıda bulunmanın yanı sıra, Kemeraltı'na odaklanan bu haritalama pratiğini, kültür turizminin ve kentsel turizmin önemli araçlarından kent kültürünün haritalanması çerçevesinden irdelemeyi amaçlanmaktadır. Yorumlayıcı (interpretive) bir araştırma yöntemiyle ele alınan çalışmanın kapsamı, turizm ve mimarlık alanlarındaki kültürel miras, koruma, sürdürülebilirlik tartışmalarından farklılaşarak, yeni kentsel-kültürel turizm faaliyetleri ve tasarım kültürünün haritalanması konularıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu kültürel haritalamanın Türkiye'de benzer kapsam ve nitelikteki alternatif haritalama pratiklerinin oluşturulması ve irdelenmesi için zemin oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kültür turizmi, kentsel-kültürel haritalama, kültür-tasarım yürüyüş rotaları, Kemeraltı, İzmir. Mapping the Culture of Izmir Kemeraltı Abstract Kemeraltı is one of the most important places of witnessing with multicolored urban culture that has been felt from past to present in every point of İzmir city. The article dwells on a cultural mapping practice that focuses on the tangible and intangible values of design areas such as architecture, art, craft, fashion and textile in the context of Kemeraltı, which is an important part of İzmir city identity and culture. In addition to a contribution to the current literature on this subject, it aims to scrutinize this mapping from within the framework of cultural mapping as an important tool of cultural tourism and urban tourism. Differing from the debates on cultural heritage, conservation, or sustainability in the realms of tourism and architecture, the scope of the discussion is limited to new urban cultural tourism practices and mapping of design culture, while it is elaborated through an interpretive research method. It is believed that this cultural mapping will provide a basis for investigating alternative mapping practices with similar scope and quality in Turkey.

Religious Tourism, visits of people to sacred places according to their own religious beliefs (pilgrimage) or visits to the places that has religious structures of their religion or other religions, is first in the lists among other tourism types when you think about cultural tourism in Turkey. As considered in this study Mardin and Şırnak with religious structures of several civilizations constitutes a quite significant attraction center to cultural and also religious tourism.
Assyrians who describes themselves as the first Christians and who speak Christ’s language, populates in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Middle East including Syria.  However they populate mainly in the Tur Abdin region of which the central place is Midyat, where is sacred to Assyrians. Tur Abdin is  a region in southeast Turkey incorporating central of Mardin and several county and villages of Mardin, Şırnak and Batman. In this study we focus on cultural (and religious) tourism potential of the religious structures of Assyrians in the provinces of Mardin and Şırnak

This study presents the results of a ten year monitoring programme on cultural and tourism development in the city of Sibiu. Over the ten year research period the programme expanded to cover a wide range of data sources, including resident and visitor surveys, stakeholder interviews and secondary statistical data. The research started at a fairly low level with studies of single events in the cultural agenda of Sibiu. The programme was significantly expanded in 2007 thanks to the staging of the European Capital of Culture in ...

The culture tourism represents a touristic form that attracts growing number of visitors recurrently. Especially those categories of tourists that have touristic needs and motifs to learn and find out something more about the culture and the cultural heritage of the destination they visit. If there is a possibility of performing additional creative activities included in the visit, then the value of the touristic destination also increases. The active tourism implies a need of rich cultural heritage for creating an attractive touristic offer, like the one Macedonia has at its disposal. Therefore, in this direction it is very important to use the appropriate available potentials for development of creative tourism. The paper has a goal to present the basic principles, benefits and potentials which Republic of Macedonia has at its disposal for development of creative tourism. Additionally, this paper will provide a review of the results of a survey in direction of establishing the perspectives that the country features.

By exploring the meditation camps in Nuonatayuan and Hongfa Temples, the paper examines what motivates tourists to experience Zen meditation in Chinese temples, and how they shape those experiences. The study is based on participant observation and thus includes material drawn from observation, informal and formal interviews, personal experiences and secondary documentation. From the analysis, it can be seen that the meditative experience includes sacred and secular experiences, while in the commercial setting the experience shifts to and fro between secularism and sacredness. It is noted that the tourist context of separation from daily life, the landscape values of the locations, the temple atmosphere, the sharing of experiences with like-minded individuals, contact with monks and mentors all contribute to the senses of personal wellness that participants obtain.

