Butchery

NANO… one billionth of one and one third of micro
,to be precise 10-9m. Nanotechnology is much discussed these
days as a emerging frontier – a realm in which machines operate
at scales of billionth a metre. It is actually a multitude of rapidly
emerging technologies based upon the scaling down of existing
technologies to the next level of precision and miniaturization. In
the field of nano technologies researchers are enthusiastic about
its potential applications in fields such as energy, medicine,
electronics, computing and materials. Of late, one of the
emerging aspects dealing Nanotechnology in mechanical field is
the internal combustion engine on a nano scale, which we have
chosen as our area of interest. Heat engines have evolved from
external combustion engines to internal combustion engines and
the hot off the block is the nano internal combustion engine.

Fleischindustrie: Von Schweinen und Menschen | ZEIT ONLINE https://www.zeit.de/zeit-geschichte/2016/01/fleischindustrie-fleisch-fleischkonsum-schlachtung-schlachtbetrieb/komplettansicht?print

Je mehr Fleisch wir verzehren, desto weniger bekommen wir mit von der Schlachtung. Einst hae das Hygienegründe. Heute dient es der Verdrängung unbequemer Wahrheiten. Tote Schweine in einem deutschen Schlachthof. © Ina Fassbender/ Reuters Es gibt sie wieder, die Menschen, die zu Hause schlachten [https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/essen-trinken/2015-04/hausschlachtung-schwein-bauernhof]. Die Köche feiner Lokale zum Beispiel: Sie verarbeiten für ihre Gäste das ganze Tier. Wer mag, kann auch als Städter das Metzgerhandwerk lernen, in einem der zahlreichen Kurse, wie sie Bauernhöfe und Schlachtereien anbieten. Vielleicht ist dies der nächste logische Schritt für Menschen, die ihr Bier selbst brauen, Schals häkeln, auf dem Balkon Bienen züchten und den Kaffee im Reagenzglas kochen-getrieben von der Sehnsucht nach einer authentisch unbequemen Zeit vor der industriellen Moderne. Auf YouTube können sie sich anschauen, wie man Hühner, Enten und Kaninchen zerlegt. In der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, als Hausschlachtungen noch üblich waren, wäre niemand auf die Idee gekommen, dies sonderlich erstrebenswert zu finden. Der Gestank getöteter Tiere zog durch die Straßen, Blut rann übers Pflaster, Krankheiten breiteten sich aus, und als sich in den dicht besiedelten Städten immer mehr Leute

The partial skeletons of 79 medieval cats were recovered from a well in Cambridge, England. The animals had been killed by having their throats cut and were subsequently skinned and dismembered for consumption by the inhabitants of the town. A metrical study revealed the small stature of the cats in comparison with those from medieval Colchester and late medieval and early post-medieval Norwich, while an allometric analysis showed that the build of the animals was different from those excavated at the early medieval town of Haithabu, Germany, where even the female cats were much larger than the Cambridge males. Both the Haithabu and Cambridge cat assemblages are composed of almost equal proportions of males and females and this, certainly in the case of the Cambridge sample argues against the slaughtered animals having been held in captivity.

Previous researchers have reported difficulties in distinguishing between surface marks on bone formed by sedimentary abrasion and those inllicted while butchering. Trampling by large ungulates and humans has been credited with producing pseudocut marks: natural alterations to the bone that mimic cultural ones. The purposes of this research are: (1) to re-examine trampling as a taphonomic process, and (2) to suggest criteria useful for distinguishing sedimentary abrasion, including trampling, from butchery. Macroscopic and microscopic comparison of experimentally trampled bones and those which have had soft tissue removed with a flint tool demonstrate significant differences between the surface modifications produced by the two processes.

Autors: Nada ELIAS, Yasha HOURANI, Ali BADAWI, Rose-Marie ARBOGAST, Dominique CASTEX, Géraldine SACHAU:  Tyr is situated on the coastal road between the north (Beirut) and the South (Haifa). Since 2011, an archaeological excavation conducted by the Directorate General of Antiquities of Lebanon in Jal el Baher (Tyr), has revealed a Phoenician-Hellenistic necropolis on the Mediterranean coast. This article aim to study a multiple deposit of several individuals in the most ancient level of funeral occupation in the Phoenico-Hellenistic necropolis.
The multiple deposit is formed by eight human skeletons deposited simultaneously with five skulls of cattle in a staging that may suggests voluntary will wich suppose a funerary practice. The archaoanthropological and archaeozoogical approaches tend to understand funeral rituals, beliefs and perception of life after death that used to exists in the Hellenistic Tyr.

