Climate Change Mitigation

In this paper, we examine the factors that contribute to the replication or reduction of automobility amongst young adults. Semi-structured interviews conducted in Aotearoa New Zealand, with 51 drivers and non-drivers, aged 18-35 years old, form the empirical material. The findings build upon previous research and extend understandings of how seven explanatory factors; perceptual, value and preference, social, built environment, economic, legal/ policy and technological, work both to continue the current automobility paradigm, and to challenge it by adopting alternative mobilities. We use the Energy Cultures Framework as an analytical tool to explore the ways through which material factors, norms, practices, and external context can replicate or reduce participation in the hegemonic mobility paradigm. This approach offers useful insights into the interactions between what the research participants think, have and do, and how this is resulting in a reduction in automobility norms amongst some younger people. It also identifies and highlights potential opportunities to leverage upon current change trends to assist a systemic transition away from automobility towards a culture of multi-mobilities.

Agriculture is the leading sector that is responsible for global climate change through its significant contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Intriguingly, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing higher temperatures and lesser rainfall due to climate change enhanced by anthropogenic GHG emissions. Agriculture and energy use in the SSA predominantly influence the anthropogenic GHG leading to global warming. Therefore, reducing agricultural GHG emissions (such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) plays a significant role in climate change adaptation. This paper reviews the potential implication of agriculture and energy use on climate change and its implications on environmental sustainability in SSA. Herewith, we explored various GHGs emitted through agriculture-energy use, their effects on climate change, as well as several climate change adaptation mechanisms, and gaps in existing knowledge that necessitate more research, were also explored. We found that agriculture had negative implications on climate change impacts in the SSA countries and that a more focused strategy that is both economically and technically feasible in terms of preferences for land use, effective energy use, and food supply would aid in GHG emission reduction and environmental sustainability. Adapting to the projected changes in the short term while investing in long-term mitigation strategies might be the only way toward a sustainable environment in this region.

The present study entitled "Impact of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana on its beneficiaries" was conducted in Gondia and Tiroda tehsils of Gondia district of Maharashtra state with a study sample of 60 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries. An impact of PMKSY was conceptualized as per cent change in cropping pattern, per cent change in production and productivity, per cent change in annual income and per cent change in employment generation of beneficiaries over non-beneficiaries. It was revealed that due to impact of PMKSY on change in cropping pattern, more than half of the beneficiaries (55.00 %) were belonged to medium change in cropping pattern and 43.33 per cent of the non-beneficiaries were belonged to low change in cropping pattern. It was observed that, majority of the beneficiaries (63.33%) and majority of the non-beneficiaries (60.00%) were having medium change in crop productivity. It was concluded that, majority of the beneficiaries (63.33%) were having medium change in crop productivity whereas, 60.00 per cent of the non-beneficiaries were having medium change in crop productivity. It was found that, majority of the beneficiaries (53.33%) were having medium change in income whereas, half of the beneficiaries (50.00%) were having medium change in income. It observed that, impact of PMKSY on employment generation majority of beneficiaries (51.67%) in medium change category, as per as non-beneficiaries, half (50.00%) in medium change category. In regarding with impact of PMKSY on its beneficiaries was in term of per cent change in cropping pattern (26.01%), change in production (62.67%) and productivity (24.91%), change in income (73.48%), and change in employment generation (37.40%) over nonbeneficiaries hence total impact of PMKSY over non-beneficiaries was found to be 44.89 per cent.

The impact of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, effective since July 2015. The present study entitled "Impact of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana on its beneficiaries". The present study was conducted purposively in Gondia district of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state during the year 2021-22, two tehsils from Gondia district i. e. Gondia and Tiroda was purposively selected for the present study in which PMKSY was implemented by central government. Total 120 respondent i.e. 60 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries selected for research study. Study focuses on major constraints that PMKSY beneficiaries faced,lack of capital to cover the maximum area (93.33%), delay in sanctioning of PMKSY (91.67%), sometimes the equipment's supplied by PMKSY was found inferior or poor quality (86.67%), lack of awareness and knowledge about fertigation (85.00%), credit assessment is low from Govt (83.33%), irregular power supply (83.33%), insufficient training on operation and maintenance of equipment's (81.67%), high initial investment cost (78.33%), were the major constraints.In order to overcome the constraints some suggestion were given by the beneficiaries they are as, majority of the beneficiaries said the scheme's benefits should be delivered on times (98.33%), the amount of subsidy should be increased (96.67%), standard quality of material should be provided (91.67%), local dealers should be provided with spare parts (90.00%), timely information should be disseminated by extension agents (86.67), the government should supply the necessary equipment at proper times (83.33%), good quality of emitters should provide to the beneficiaries (78.33%).