Between the 1970s and early 1980s new forms of tourism emerged in developing countries as an alternative solution to the " undesired " type of tourism " the mass tourism " or " the conventional/commercial tourism " or " the traditional tourism ". These forms of tourism appearing in different names and various models, served a more sensitive approach giving priority to natural and cultural resources at the front line of planning and development. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical background of alternative tourism in which origins and main definitions are presented followed by an analysis of the complexity of classifying the alternative forms of tourism. Three of the many forms, seemed to be the core of alternative tourism, are distinguished and analyzed. The ecotourism, the cultural tourism and the creative tourism. Ecotourism in recent years, encloses many tourist forms focused on natural environment. Although these forms are closely related to ecotourism need to be distinguished from it as ecotourism presents many dimensions. In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. A rise in interest of tourists both to distant cultures and to the local heritage occurred through the increase of educated people around the world and the globalization. Moreover, technology supported this growth. The cultural tourist, from consumer is transforming to producer of the cultural products and experiences. As culture tourist become more interactive and creative, the cultural tourism need to be repositioned and to become more " creative ". In " creative tourism " there is a co-creation of creative experiences between visitors and hosts, usually expressed through the creation of networks, itineraries, courses and events. Finally, the paper ends with a brief mention on the current trends in alternative tourism and the concluding remarks.

Günümüzde turizm işletmelerinin faaliyet gösterdiği hedef pazarlarda tanınması ve olumlu bir imaja sahip olmasında kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk faaliyetlerinin önemi yadsınamaz. Bu önem göz önüne alındığında, turizm işletmelerinin de sosyal sorumluluk faaliyetlerine yer vermesi hem kendileri için hem de toplumu oluşturan bireyler için bir kazanım oluşturmaktadır. Turizm işletmelerinin sosyal sorumluluk anlayışına sahip olmalarında yönetici ve çalışanların da rolü vardır. Bu kapsamda, gelecekte turizm işletmelerinde yönetici konumunda çalışabilecek turizm lisans öğrencilerinin KSS algılarının ve bu algıların demografik özelliklerine göre nasıl değiştiğinin ortaya konması önemli olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda Kastamonu Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesinde öğrenim gören lisans öğrencileri üzerinde bir anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre; öğrencilerin kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğu algılama düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca öğrenciler turizm işletmelerinin yasal sorumluluk faaliyetlerine uygun hareket ettiğini buna karşın gönüllü sorumluluk faaliyetlerine nispeten önem vermediğini algılamıştır. Yapılan t-testi ve ANOVA analizine göre, turizm fakültesi öğrencilerinin KSS algı düzeylerinin yaşa, sınıfa ve KSS konusundaki bilgisine göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal Sorumluluk, Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk, Turizm Fakültesi

The relationship between the need to preserve archaeological sites and the needs of mass tourism has often proved problematic, as the various papers in this volume demonstrate. The aim of this chapter is to further refine the problem and to show how an integrated approach, which combines the requirements of both archaeology and the tourist industry, is being implemented in Malta for the purpose of promoting sustainable local development.

This study deals with cases of cultural perambulations of Russian soldiers and
clergymen withing the Helladic area, from 1750 to 1857. Its purpose is to investigate the
significance of travel scripts from a cultural, religious and military point of view and by
trailing the line that links both these two cultures together, to contribute to the research of
historical and social sciences. Through a brief overview, this study manages to investigate the
causes and effects of the travel itineraries that, on the one hand, act as a repository of the
political economic and intellectual state of the Greek population and on the other hand, are
an important source of information as they constitute a bridge of common links and interests
between the two populaces.

Az OIB stratégiai albizottságának tagjai az OIB tagok közül csillaggal (*) jelöltek, valamint Pál Béla, idegenforgalomért felelős politikai államtitkár. A 35 turisztikai szakemberrel a mélyinterjút a STRAMM Bt. készítette. Az interjúkban részt vett szakemberek (az interjú időpontjában betöltött pozícióval):