In the last few decades, some progress has been made towards a synthesis of the data on the presence of early hominins in Europe and their dispersals across the continent in the Early and Middle Pleistocene. The sites that have been documented present various datasets, including hominin fossils, large and small mammal remains, and archeological artifacts. In this paper, the main focus is on sites where clear evidence exists of the processing of large mammals by hominins, in the form of cut marks, percussion marks, and others. In this regard, the taxonomic diversity of the mammals is considered alongside the type of hominin activity. All these sites serve as background for the recent discovery of the earliest (MIS 11 or 9), and indeed the only Polish, example of Middle Pleistocene human butchering activity (at the Bełchat ow site). The study revealed that the filleting of meat, as found in Bełchat ow, was also the means of meat processing employed on the oldest site of those with evidence of butchery, which is located in fact in the transition zone of Europe and Asia. This means that processing, even in its simplest forms, could have been a strong influence on adoption of meat eating among members of the Homo genus, as has been discussed recently. This emphasizes the significance of human choice, and seems to have occurred regardless of the geographical setting of human activity. This paper also presents a paleogeographic synthesis of butchering for the European Early and Middle Pleistocene and summarizes our current understanding of food processing by hominins, by scrutinizing the data on large mammals affected by such processes.

Burnt osteological materials are one focus of interest in forensic, archaeological, and palaeontological studies. We document the effects of experimental, controlled heating on a sample of modern bones and teeth from sheep and goats. Four aspects of heating specimens to between 20 and 940°C were considered: color, microscopic morphology, crystalline structure and shrinkage. Our results show that changes in both color and microscopic morphology of burnt bones and teeth can be divided into five stages each of which is typical of a particular temperature range, although the stages based on color do not correlate exactly with those based on micromorphology. These stages can be used to determine (1) if specimens of unknown taphonomic history were burnt, and (2) the maximum temperature reached by those specimens. In addition, powder X-ray diffraction studies show that heating causes an increase in the crystal size of hydroxyapatite, the major inorganic component of bones and teeth. This fact in conjunction with the microscopic morphology can be used to confirm deduced heating to 645°C or more. The data on shrinkage are analyzed to yield a polynomial expression that summarizes percentage shrinkage as a function of the maximum temperature reached by bones. Thus, the original size of specimens can be reconstructed within limits since the maximum temperature reached by the bones can be deduced on the basis of color, microscopic morphology and/or powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Finally, because there is a discrepancy between the maximum heating device temperature and the maximum specimen temperature, caution must be exercised in distinguishing between the effects of man made and natural fires.

Zooarchaeological analyses of the faunal assemblage from Vetricella have revealed the central role played by domesticates, and especially pigs, in the diet of people living at the site (second half 10th- mid 11th centuries AD). By contrast, wild game was rarely hunted and consumed. The high incidence of adult suids in both periods might suggest a free-range type of pig husbandry (pannage), which might have taken place in the Turkey oak woodlands in the vicinities of the site during specific times of the year (autumn-winter).
Numerous butchery marks were recorded on post- cranial bones of suids; their location suggests that both primary and secondary butchery occurred on-site. The scapula is the most processed bone. The high incidence of this element and the high number of butchery marks recorded on it could suggest the consumption (and a production and trade?) of selected parts of pig carcasses as cured products.

Abstract: This paper presents a peer-reviewed and updated/corrected list oif >100 publicly known late Quaternary proboscidean sites that have certain or possible traces of hominin utilization in Africa, Europe, and Asia, along with a sample of references, chronometric or estimated ages, and brief descriptions of the associated materials and bone modifications. Summary discussions of important sites are also presented. Lower Palaeolithic/Early Stone Age hominins created far fewer proboscidean site assemblages than hominins in later Palaeolithic phases, in spite of the time span being many times longer. Middle Palaeolithic/Middle Stone Age hominins created assemblages at eight times the earlier hominin rate. Upper Palaeolithic/Later Stone Age hominins created site assemblages at >90 times the rate of Lower Palaeolithic hominins. Palaeoloxodon spp. occur in nearly one third of the sites with an identified or probable proboscidean taxon and Mammuthus species are in nearly one half of the sites with identified or probable taxon. Other identified proboscidean genera, such as Elephas, Loxodonta, and Stegodon, occur in few sites. The sites show variability in the intensity of carcass utilization, the quantity of lithics bedded with bones, the extent of bone surface modifications, such as cut marks, the diversity of associated fauna, and mortality profiles.