BACKGROUND: The Global Calculator is an open-source model of the world's energy, land, and food systems. It is a pioneering online calculator to project the impact of interventions to mitigate climate change on global temperature. A few studies have been conducted to evaluate the health cobenefits of climate change mitigation, though they are still fragmentary. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives are to identify which sectors could yield the greatest results in terms of climate change mitigation and suggest whether existing evidence could be used to weight mitigation actions based on their ancillary impacts on human health or health co-benefits. METHODS: Using the International Energy Agency (IEA) 4DS scenario as a referent (i.e., the "4-degree Celsius increase scenario"), we simulated changes in different policy "levers" (encompassing 43 potential technological and behavioral interventions, grouped by 14 sectors) and assessed the relative importance of each lever in terms of changes in annual greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 and cumulative emissions by 2100. In addition, we examined existing estimates for the health co-benefits associated with different interventions, using evidence from the Lancet Pathfinder and four other tools. DISCUSSION: Our simulations suggest that-after accounting for demographic change-transition from fossil fuels to renewables and changes in agriculture, forestry, land use, and food production are key sectors for climate change mitigation. The role of interventions in other sectors, like carbon capture and storage (CCS) or nuclear power, is more modest. Our work also identifies mitigation actions that are likely to have large health cobenefits, including shifts to renewable energy and changes in land use as well as dietary and travel behaviors. In conclusion, some of the sectors/interventions which have been at the center of policy debate (e.g., CCS or nuclear power) are likely to be far less important than changes in areas such as dietary habits or forestry practices by 2050.

Climate related energy ethics is still an underdeveloped field of normative ethics. While it is urgent to achieve truly decarbonized and otherwise climate friendly global energy systems as fast as possible, contrary to what is often assumed in current climate ethics we do not yet know in sufficient detail how this can be achieved. Thus, there is a need for Climate Ethics 2.0 which focuses more on the solution side of the required energy transition and the involved problem of the needed knowledge base. It is important and difficult to develop realistic scenarios of net-zero global energy systems and to develop expedient national climate policies and climate related energy policies. All this involves plenty of normative problems and normatively relevant tasks. We especially focus on the problem that for economic development energy and power dense energy sources are needed, so that poor countries have every incentive to overcome their poverty with the help of fossil fuels. This, combined with the recognition that immense amounts of climate friendly electricity are needed for climate neutral global energy systems, raises the question of the role of nuclear energy in climate change mitigation. To answer this question may be considered to be one of the most important tasks of current climate related energy ethics.

PrEP improvements in HIV prevention (as an "add-on" strategy) generate safety and economic concerns, but results show that the best cost-containing strategy would be the use of generic molecules. All possible scenarios should be considered in the decision-making process.

Technology learning can make a significant difference to renewable energy as a mitigation option in South Africa's electricity sector. This article considers scenarios implemented in a Markal energy model used for mitigation analysis. It outlines the empirical evidence that unit costs of renewable energy technologies decline, considers the theoretical background and how this can be implemented in modeling. Two scenarios are modelled, assuming 27% and 50% of renewable electricity by 2050, respectively. The results show a dramatic shift in the mitigation costs. In the less ambitious scenario, instead of imposing a cost of Rand 52/t CO 2-eq (at 10% discount rate), reduced costs due to technology learning turn renewables into negative cost option. Our results show that technology learning flips the costs, saving R143. At higher penetration rate, the incremental costs added beyond the base case decline from R92 per ton to R3. Including assumptions about technology learning turns renewable from a higher-cost mitigation option to one close to zero. We conclude that a future world in which global investment in renewables drives down unit costs makes it a much more cost-effective and sustainable mitigation option in South Africa.

The Climate Change Conference of Parties (COP) 21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In the years since COP21, it has become increasingly evident that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies must be deployed immediately to stabilize concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases and avoid major climate change impacts. Biochar is a carbon-rich material formed by high-temperature conversion of biomass under reduced oxygen conditions, and its production is one of few established CDR methods that can be deployed at a scale large enough to counteract effects of climate change within the next decade. Here we provide a generalized framework for quantifying the potential contribution biochar can make toward achieving national carbon emissions reduction goals, assuming use of only sustainably supplied biomass, i.e., residues from existing agricultural, livestock, forestry and wastewater treatment operations. Our results illustrate the significant role biochar can play in worldwide CDR strategies, with carbon dioxide removal potential of 6.23 ± 0.24% of total GHG emissions in the 155 countries covered based on 2020 data over a 100-year timeframe, and more than 10% of national emissions in 28 countries. Concentrated regions of high biochar carbon dioxide removal potential relative to national emissions were identified in South America, northwestern Africa and eastern Europe. Highlights • Biochar production via biomass pyrolysis is one of few carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies that can be deployed at scale. • Modeled biochar CDR potential of nearly every country, based on available biomass residues and national average soil temperature. • Biochar can offset over 10% of national emissions in many countries, with concentrated impacts in three global regions.