ÖZET
Kastamonu İli, sahip olduğu doğal, tarihi ve kültürel özellikleriyle, ülkemizde dört mevsim boyunca turizm faaliyetlerinin yapılabileceği nadir illerden biridir. Kastamonu'da, kıyı turizminden, kış turizmine, eko turizmden, inanç turizmine oldukça geniş bir turizm çeşitliliği olmasına rağmen, var olan bu imkanlar yeterince değerlendirilememektir. Dünyada ve ülkemizde alternatif turizm bölgelerine ve çeşitliliğine talepler artmaktadır. Kastamonu da sahip olduğu turizm potansiyelleri göz önüne alındığında bu açıdan oldukça uygun durumdadır. Bu sebeple, Kastamonu'nun bu imkânları ulusal ve uluslararası alanda tanıtılmalıdır. Kastamonu şehri; neolitik dönemden günümüze farklı medeniyetler ve devletlere ev sahipliği yapmış, Anadolu'nun Türkleşmesi ve İslamlaşmasıyla birlikte bir kültür ve inanç merkezi olmuş, zengin tarihi geçmişi olan bir şehirdir. Tarihi dokusu içerisinde, kendisini korumayı başarabilmiş olan bu manevi atmosfer, Kastamonu şehrinin kültür ve inanç turizmi açısından önemini arttırmıştır. Bu çalışmada; Kastamonu şehrinin kültür ve inanç turizmi açısından önemli olan yerleri hakkında durum tespiti yapılarak, bu potansiyellerin kullanım durumunun ortaya konulması hedeflenmektedir. Ayrıca elde edilen veriler SWOT-GZFT analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirilerek güçlü ve zayıf yönleri ile turizm açısından fırsatlar ve tehditler belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı,şehrin kültür ve inanç turizmi açısından durumunu belirlemek ve şehrin tanıtımını yapmaktır.
ABSTRACT
Kastamonu is one of the unususal city, which has natural beauties,
historical and cultural features and during four seasons toruism service can be
done there. Although Kastamonu has coastal tourism, echo tourism, belief tourism
and an extent tourism diversification, these facilities are not evaluated enough.
Demands for alternative tourism places and its diversification in the world and in
our city increase. When we consider potential tourism of Kastamonu, it is suitable
from this point of view because of this, the facilties of Kastamonu should be
presented in national and international field.
From Neolithic period to the present Kastamonu city had been home to
different civilization and startes. By Turkization and Islamize of Anatolia it became
a capital culture and belief and it has a rich historical background. In it is historic
fabric, it survived its spiritual atmosphere. It also enlanced the culture and belief
tourism of Kastamonu city.
In this study we target to determine the situation of places Which are
importand in terms of culture and belief tourism in Kastamonu and also using case
of these potentials is target too Additionally we will evaluate obtained data by
SWOT-GZFT method method of analaysis and we’ll specify advantages and
threatens with their strong and weak sides in terms of tourism. The object of study
is to present city’s situation in terms of culture and belief tourism and also
introduce city.
Keywords: Kastamonu, tourism, culture tourism, belief tourism

Between the 1970s and early 1980s new forms of tourism emerged in developing countries as an alternative solution to the " undesired " type of tourism " the mass tourism " or " the conventional/commercial tourism " or " the traditional tourism ". These forms of tourism appearing in different names and various models, served a more sensitive approach giving priority to natural and cultural resources at the front line of planning and development. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical background of alternative tourism in which origins and main definitions are presented followed by an analysis of the complexity of classifying the alternative forms of tourism. Three of the many forms, seemed to be the core of alternative tourism, are distinguished and analyzed. The ecotourism, the cultural tourism and the creative tourism. Ecotourism in recent years, encloses many tourist forms focused on natural environment. Although these forms are closely related to ecotourism need to be distinguished from it as ecotourism presents many dimensions. In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. A rise in interest of tourists both to distant cultures and to the local heritage occurred through the increase of educated people around the world and the globalization. Moreover, technology supported this growth. The cultural tourist, from consumer is transforming to producer of the cultural products and experiences. As culture tourist become more interactive and creative, the cultural tourism need to be repositioned and to become more " creative ". In " creative tourism " there is a co-creation of creative experiences between visitors and hosts, usually expressed through the creation of networks, itineraries, courses and events. Finally, the paper ends with a brief mention on the current trends in alternative tourism and the concluding remarks. 1. Origins and main Definitions of Alternative Forms of Tourism Although tourism has been acknowledged for its tremendous economic and social benefits, being an economic saviour providing jobs and increase in GDP, it has been accused as a source of a wide range of serious problems, especially in developing economies. For example the fact that it creates huge economic leakage as the most investment of tourism is coming from western multinational companies (MNEs) in which the income from tourism sector would flow back (Smith, 1989). Macleod (2004) supports that tourism change the composition of the working population from traditional industries of agriculture to service-based tourism and hospitality industries disturbing the community and its cultural identity. Four main influential phenomena led to the need of a different approach in tourism, these are: 1) economic issues like the fact that economic growth did not solve the poverty problem, 2) environmental issues referring to mass tourism influence on the environment, 3) political issues reflecting the political economy of the international tourism industry which turned to be a natural continuation of historical inequalities between the First World and the Third World, and 4) social issues including the new traveler market of post-modern culture. Thus, the " new " form of tourism aroused and many people accepted it instinctively even though they could not precisely defined it. Still, today is surprising that no universally agreed or widely adopted definition of alternative tourism is to be found, nor that few explicit lines between its different forms have been made. This different approach would have fewer and less severe negative effects on destination areas and their populations, and would still enjoy the positive economic effects, so as to appear as the optimal solution. This new " form " of tourism emerged as an alternative solution to the most undesired type of tourism " the mass tourism " or " the conventional/commercial tourism " or " the traditional tourism ". It is alternative to large numbers of visitors, to clumsy and unregulated development, to