Cutmarks found on the fossilised bones of butchered animals provide direct evidence for the procurement of meat through technological means. As such, they hold some of the oldest available information on cognitive ability and behaviour in human evolution. Here we present a new method that allows a three-dimensional reconstruction of cutmark morphology and the quantification of profile parameters. We have tested this new technique on cutmarks that were experimentally inflicted on a pig rib using a steel knife and an un-retouched flint flake at different angles.
The method allows for the cross-sectional shape, the sharpness and depths of the resulting cutmarks to be quantified. The data show that knife mark sections are characterised by a V-shape or √-shape depending on the inclination of the knife. Cutmarks produced with the flint flake were less clearly defined and generally less sharp than those produced by the knife. We discuss the method's potential to provide new information on butchery technique and cognitive abilities developed by the human lineage, from the earliest tool-using hominins through to modern Homo sapiens.

Diet is a key element of cultural identity, especially when it conveys religious practices. A multivariate study of two zooarchaeological assemblages from Medieval Catalonia (North-Eastern Spain) is described here. The combination of several criteria regarding the presence of species, the skeletal part representation and the butchery pattern, converge towards a Jewish origin of the faunal remains. These two assemblages constitute one of the few opportunities for characterizing the diet of the Medieval Jewish communities in Spain, and for comparing it to contemporary Muslim and Christian populations.

This paper presents a list of >100 publicly known late Quaternary proboscidean sites that have certain or possible traces of hominin utilization in Africa, Europe, and Asia, along with a sample of references, chronometric or estimated ages, and brief descriptions of the associated materials and bone modifications. Summary discussions of important sites are also presented. Lower Palaeolithic/Early Stone Age hominins created far fewer proboscidean site assemblages than hominins in later Palaeolithic phases, in spite of the time span being many times longer. Middle Palaeolithic/Middle Stone Age hominins created assemblages at eight times the earlier hominin rate. Upper Palaeolithic/Later Stone Age hominins created site assemblages at >90 times the rate of Lower Palaeolithic hominins. Palaeoloxodon spp. occur in nearly one third of the sites with an identified or probable proboscidean taxon and Mammuthus species are in nearly one half of the sites with identified or probable taxon...

p. 2-Bibliographie/ Bibliography Instrumentum 51 Articles p. 17-Brai de bouleau en Gaule romaine : nouveaux témoignages archéologiques, données textuelles et étymologiques p. 22-Roman Provincial Pottery and Costume Accessories from Noricum, Pannonia and Dacia-Indicators of Labour Migration? p. 28-Un emmanchement atypique sur deux couteaux découverts sur le site antique de Conjux (Savoie, FR) p. 36-Tracing the Textile Production and Female Textile Workers of Southeastern Noricum p. 40-Experimental reconstruction of a roman glass furnace in Aquileia p. 43-Due appliques figurate in bronzo da Verona e Suzzara p. 45-Des semelles cloutées au "45 rue de Thillois" à Reims (Marne, FR)