The rapid expansion of data generation across industries has made real-time
analytics essential for timely decision-making and operational efficiency. This
review paper examines the current landscape of real-time analytics techniques for
processing streaming big data, focusing on approaches that enable high-speed
data ingestion, storage, and processing in a continuously evolving data
environment. We reviewed a total of 50 articles, encompassing a range of
methodologies, applications, and system architectures that support real-time
analytics. Key findings highlight advancements in stream processing frameworks,
machine learning models for real-time predictions, and challenges associated with
data scalability and latency. Applications are particularly prominent in sectors
such as finance, healthcare, and urban planning, demonstrating the transformative
impact of real-time insights on industry performance. This review contributes to a
deeper understanding of real-time data handling techniques, addressing critical
areas for future research and development.

(I.P.D.) † Disclaimer: The views expressed are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission and Agri-Food Canada. The results of the analysis based on the use of the Aglink-Cosimo model are outside the responsibility of the OECD and FAO Secretariats.

This paper studies information aggregation in nancial markets with recurrent investor exit and entry. I consider a dynamic general equilibrium model of asset trading with private information and collateral constraints. Investors dier in their aversion to Knightian uncertainty: When uncertainty is high, some investors exit the market. Since exiting investors' information is not fully revealed by prices, conditional return volatility and risk premia both increase. I use data on institutional investors' holdings of individual stocks to show that investor exits indeed move negatively with price informativeness. The model also implies that exit is more likely when wealth is more concentrated in the hands of less uncertainty-averse investors. The model thus predicts less informative prices toward the end of a long boom, as seen in the data. Moreover, economies with looser collateral constraints should see more volatility due to exit and partial revelation. Higher capital requirements can improve welfare by inducing more information revelation by prices. * I am forever indebted to Monika Piazzesi and Martin Schneider for guidance and many useful discussions.

There is growing interest globally in soil health and the role that enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) can play in climate change mitigation, resilience, and food security. Different initiatives for SOC sequestration (SCS), such as Project Drawdown, ‘4p1000’ and RECSOIL have been proposed yet SCS commitments and targets are missing from the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the 2015 Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC Global Stocktake. This paper asks whether a single, locally relevant target could be developed for SCS that would encourage widespread adoption of soil carbon removals practices by farmers and land managers globally? We used 210,00 local soils profiles from the World Soil Information System to assess the SOC potential of 2,352 million ha of agricultural land, identified with the Landsat Global Land Cover classification. Based on the local characteristics of the carbon sequestration capacity of soils, we found that a one percent average increase in SOC storage in...

Since the early 2000s, Bangladesh's transportation sector has shifted to CNG due to severe urban air pollution. Consequently, Chittagong, the country's business hub, has seen a significant increase in CNG-powered vehicles over the decades. The primary goals of this study were to analyze consumer behavior across this ascending growth, identify influencing factors, and suggest regulations that should be changed to allow nationwide expansion. A survey of 117 consumers was undertaken to gain insight into their experiences. Participants in the survey used a 5-point Likert scale to quantify their preferences. The acquired data was examined using IBM SPSS software. A regression model followed by factor analysis was built to identify and prioritize the most influential factors. The results pointed out that CNG vehicles gained popularity due to their low fuel cost. Moreover, the reason for the drop in vehicle growth was identified as the much higher cost of new CNG vehicles and registration. The investigation discovered an obstacle to countrywide progress since pipelines aren't available throughout the country and there is a gas supply shortage. Further, it had been suggested that police surveillance associated with third-party participation should be sought to ensure the initiative's success. Yet, the study was concentrated on local short-range CNG vehicles, which restricts generalization to long distances or personal means of transportation. In its entirety, this research investigation provides guidelines for policymakers and stakeholders interested in improving the sustainability of Bangladesh's future advancement in CNG or the implementation of other alternative fuel initiatives.