In tourism trends on global level became obvious the popularity of cultural tourism. There is a growing interest and connection between natural and cultural heritage with a living societies, with the growing concern for nature and heritage preservation. Importance of tourism and the role of cultural tourism are becoming of strategic importance in global economy, especially in underdeveloped countries. This study examine the successful management practices in creation of culture based tourism destinations and applying their practices to undeveloped regions. Study is using principles and practices that are in-line with “eco-museum”, “cultural routes” and “cultural district” ideals, which break from traditional
approaches to heritage management and tourism use. The aim is to highlight the synergies between common philosophy and promotion, safeguarding and conservation of heritage and enhancing the economic, social and cultural wellbeing of local communities. Theoretical base of study is focused on principles of tourism valorization method applied on heritage complexes, sustainability indicators of tourism development and a survey conducted on a focus group of tourism experts engaged in Ibar Valley in Serbia, that enabled the quantitative results of the evaluation process. The aim is to highlight the synergies between landscape, heritage and festivals (living culture), trough safeguarding and conservation of heritage resources and tourism promotion.
Keywords: culture, tourism, heritage, management, promotion

Özet İzmir kentinin her noktasında geçmişten günümüze hissedilen çok renkli kent kültürünün tanıklık mekânlarının başında Kemeraltı gelmektedir. Makale İzmir kent kimliği ve kültürünün önemli bir parçası olan Kemeraltı özelinde mimarlık, sanat, zanaat, moda, tekstil gibi tasarım alanların somut ve soyut değerlerini odağına alan bir tasarım kültürü haritalama pratiğini konu alır. Çalışma, konuya ilişkin güncel yazına katkıda bulunmanın yanı sıra, Kemeraltı'na odaklanan bu haritalama pratiğini, kültür turizminin ve kentsel turizmin önemli araçlarından kent kültürünün haritalanması çerçevesinden irdelemeyi amaçlanmaktadır. Yorumlayıcı (interpretive) bir araştırma yöntemiyle ele alınan çalışmanın kapsamı, turizm ve mimarlık alanlarındaki kültürel miras, koruma, sürdürülebilirlik tartışmalarından farklılaşarak, yeni kentsel-kültürel turizm faaliyetleri ve tasarım kültürünün haritalanması konularıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu kültürel haritalamanın Türkiye'de benzer kapsam ve niteli...

h i g h l i g h t s Participant observation of Chinese tourists at a Zen mediation camp. Analyses the experience of tourists classified as inward or outward directed. Examines the role of temple, rituals and landscape in the formation of tourist experience. Assesses the flows between secular and sacred understandings by tourists at the mediation camp.

Purpose – The purpose of this research paper is to examine the concept of cultural misconceptions through the lens of Actor-Network Theory (ANT).
Design/methodology/approach – The article discusses how cultural misconceptions may be encompassed at the tourist destination. Rather than seen cultural misconceptions as clashes between incommensurable cultures or as conflicts between opposing strategies, a third approach is introduced in which cultural misconceptions are seen as effects of the socio-material workings within the destination network. This is elucidated through a fieldwork presentation showing how a wide range of human and nonhuman actors point to and enact cultural and strategic differences.
Findings – It is through the continuous activities of the destination network and its actors that misconceptions are created. Misconceptions are enacted through objects, places, performances and discourses as they are assembled and translated, constantly constructing and challenging opinions of what should be part of the destination network.
Originality/value – The article encourages an understanding of cultural misconceptions as products of the work of the heterogeneous destination. This approach elucidates the intricate relations between cultural practices, human action and material culture at the tourist destination.
Keywords – Concepts of culture, cultural misconception, ANT, tourism networks, socio-materiality, practice

... this to be realized, this general review will briefly outline and highlight key research developments ... and incorporation to the branding process is crucial for its success (Hankinson, 2009 ... Indeed, power and authority are probably more crucial factors in branding (Marzano and Scott ...