The phenomenon of equifinality complicates behavioral interpretations of faunal assemblages from contexts in which Pleistocene hominins are suspected bone accumulators. Stone tool butchery marks on ungulate fossils are diagnostic of hominin activities, but debate continues over the higher-order implications of butchered bones for the foraging capabilities of hominins. Additionally, tooth marks imparted on bones by hominins overlap in morphology and dimensions with those created by some nonhominin carnivores, further confounding our view of early hominins as meat-eating hunters, scavengers or both. We report on the manual/oral peeling of cortical layers of ungulate ribs as taphonomically diagnostic of hominoid/hominin meat- and bone-eating behavior that indicates early access to large herbivore carcasses by hominins at the site of BK, Olduvai. Supporting these inferences, we show that certain types of rib peeling damage are very rare or completely unknown in faunas created by modern carnivores and African porcupines, but common in faunas modified by the butchery and/or consumption activities of modern humans and chimpanzees, during which these hominoids often grasp ribs with their hands, and then used their teeth to peel strips of cortex from raggedly chewed ends of the ribs. Carnivores consume ungulate ribcage tissues soon after kills, so diagnostic traces of hominin butchery/consumption on ribs (i.e., peeling and butchery marks) indicate early access to ungulate carcasses by BK hominins. Tooth marks associated with the peeling and butchery marks are probably hominin-derived, and may indicate that it was not uncommon for our ancestors to use their teeth to strip meat from and to consume portions of ribs. Recognition of rib peeling as a diagnostic signature of hominoid/hominin behavior may also aid the search for pre-archaeological traces of hominin meat-eating

Bifaces appear at different moments in several regions of Western
Europe during the Middle Palaeolithic. In order to understand why various
human groups produced these tools, it is instructive to investigate how
they were used. In light of the rarity of use-wear studies involving bifaces,
new analyses concerning these artefacts recovered from sites in Southwest
and Northern France were carried out using a collection of experimental
bifaces. A predominantly low-power approach was adopted given the
paucity of micro-polishes. Macro- and micro-traces connected to butchery
were often observed on cordiform and triangular bifaces whose convergent
edges could be repeatedly resharpened suggesting significant use-lives.
Less frequent oval bifaces exhibit scarring on their distal transverse edges
referable to chopping medium hard materials, while percussion marks
observed on the edges and surfaces of several other examples, suggest that
bifaces were also probably used as retouchers. Finally, a combination of
intense macro- and micro-traces were sometimes observed on surfaces and
are likely the product of repetitive friction involving an abrasive material
with a mineral component whose precise origin could not be determined.

Small bone fragments have often been interpreted as the residues of stews or grease extraction. In international historical archaeological research, stew interpretations have often focused on enslaved or underclass groups or on those who had limited access to sufficient amounts of food or faced nutritional deficiencies. These analyses have widely been uncritical, and the small fragment sizes can be better explained as the products of taphonomic processes such as weathering, trampling, and carnivore scavenging. This work presents results from experimentally chopped long bones from cows, sheep, goats, and pigs that identify butchery and fracture patterns that can be used to evaluate past stew interpretations and provide comparative models for future analyses.

The white apron has always been an obvious marker of their trade for butchers. The point they make in keeping it immaculate allows to forget the violence of the slaughtering act necessary to the transformation of cattle into meat. When retail butchery becomes a highly competitive business in Paris from the Second Empire onwards, the costume, cutting techniques and the elaborate decoration of shop windows take on new importance. The retail butcher adopts a specific garment which will become the outfit of the entire trade in France. The Parisian system of the three aprons must be put back in the context of a “white economy” including textile merchants and laundries, while interior design firms offer luxurious decoration and fittings to the Belle Epoque shops. During the corporatist festivals like the “Bœuf Gras”, sumptuous ceremonial costumes are a must under the Old Regime and until the 1930’s. From 1936, when butchers want to assert the corporatist identity of their trade, in opposition to the communist-flavoured values of blue-collar workers and those of high-flying industrial employers, they unhesitatingly adopt the apron as a strong symbol of the “Third Way” they promote, and that will achieve its full potential under Vichy.

Vi leggerò un testo ebraico risalente alla seconda metà del III secolo e di provenienza babilonese, dalla città di Sura, in Mesopotamia. Si tratta di una breve narrazione dai contenuti in parte enigmatici, che aprono di conseguenza a molteplici possibilità di interpretazione. In poche righe e in un ebraico asciutto e conciso viene offerta una descrizione complessa e sorprendente delle qualità intellettuali e sociali che sono domandate al hasid, ovvero all'ebreo modello di pietas religiosa.