Global warming can cause climate change and have a broad impact on people's lives. The increase in global temperature is caused by increased carbon emissions due to deforestation in various countries. Forests play a very important role in solving the carbon emissions problem. One source of carbon dioxide emissions throughout the world is the existence of Tropical Forests. One of the countries that has the largest tropical forest in the world is Indonesia. Kalimantan Island is one of the largest islands and has the largest forest area in Indonesia. This research was conducted at PT. Asmin Bara Bronang who runs the company's CSR program. The variables are the implementation of CSR programs, the targets of the CSR programs implemented and their impact on changes in community behavior in forest conservation. This research also discusses the relationship between implementing CSR programs with ISO 26000 and the Sustainable Development Goals. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through interviews with 43 sources consisting of PT Asmin Bara Bronang employees and community recipients of the CSR program. The collected data was then analyzed using the content analysis method. Research shows PT. Asmin Bara Bronang carries out a CSR program contributes to changes in the behavior of the Dayak Ngaju community in efforts to preserve Kalimantan's forests. It is hoped that this research can complement the literature regarding the implementation of CSR programs in supporting forest conservation programs Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) Evaluation of the Effectiveness of CSR Programs on Community Behavior Change in Forest Conservation

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) refers to technologies that capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from sources such as power plants, industrial facilities, and transportation, and either store it underground or use it for beneficial purposes. CCUS can play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, as CO2 is a major contributor to global warming. In the Baltic Sea region countries (BSR), patent searches from 2000 to 2020 reveal that CCUS technologies are focused on CO2 storage, monitoring, utilization, and transport. However, the adoption and deployment of these technologies has been slow due to a variety of factors, including a lack of government action on climate change, public skepticism, increasing costs, and advances in other options such as renewables and shale gas. Overall, CCUS has the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts, but more work is needed to overcome the ba...

Located in the hearth of Africa, the Congo basin is the world’s second largest rainforest ecosystem, spanning over nine countries including the Republic of the Congo. Nature-based solutions, i.e., afforestation, reforestation or agroforestry supplying wood energy, halting food insecurity, restoring land desertification and fostering mitigation and adaptation to climate warming, have been increasingly used in the past decades. Within this framework, Congolese coastal plains have been afforested using fast growing trees since the early 1950s. Due to the low forest productivity and soil fertility, sustainable management of these forest ecosystems (trees, soils and environment) have been performed. Improved germplasms, increased stand wood biomass and healthier soils have the potential to enhance wood and fuel wood energy supply, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, food security, restoration of land and ecosystem biodiversity. This meets ten out of the seventeen sustainable dev...

Cities and companies have great potential to reduce pressures on Earth system boundaries. Science-based target setting has emerged as a powerful tool to help achieve the potential, but its uptake has been limited. Moreover, cities and companies usually develop their targets separately, even though many are co-located. Focusing on the top 200 cities and 500 companies by greenhouse gas emissions, we analyse the current state and potential of adopting science-based targets for climate. Of these key actors, 110 cities with existing net-zero targets and 22 companies with existing science-based targets could together eliminate up to 3.41 GtCO 2 e of annual emissions. We argue that this reduction potential could increase by as much as 67% (to 5.70 GtCO 2 e) if the cities and companies that already have targets bring their co-located counterparts on board to keep abreast of their ambitions. Using freshwater as another example, we discuss entry points for addressing interrelated Earth system boundaries through city-company collaborations. Our findings elucidate previously untapped potentials that could accelerate transformations for operating within Earth system boundaries.

Plastic neutrality is not just a theoretical concept but a practical pathway to combat plastic pollution on individual and institutional levels. Starting small—by measuring footprints and making incremental changes—can collectively result in a significant global impact. Whether you're a consumer, a community, or a corporation, embracing plastic neutrality contributes to a healthier planet and a more sustainable future

The natural regeneration of prime timber species with high economic potential is studied in the Mpoh forest, in the northern sector of the Léfini reserve. Although a source of economic and self-subsistence for local residents, the natural regeneration of these forest ecosystems has received very little attention. The floristic inventory was carried out in three one-hectare quadrats, in which (i) the d 1.30 of ligneous plants 1 cm ≤ d 1.30 < 10 cm, d 1.30 ≥ 10 cm and seedlings ≥ 30 cm in height were counted and measured; (ii) the degree of canopy openness, litter thickness and herbaceous cover. The inventory reveals 1208 individuals for 36 species and 20 families, i.e., 118 seedlings of height ≥ 30 cm; 769 individuals of 1 cm ≤ d 1,30 < 10 cm and 321 of d 1,30 ≥ 10 cm. Structural parameters favor Petersianthus macrocarpus as dominant in the 1 cm ≤ d 1.30 < 10 cm and d 1.30 ≥ 10 cm diameter classes, in density (89 trees.ha-1) and basal area (7.137 m².ha-1). In contrast, Entandrophragma sp. dominates the seedling class (h ≥ 30 cm). The bioecological indices highlight a difference in the floristic composition of the compartments. Natural regeneration, dependent on light and litter thickness, is generally good. Depending on the socioeconomic value of taxa with difficult natural regeneration, intervention may be necessary.

This working paper is made available by the Resource Economics and Policy Analysis (REPA) Research Group at the University of Victoria. REPA working papers have not been peer reviewed and contain preliminary research findings. They shall not be cited without the expressed written consent of the author(s).