Purpose-This paper aims to provoke discussion and reflection on the role of the erotic in the cultivation of spaces of hospitality, and to provide a theoretical consideration of the structural similarities of hospitality and eroticism. Design/methodology/approach-With reference to classical studies as well as debates in the social science literature, the paper starts by examining some of the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings to hospitality and eroticism. It then develops this analysis by considering examples drawn from ethnographic studies of "traditional" hospitality settings as well as of commercial hospitality environments of charter tourism. Findings-The main outcome of the discussion is to demonstrate the structural relations between hospitality and eroticism. By situating the analysis within a broad theoretical and ethnographic context, it is shown that the erotic has historically functioned as a socially-binding and communicative mode of social intercourse that, while undermined by the demands of a market-based culture of commercial hospitality, is also able to flourish within these same adverse conditions. Research limitations/implications-This paper invites further research into the connections between hospitality and eroticism in settings similar to and different from those described in the paper. A fuller ethnographic study of the relationship between the two is needed, as well as an exploration of more theoretical perspectives on hospitality drawn from the social science literature. Practical implications-By highlighting the socially binding role of eroticism in the structuring of host-guest relations, the paper draws on and contributes to a broader politics of love and sensuality that will inform critical reflections on commercial and market-driven hospitality practices. Originality/value-This paper provides an original insight into the interrelationship between hospitality and eroticism. It further illuminates previous writings on both subjects but particularly that of eroticism and is supported by empirical data. It is of particular interest to those studying hospitality from a social science perspective.

O presente trabalho discorre sobre os fatores motivacionais que influenciam os turistas ao visitarem experiências de turismo comunitário. Considera-se que a identificação desses fatores pode contribuir para a organização e planejamento turístico dos destinos, bem como para percepção e (tentativa de) mitigação de impactos sociais que a atividade pode promover, já que a etapa em que a comunidade se relaciona com o mercado é considerado o momento de maior risco de impactos sociais e culturais no local. Objetivou-se conhecer o perfil dos turistas comunitários e compará-lo com alguns aspectos do perfil-padrão do turista doméstico brasileiro. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados questionários estruturados aplicados por meio virtual. A partir da análise de dados, traçou o perfil do turista comunitário e seus fatores motivacionais, e concluiu que se trata de público consumidor consciente e instruído, e que busca experiências heterogêneas e diversificadas, divergindo do perfil do turista convencional. Os resultados obtidos ampliaram entendimento sobre dificuldades que enfrentam os destinos, e são sugeridas algumas saídas para o turismo comunitário.

Development has certainly placed under debate within the fields of anthropology in these days;
to some extent, two different perspectives are at odds. For one hand, liberal scholars argue
that societies are located in a continuum in search for rationalization and social evolution; on
another hand, neo-Marxist scholars emphasize on the belief that some countries accumulates a major grade of capital with the aim to dominate politically to others. These two conceptual forms of understanding the development have not dialogued hitherto. Under such a context, the present paper is aimed at triggering the debate of a topic which has somehow ignored by academy; the limitations and contributions of sustainability and tourism in developing countries

O presente trabalho discorre sobre os fatores motivacionais que influenciam os turistas ao visitarem experiencias de turismo comunitario. Considera-se que a identificacao desses fatores pode contribuir para a organizacao e planejamento turistico dos destinos, bem como para percepcao e (tentativa de) mitigacao de impactos sociais que a atividade pode promover, ja que a etapa em que a comunidade se relaciona com o mercado e considerado o momento de maior risco de impactos sociais e culturais no local. Objetivou-se conhecer o perfil dos turistas comunitarios e compara-lo com alguns aspectos do perfil-padrao do turista domestico brasileiro. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados questionarios estruturados aplicados por meio virtual. A partir da analise de dados, tracou o perfil do turista comunitario e seus fatores motivacionais, e concluiu que se trata de publico consumidor consciente e instruido, e que busca experiencias heterogeneas e diversificadas, divergindo do perfil do turista co...