Après la Révolution, les contrôles sanitaires sur la viande à Paris sont restés très longtemps organisés sur un modèle d'auto-régulation corporative proche du fonctionnement existant sous l'Ancien Régime. Autant les pouvoirs publics sont très vigilants sur l'abondance et le prix de la viande, autant les contrôles sanitaires sont confiés aux bouchers, au moins jusqu'au Second Empire. L'existence d'une corporation de bouchers entre 1802 et 1858 fait du cas parisien une situation très particulière. Le rôle des vétérinaires demeure très limité jusqu'aux années 1870-1880. L'autorisation de l'hippophagie en 1866, avec la crainte de la confusion entre viande de boeuf et de cheval, apparait comme un accélérateur de la modernisation des contrôles sanitaires sur la viande et une formidable opportunité pour les vétérinaires de s'imposer face aux connaissances empiriques des bouchers.

In this study, we analyse the three-dimensional micromorphology of cut marks on fossil mammal remains from a ~0.5 million year old Acheulean butchery site at Boxgrove (West Sussex, southern England), and make comparisons with cut marks inflicted during the experimental butchery of a roe deer (Capreolus caproelus) using a replica handaxe. Morphological attributes of the cut marks were measured using an Alicona imaging microscope, a novel optical technique that generates three-dimensional virtual reconstructions of surface features. The study shows that high-resolution measurements of cut marks can shed light on aspects of butchery techniques, tool use and the behavioural repertoire of Lower Palaeolithic hominins. Differences between the experimental cut marks and those on the Boxgrove large mammal bones suggest variation in the angle of the cuts and greater forces used in the butchery of the larger (rhinoceros-sized) carcasses at Boxgrove. Tool-edge characteristics may account for some of these differences, but the greater robusticity of the Boxgrove hominins (attributed to Homo heidelbergensis) may be a factor in the greater forces indicated by some of the cut marks on the Boxgrove specimens.

HOSE WHO TRY to reconstruct past environments and hominid T behaviors have only four sources of information: (1) geological evidence; (2) the preserved remains of various hominid and nonhominid species; (3) occasionally, artifacts fashioned and used by our near or distant ancestors; (4) imagination or divine inspiration. Given that the last of these is difficult to use in persuading critics and that the interpretation of artifacts and geological exposures is best discussed by others, I shall focus in this paper on the fossil or osteological evidence of once-living animals and its interpretation. Powerful as such evidence may be in providing glimpses of the past, it is vulnerable to massive distortion. Various agents that act on bones and teeth during the postmortem and predepositional period differentially destroy, preserve, transport, or concentrate skeletal elements until an assemblage may bear little resemblance to the animal community (or bone community) from which it was drawn. As a taphonomist, I must ask of each assemblage how badly it misrepresents the original collection of bones or species.

This article extends Malcolm Ruel's notion of 'non-sacrificial ritual killing' to explore the mode of butchering and the sharing of meat among the Chagga-speaking people of Tanzania. It is argued that these processes are forms of elicitation and decomposition that can be illuminated by analytics developed from Melanesian ethnography. However, it is shown that these processes emerge as such only when the language use surrounding and pertaining to butchering is taken into consideration. On this basis, it is argued that butchering constitutes a poetic enunciation that both distorts and expands the mode of revelation and the relational form described from Melanesia. Finally, it is claimed that this entails an alternative relationship between language and life that recasts the relation between vernacular and analytical language, as well as between theory and ethnography. People see it as a contradiction but for Albert destruction was the completion of the act of creation: like cutting a string to the right length. — Tim Parks, Dreams of Rivers and Seas The slaughtering of animals has long allured anthropologists working in Africa and is at the core of classic studies of social life south of the Sahara. According to Malcolm Ruel (1990: 324), however, the ethnography of animal killings has been overdetermined by the notion of 'sacrifice', whose apparent unity derives from its Durkheimian conception as a means of communication between the sacred and the profane, as well as from " the evident drama of the taking of life. " The result is that diverse phenomena are lumped together without regard for the different dynamics that are at play in various forms of slaughtering.

En Languedoc oriental, l'agglomération du Castellas, mérite d'être considérée comme gisement archéologique prometteur si l'on s'appuie notamment sur les données matérielles rassemblées depuis la reprise des fouilles, en 2001, sous la direction de P. Thollard. L'ensemble clos dont il est question ici en est une bonne illustration. Il offre l'opportunité de raisonner sur une série homogène et relativement conséquente de mobilier céramique, de s'appuyer également pour le matériel amphorique sur les résultats des analyses archéométriques, mais aussi de mieux connaître le mode de consommation de certaines espèces animales à un moment clé de la vie de cette agglomération, en l'occurrence le développement et l'embellissement de sa zone monumentale à la période augustéenne.