The Kyoto Protocol (KP) is considered a necessary first step towards an effective future climate accord. As argued in this paper, however, the KP will likely fail because it has too many loopholes, inadequate governance structures and insufficient compliance provisions. This view is supported by case studies of Canada, Japan and the Netherlands. These countries are unlikely to achieve their self-imposed targets, or, if they do, the costs of compliance will be unacceptably high. Consequently, the difficulty of achieving agreement to reduce global emissions by half (as required to mitigate climate change) is greatly increased.

Substantially enhancing carbon mitigation ambition is a crucial step towards achieving the Paris climate goal. Yet this attempt is hampered by poor knowledge on the potential cost and benefit of emission mitigation for each emitter. Here we use a global economic model to assess the mitigation costs for 27 major emitting countries and regions, and further contrast the costs against the potential benefits of mitigation valued as avoided social cost of carbon and the mitigation ambition of each region. We find a strong negative spatial correlation between cost and benefit of mitigating each ton of carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, the relative suitability of carbon mitigation, defined as the ratio of normalized benefit to normalized cost, also shows a considerable geographical mismatch with the mitigation ambition of emitters indicated in their first submitted nationally determined contributions. Our work provides important information to improve concerted climate action and formulate more efficient carbon mitigation strategies.

Current economic instruments aimed at climate change mitigation focus mainly on CO 2 emissions, but efficient climate mitigation needs to focus on other greenhouse gases as well as CO 2. This study investigates the distributional effects of climate change taxes on households belonging to different income and lifestyle groups; and it compares the effects of a CO 2 tax with a multiple GHG tax in the UK in terms of cost efficiency and distributional effects. Results show that a multi GHG tax is more efficient than a CO 2 tax due to lower marginal abatement costs, and that both taxes are regressive, with lower income households paying a relatively larger share of their income for the taxes than higher income households. A shift from a CO 2 tax to a GHG tax will reduce and shift the tax burden between consumption categories such as from energy-intensive products to food products. Consumers have different abilities to respond to the tax and change their behavior due to their own socioeconomic attributes as well as the physical environment such as the age of the housing stock, location, and the availability of infrastructure. The housing-related carbon emissions are the largest component of the CO 2 tax payments for low income groups and arguments could be made for compensation of income losses and reduction of fuel poverty through further government intervention.

The need for renewable energy sources is recently necessitated by attaining sustainability and climate change mitigation. Accordingly, the use of renewable energy sources has be growing rapidly during the last two decades. Yet, the potentials of renewable energy sources are generally in uenced by a number of climatic factors that either determine the source of energy such as wind speed in the case of wind power or affect the performance of system such as the reduction in solar PV power production due to temperature increase. This highlights the need for assessing climate change impacts on renewable energy sources in the future to ensure their reliability and sustainability. This paper is intended to assess impacts of climate change on wind and solar potential energy in Egypt by the year 2065 under RCP 8.5 scenario. For this purpose, a GIs-based methodology of three main steps was applied. The results revealed that solar energy potential in Egypt is expected to be a relatively less vulnerable to climate change compared to wind energy. In this respect, it was found that while wind energy potential was estimated to range ± 12%. by the year 2065 under RCP 8.5 scenario, PV modules power is expected to decrease by about 1.3% on average. Such as assessment can assist in developing more sustainable and exible renewable energy policy in Egypt.

Background The food sector contributes to a third of global Greenhouse gas emissions. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) are policy tools that provide food advice compatible with health. There is a growing effort to include environmental sustainability in dietary guidelines, but less is known about the extent to which different countries include dietary recommendations with climate change mitigation potential. Methods Based on a systematic review and quantitative content analysis of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), a Dietary Climate Mitigation (DCM) score was developed to assess and rank the climate change mitigation potential of dietary guidelines at three levels: food life cycle, dietary patterns, and food groups. To avoid an overestimation of recommendations with relatively lower climate mitigation potential, the overall DMC score assigns higher weights to the dietary patterns and food groups sub-scores, compared to the food life cycle sub-score. Results Of the selected 92...

Public service institutions, including libraries, hospitals, and government facilities, are at the forefront of the global transition to clean energy. This paper explores how these institutions are adopting and integrating innovative renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and hybrid energy systems to reduce their carbon footprints, enhance energy efficiency, and promote sustainability within their communities. Through the analysis of case studies and recent technological advancements, this research highlights the pivotal role public service institutions play in leading the shift towards a sustainable energy future. The findings demonstrate that these institutions not only serve as role models but also act as catalysts for the wider societal adoption of clean energy solutions. By addressing key challenges and opportunities, this paper underscores the potential for public service institutions to contribute significantly to global efforts in mitigating climate change.