Purpose -This paper aims to provoke discussion and reflection on the role of the erotic in the cultivation of spaces of hospitality, and to provide a theoretical consideration of the structural similarities of hospitality and eroticism. Design/methodology/approach -With reference to classical studies as well as debates in the social science literature, the paper starts by examining some of the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings to hospitality and eroticism. It then develops this analysis by considering examples drawn from ethnographic studies of "traditional" hospitality settings as well as of commercial hospitality environments of charter tourism. Findings -The main outcome of the discussion is to demonstrate the structural relations between hospitality and eroticism. By situating the analysis within a broad theoretical and ethnographic context, it is shown that the erotic has historically functioned as a socially-binding and communicative mode of social intercourse that, while undermined by the demands of a market-based culture of commercial hospitality, is also able to flourish within these same adverse conditions. Research limitations/implications -This paper invites further research into the connections between hospitality and eroticism in settings similar to and different from those described in the paper. A fuller ethnographic study of the relationship between the two is needed, as well as an exploration of more theoretical perspectives on hospitality drawn from the social science literature. Practical implications -By highlighting the socially binding role of eroticism in the structuring of host-guest relations, the paper draws on and contributes to a broader politics of love and sensuality that will inform critical reflections on commercial and market-driven hospitality practices. Originality/value -This paper provides an original insight into the interrelationship between hospitality and eroticism. It further illuminates previous writings on both subjects but particularly that of eroticism and is supported by empirical data. It is of particular interest to those studying hospitality from a social science perspective.

Resumo O presente trabalho discorre sobre os fatores motivacionais que influenciam os turistas ao visitarem experiências de turismo comunitário. Considera-se que a identificação desses fatores pode contribuir para a organização e planejamento turístico dos destinos, bem como para percepção e (tentativa de) mitigação de impactos sociais que a atividade pode promover, já que a etapa em que a comunidade se relaciona com o mercado é considerado o momento de maior risco de impactos sociais e culturais no local. Objetivou-se conhecer o perfil dos turistas comunitários e compará-lo com alguns aspectos do perfil-padrão do turista doméstico brasileiro. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados questionários estruturados aplicados por meio virtual. A partir da análise de dados, traçou o perfil do turista comunitário e seus fatores motivacionais, e concluiu que se trata de público consumidor consciente e instruído, e que busca experiências heterogêneas e diversificadas, divergindo do perfil do turista convencional. Os resultados obtidos ampliaram entendimento sobre dificuldades que enfrentam os destinos, e são sugeridas algumas saídas para o turismo comunitário. Palavras-chave: Turismo comunitário. Impactos sociais do turismo. Fatores motivacionais do turista comunitário. 1 INTRODUÇÃO O Brasil possui diversidade de cultura e inúmeras belezas naturais. País de mistura de etnias detém infinidade de populações tradicionais, como povos indígenas, quilombolas, sertanejos, ribeirinhos, pescadores, caiçaras e imigrantes. Cada uma destas populações possui seus próprios modos de vida e de trabalho, como parteiras, curandeiras e benzedeiras, rendeiras, caçadores, extrativistas, agricultores, dentre vários outros. Essa riqueza cultural torna o Brasil como destino internacional ao chamado turismo comunitário, no qual modos de vida, produção e conhecimento são principais elementos a serem apresentados aos visitantes. Ainda que com suas peculiaridades, em comparado ao turismo convencional, o turismo comunitário se utiliza da prestação de serviços de hospedagem e alimentação, agenciamento e logística, e necessita conhecer o seu público.

One of the important aspects affecting the development of tourism is the perspective of locals and their reaction about the tourism. In the study, the opinions of locals were received about their perception for tourism and their participation trend to tourism activities in the settlement of Sille which is in an important culture tourism region connected to Konya. The data obtained by on-site survey method through 75 samples were analyzed .In consequence of the research; it is possible to say that Sille which is located in an important region of Turkey in terms of culture tourism has the suitable potential for alternative tourism and recreation with historical and cultural features of it and the economic effects of tourism are perceived in a more positive way by the locals.

This study presents the results of a ten year monitoring programme on cultural and tourism development in the city of Sibiu. Over the ten year research period the programme expanded to cover a wide range of data sources, including resident and visitor surveys, stakeholder interviews and secondary statistical data. The research started at a fairly low level with studies of single events in the cultural agenda of Sibiu. The programme was significantly expanded in 2007 thanks to the staging of the European Capital of Culture in the city. Support from the ECOC allowed the scale of the research to be increased. Since 2007 the Lucian Blaga University has continued to collect data using its own resources. This study is unique as it is probably the first long-term study of the cultural and tourism development of a city in a former Socialist country in Central and Eastern Europe. The data in the current report build on and extend the analysis provided in the earlier report “The Impact of the...