Reconstruction of early Pleistocene hominin carcass acquisition and processing behaviors are necessarily based at least in part on butchered fossil bones. This paper provides zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses and behavioral interpretations of three w1.5 million-year-old archaeofaunas from areas 1A and 103 in the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation, northern Kenya: FwJj14A, FwJj14B, and GaJi14. These sites are all located in similar paleoenvironmental contexts, near shallow water with swampy, seasonally flooded areas, and some evidence for more wooded or gallery forest settings. Both individual specimen-and assemblage-level analyses of butchery-marked bones indicate that the hominins appear to have practiced similar butchery strategies at all of these sites, with butchery (defleshing, disarticulation, and marrow extraction) of both high-and low-ranked skeletal elements with no apparent preference for prey size, skeletal region, limb class, or limb portion. Only four tooth-marked specimens, including one likely crocodile-tooth-marked bone, are preserved in all three archaeofaunas. A paucity of limb epiphyses suggests that bone-crunching hyenids may have deleted these portions subsequent to hominin butchery. Strangely, there are no stone tools preserved with the 292 cut-marked and 27 percussion-marked faunal specimens (out of a total of 6,039 specimens), suggesting that raw material availability may have conditioned hominin lithic discard patterns at these locales. These assemblages increase our knowledge of the dietary behavior and ecology of Homo erectus, and provide support for variability in early Pleistocene hominin carcass foraging patterns.

The Roman conquest of Britain caused major economic and cultural changes that affected Iron Age societies throughout the island. Patterns of change are visible already in the pre-Roman late Iron Age, when influences from the Continent started spreading to southern Britain. During the Roman period, the chronology, nature and extent of change were determined by settlement function, size and geographical location, with occasional preservation of Iron Age characters.
All these processes are well reflected in the zooarchaeology of the late Iron Age - Roman transition, when cattle exploitation gradually became predominant, in place of sheep herding. Influences on husbandry practices precede the invasion at Owlesbury (Hampshire), with cattle being brought to the site from a wider area and a slight increase in size for this species occurring in the pre-Roman late Iron Age (Minniti et al. 2014; Valenzuela-Lamas et al. in prep.). Changes following the actual conquest are much clearer and more widespread, although more commonly attested in the south-east of the island. A functional settlement hierarchy is established, with producer and consumer sites displaying distinctive evidence; biometrical studies of Heybridge and Colchester (Essex) make this clear, and also suggest that larger breeds were likely to have been imported from the Continent (King 1999; Albarella et al. 2008; Albarella with Pirnie and Viner in prep.). Other late Iron Age and Roman assemblages from central and south-eastern Britain also reveal the improvement of the main domesticates (Rizzetto et al. 2017), while stable isotope analyses suggest cattle were being moved through longer distances (Minniti et al. 2014; Rizzetto and Aiceti in prep.). All such changes resulted from the need to produce a surplus in order to fuel the Roman taxation cycle. Evidence for changes in the west and north of Britain is much weaker, with little livestock improvement and sheep maintaining an important role (Hammon 2011; Aniceti and Rizzetto in prep.). This could have been the result of a combination of cultural, logistical and environmental variables.
This brief review summarises the evidence from published and unpublished studies, providing a broad-brush picture of British animal husbandry before and after the Roman conquest.

"This paper presents the results of a zooarchaeological analysis conducted on the remains of large carnivores and small game from the Early Aurignacian from the site of La Quina aval. This site was excavated successively by Dr. Henri Martin and her daughter Germaine at the early and mid-twentieth century. Recently, the site was re-excavated by Véronique Dujardin. The different excavations yielded a large archaeological sample composed of many faunal remains but also lithic and bone artefact industry, a large number of personal ornament (bones, teeth and shell) as well as several anatomically modern human remains.
Our study focuses on small-game remains found during the last excavation campaign. Our results provide several unpublished results. We first offer the first quantification of each taxa in terms of number of identified remains but also in terms of minimal number of individuals.
"