RESUMEN La estimación de la retención de carbono atmosférico por una planta leñosa dispone de dos alternativas para su realización: mediante la identificación de su incremento medio anual de volumen o a través de la determinación del método apropiado para calcular su volumen en pie. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un método confiable y sencillo que permitiera estimar el carbono contenido en los culmos y plantones de bambú (Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris) existentes en un territorio. Se realizaron muestreos simples sin reemplazo en diferentes áreas y a cada culmo se le midió la longitud total, el diámetro externo y el grosor de la pared cada dos metros desde la base hasta el segmento en que la parte superior dejó de presentar una cavidad interior identificable, donde se registró la longitud restante hasta su extremo superior. Con los datos recopilados se realizaron análisis gráficos sobre las tendencias de las relaciones a lo largo del culmo entre las variables consideradas. Mediante análisis de regresión con diferentes modelos y con el uso del coeficiente de determinación (R2) como indicador de ajuste se seleccionaron aquellos que mejor permitiesen estimar el volumen sólido del culmo. Concluida la obtención de los modelos y la calibración de sus resultados, se preparó una hoja de cálculo que facilita la obtención de los valores de las diferentes variables por culmo y por plantón, así como la caracterización del culmo promedio del plantón. Los resultados constituyen una primera aproximación a la elaboración de un método que permita estimar el carbono retenido por el bambú, tanto a nivel de culmo, como de plantón y territorio, para poder incluir este elemento entre los criterios para los planes de manejo para este recurso no maderero del bosque.

To empower communities in Kibuon and Tende river catchment address land and water resources management, conservation activities were carried out between 2011 and 2014. The activities were in the areas of soil and water conservation, protecting of water sources, afforestation and diversification of livelihoods. They were financed through CBOs to increase soil cover and support eligible alternative livelihoods while improving the water quality and quantity in Kibuon and Tende rivers. Some achievements of the funded sub projects included: construction of 80km of retention ditches, planting of 11.5km of Napier grass strips and establishing 114 acres of improved pastures/ fodders, purchasing 104 dairy goats to utilize improved pastures and fodder, planting 79 acres of cover crops and preparing 50 acres of land by conservation tillage and planting of 23,425 superior banana plantlets. Raising and planting of 2,242,464 tree seedlings, planting additional 60,600 purchased seedlings and 8,545...

The reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) initiative has emerged in recent years as a mechanism to simultaneously address climate change, biodiversity, and poverty reduction challenges at the margins of tropical forests. Congo Basin countries, including Cameroon, have embraced the opportunities that REDD+ provides, with great expectations. Yet, it needs to be investigated whether the enabling institutional environment, which is required for implementing REDD+ , is present. Understanding is still limited on how to build adequate and strong institutional relations that could shape the reforms towards the establishment of efficient emissions reductions schemes. Furthermore, uncertainty remains on the operational mechanisms of REDD+ , suggesting that, to catalyse effectiveness, there is a need to come up with a governance model nested in relevant policy frameworks. This study builds on a modified '4Is' framework-Institutions, Interests, Ideas and Information-to analyse REDD+ and explore stakeholders' perceptions on the local forest governance potential. A structural implementation model to optimize the effectiveness of REDD+ is developed. Findings suggest that governments need to review existing policies to take into account participation, local people rights, and information access as a way to stimulate actors' willingness to contribute to emissions reductions and carbon stock increases under REDD+ regimes. Policy relevance Currently, there is no agreed framework for REDD+ in Cameroon, despite the potential role its humid forests could have to mitigate climate change at national and global levels. Furthermore, there are no initiatives that have fully mapped the boundary institutions to be engaged in REDD+ processes at the landscape level, although there is high commitment of various stakeholders to influence policies towards the implementation of the mechanism itself. For example, forestry companies, local communities, and conservation institutions would like to get involved. Findings indicate that there is potential for a cross-sectoral change and provide guidance as to how the uncertainties and risks, which may undermine the effective participation of stakeholders in the REDD+ processes at local and national levels, might be tackled. The schematic model and analytical frameworks suggested should prove very important to bridge various discourses among diverse actors. The end result is anticipated to be a governance structure for CO 2 emissions reductions through changes in land-use practices.

All states in the world are forced to deal with the climate crisis. Environmental policies to combat and mitigate climate change are all pointing in one direction: the transformation of traditional economies into green economies. Green economies are new models of economic development that not only provide economic benefits, but also take environmental impacts into consideration. One of the pillars of a green economy is the labour market, which offers space for new jobs in the area of sustainability. The aim of this contribution is to explain what a green economy is and what green jobs are, and to adapt the green economy model to the specific case of Brazil. The economic, legal and geographical characteristics of Brazil will be analysed in order to understand why this country offers such a large space for new sustainability jobs. Finally, an attempt will be made to understand the real advantages of this type of economy and the possible obstacles to its political implementation.

Climate Compatible Development (CCD) is an emerging development approach which seeks to minimize the threat posed by climate change while maximize the opportunities for development. In view of the adverse impact of climate change on the general development of the country, Ethiopia, a number of polices which constitute climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies have been adopted and established. Among such polices, Ethiopian water resources and disaster risk management policy is expected to have direct and indirect role in addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation. Rainwater harvesting, water shed management, use of water efficiently, small scale irrigation and water resource protection, strengthening drought and flood early warning system are adaptation strategies for water resource policy, and water harvesting and improved energy efficiency are low carbon footprint strategies/mitigation strategies. Disaster risk management policy also comprises climate change and variability related disaster risk reduction strategies; enhancing early warning information system, and safety net program as the climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, which are the major component of CCD. These policies also have its own limitation in relation to the system base and institutional gap in implementing CCD. In fact, these barriers can be eased by updating and/or adjustment of the policies under the framework of climate compatible development; mainstreaming climate change issues into water resource and disaster risk management policy; strengthening sectorwise linkage and synergy to avoid overlap; as well as monitoring the climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies among sectors.

This paper provides an overview of China's climate mitigation policy related to the forestry sector, with a special focus on the development of carbon forests which are established to mitigate climate change. A total of 3.5 million ha of carbon forest were planted in the past decade. In recent years, the number of Voluntary Emission Reduction forest carbon projects has increased rapidly. The main challenges for future development of carbon forests under market mechanisms include increasing costs, uncertainty in the future supply and demand for China-certified emission reduction, and potential disputes between households and project developers.

As one of the top 10 largest emitters of greenhouse gases, Indonesia’s intensified actions are crucial for significantly impacting global climate goals and protecting its vulnerable ecosystems and communities. This précis details an urgent climate change mitigation strategy for Indonesia, emphasizing the need for immediate and sustained efforts to ensure both local and global climate stability.

Forests and wood use can contribute to climate-change mitigation by enhancing carbon sinks through afforestation, reforestation and improved forest management, by maintaining carbon stocks through natural or anthropogenic disturbance prevention, by increasing offsite carbon stocks, and through material and energy substitution by changing the industry production structure and enhancing resource efficiency. As forests grow fairly slowly in Europe, increasing the wood harvesting intensity decreases the carbon stocks in aboveground biomass, at least in the short to medium term (0-50 years) compared to a baseline harvest regime. The key issue is the time frame in which the decreased carbon stock in forests can be compensated for by improved forest growth resulting from improved forest management and the benefits related to wood utilisation. Thus, there is a need to address potential trade-offs between the short-to medium-term and the long-term (50 + years) net emissions. An optimal strategy needs to be tailored based also on regional specificities related to, for example, local climatic and site conditions, the state of the forests, the institutional setting and the industry structures. This chapter presents a way to assess the effectiveness of forest-sector climate-change mitigation strategies across different contexts and time horizons, combining the climate impacts of forests and the wood utilisation of the technosphere. We identify potential 'noregret' mitigation pathways with minimum trade-offs, and conclude with the research and policy implications.

The Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) has extensively treated the adverse effects of climate change and the appropriate mitigation policy. We extend such a model to include optimal policies for mitigation, adaptation and infrastructure investment studying the dynamics of the transition to a low fossil-fuel economy. We focus on the adverse effects of increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration on households. Formally, the model gives rise to an optimal control problem of finite horizon consisting of a dynamic system with five-dimensional state vector consisting of stocks of private capital, green capital, public capital, stock of brown energy in the ground, and emissions. Given the numerous challenges to climate change policies the control vector is also five-dimensional. Our solutions are characterized by turnpike property and the optimal policy that accomplishes the objective of keeping the CO2 levels within bound is characterized by a significant proportion of investment in public capital going to mitigation in the initial periods. When initial levels of CO2 are high, adaptation efforts also start immediately, but during the initial period, they account for a smaller proportion of government's public investment.

This roadmap outlines a comprehensive strategy for decarbonizing Sri Lanka’s public sector across key sectors: energy, transport, agriculture, forestry, and land use. It integrates the principles of climate action with the country’s national development goals, aiming to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 and align with the targets of the Paris Agreement. The roadmap breaks down specific actions, milestones, and timelines that will guide Sri Lanka's public sector decarbonization efforts.
Context and Urgency
Sri Lanka, like many countries in the world, is grappling with the profound challenges posed by climate change. In 2015, the world took a critical step toward addressing this global crisis with the adoption of the Paris Agreement. This landmark accord, signed by 192 countries, set an ambitious goal of limiting global warming to “well below 2°C above preindustrial levels” while aiming to limit the temperature rise to 1.5°C. For Sri Lanka, this international commitment presents both a challenge and an opportunity to accelerate its own efforts to decarbonize, particularly within the public sector, which plays a critical role in shaping the country’s emissions trajectory.
Sri Lanka’s public sector accounts for a substantial portion of the nation’s carbon footprint. Public institutions, from ministries and government offices to state-owned enterprises and public services such as transportation, health, and education, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through energy consumption, land use, transport systems, and agricultural practices including settlements. Given this context, Sri Lanka has a unique opportunity to lead by example in reducing emissions, transitioning to a green economy, and setting the stage for the country to meet its long-term climate goals.
To achieve net-zero emissions, the public sector in Sri Lanka must adopt a comprehensive and cross-sectoral approach that integrates multiple domains, including energy, transport, land use, agriculture, forestry, and other land use sectors (AFOLU) including settlements. By aligning these sectors, the country can address its climate challenges holistically while simultaneously driving sustainable development, economic growth, and resilience to climate change impacts.

Achieving global climate and energy goals will require prodigious increases in non-emitting electricity generation, raising concerns about the scale of materials needed and associated environmental impacts. Here, we estimate power sector demand for materials and related carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2eq) emissions from 2020-2050 across different climate-energy scenarios and compare these figures to material geological reserves and carbon budgets. We find that demand increases but cumulatively does not exceed current geological reserves. However, annual production of materials including neodymium (Nd), dysprosium (Dy), tellurium (Te), fiberglass, and solar-grade polysilicon may need to grow considerably. Cumulative CO2 emissions related to materials for electricity infrastructure may be substantial (4-29 Gt CO2eq in 1.5°C scenarios) but constitute a small share of global carbon budgets (1-9% of a 320 Gt CO2eq 1.5°C 66% avoidance budget). Our results highlight how power sector decarbon...

The climate and environment are constantly changing and constantly require mankind to adapt. The most sustainable mitigation strategies are often conserved in traditional knowledge which is deep-rooted in the cultural context of the local communities. The strategies do not require the use of modern technologies or materials, are often easy to implement by means of local resources, and were tested and refined over time. Nevertheless, nowadays, they often fail due to the unprecedented speed of man-made climate and environmental change. In addition, traditional knowledge that has not already been lost due to displacement or political and economic suppression is now at risk of getting lost because of disinterest among the younger generation or the adoption of western ways of life.
This initiative aims to preserve this traditional knowledge in a digital infrastructure. In addition to documenting this immaterial cultural heritage, it will be made available to other communities to help them find new strategies for mitigating climate and environmental changes. During all steps, the owners of the traditional knowledge will keep full control over their knowledge, to whom, and under which conditions it will be shared as per local safeguarding policies.
For our pilot study, we have partnered with the KEYS organization in Malawi, who has agreed to grant us access to their knowledge, valued cultural elements, and further provide in-country research cooperation. However, limited funding and time are hampering our progress. With this poster, we, therefore, reach out to colleagues and interested persons by presenting our approach and seeking support to further advance this initiative. (taken from the EAA Conference Repository)

Increase of the share of renewable energy sources in rural regions, integration of different local energy sources and optimization their use according to local specificities and constrains is an important goal to sustainable
development of the region with beneficial effects for job creation, sustainable supply of energy combining centralized and distributed sources, CO2 mitigation and many others. The focus lies on locally available resources, such as photovoltaic, solar thermal biomass, wind, hydro or geothermal energy. The overall goal is to cover 100 % of the regions’ energy demand by renewable and locally available conventional sources. A software model named DOIRES (Determining Optimum Integration of Renewable Energy Sources) is prepared for defining the optimum local combination of renewable energy technologies according to the specific conditions, needs and particularities of the selected regions. DOIRES is a mathematical programming optimization tool subject to suitable equality and inequality constraints. The model has taken into account appropriate technologies for integrated renewable energy system and it is designed for an energy planning of a time horizon of up to 20 years. In presence of conflicting objectives, multi-criteria analysis is used to select a compromise option that enhances sustainability. DOIRES allows for an optimization starting from a base of several possible configurations of potential technologies to be exploited for energy production in the target
region under study and leads, under suitable constraints and sustainability indicators, set by the user according to the pursued goal, in an edge of best compromise configuration. Methodology proposed resulted to be
successfully applied by us in a rural Albanian region.

1. Situata në prodhimin e energjisë elektrike nga energjia diellore;
2. Kërkesat për energji, politikat mbështetëse;
3. Drejtë arritjeve të mëdha teknologjike;
4. Mbështetja financiare e fotovoltaikëve forcë shtytëse dhe rreziqet;
5. Përfundime