Den Anstoß für das Vorwort dieser Arbeit gab ein kurzer Auszug aus Kurt Schwitters Gedicht "Die Zwiebel", den ich hier wiedergeben und der vorliegenden Arbeit voranstellen möchte. Ein Vorwort kann das Folgende einführen, erklären und erläutern. Es kann aber zugleich, ganz im Sinne Bertolt Brechts, das Gesagte und Geschriebene relativieren, einschränken und infrage stellen. Wir können hierbei auch in anderen Worten von einer Spannung zwischen der analytischen und lebensweltlichen Aussage der Autorin bzw. des Autors sprechen, von dem produzierten wissenschaftlichen Faktum, dem Ergebnis und der Antwort auf die vorangestellten Fragen einerseits und der Botschaft, der Moral, der -für die Forscherin oder den Forscher relevanten -gesellschaftlichen Schlagkraft der eigenen wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (was im Übrigen den Vorteil hat, außer des akademischen auch das emotionale Bedürfnis zu befriedigen). Grundlegend ist meines Erachtens die Ofenlegung des eigenen, nicht nur wissenschaftlichen, sondern immer auch lebensweltlichen Standpunktes, die Aufdeckung des eigenen Standortes in der Welt, soweit man überhaupt dazu imstande ist, diesen genau zu bestimmen. Nicht mehr und nicht weniger möchte ich mit diesem Vorwort leisten, und es ist jener Kurt Schwitters, dessen Worte mir die Möglichkeit bieten, mein Anliegen und meine Motivation für diese Arbeit ofenzulegen.

Like most guilds during the Ancien Régime, Parisian butchers are very much attached to catholicism. This attachment can be seen in the growing number of local brotherhoods and the numerous religious foundations in the parish of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie, the butchers' main religious center from the fifteenth-century to the Revolution. One of the particularities of this profession in Paris lies in the restoration of a guild between 1802 and 1858, which made it easier to fund of charitable works and religious ceremonies until the fall of the Second Empire. The butchers' attachment to the Christian and paternalist values of their trade can also be felt in the twentieth-century in the action of a rather dynamic Catholic Trade Union, which benefits from the staunch support of employers, notably during the Vichy government.

Archaeological investigations at Fort Brown (41CF96) have provided a wealth of information about military life in south Texas. This re-analysis of the faunal material recovered by the Archaeological Research Laboratory's survey efforts in 1988 investigates butchering patterns found at the site. While evidence for modern European American cuts are present, processing of beef os coxae and sacrum are inconsistent with current European American butchery practices. The assemblage is dominated by inexpensive cuts of meat that would have allowed for easy cooking within stews or soups. The butchery patterns seen at Fort Brown are compared to early twentieth century military standards as well as local, and particularly Mexican, influences on Fort Brown foodways.

A large assemblage of hand collected and sieved fish bone was analysed from medieval and later deposits in Aberdeen. The bulk of the material probably dated to the 13-14 th centuries and 14-15 th centuries, with some of 15-18 th and 19-20 th century date. Very large cod and ling dominated the assemblage, particularly between the 13 th and 15 th centuries. Many of these fish were approaching or well over 100cm total length. Some haddock of smaller size were also found, but were probably underrepresented by hand collection. Increasing taxonomic diversity was found from the 15 th century onwards, while at the same time the largest ling and cod were no longer recovered; this suggested a shift towards shallower or inshore fisheries. Butchery and element patterning was used to explore the possible evidence for fish trade, but it was likely the majority of the fish being consumed were eaten fresh, contrary to conclusions drawn from comparative material from medieval Aberdeen and historical sources documenting Aberdeen"s role in the fish trade. Extensive butchery of the large cod and ling followed a set pattern to reduce the edible parts into smaller, manageable portions, and may have been undertaken by professionals. Numerous small knife marks did not follow set patterns and probably are evidence for food preparation and consumption at the domestic level. Surprising numbers of pathologies were found on the very big cod and ling, including evidence for joint disease, injuries and tumour type growths.

Avant 1858, la boucherie est une activite ou les efforts de decoration et de presentation des viandes sont faibles et rares. Avec la democratisation de la consommation de la viande de boucherie et le developpement de la concurrence commerciale, les bouchers parisiens vont developper de multiples strategies pour embellir leur boutique et mettre en scene les pieces de viande. Les contraintes reglementaires et hygieniques ont ete habilement utilisees et parfois detournees pour renforcer l’attractivite du magasin. Le mode de stockage et de presentation des viandes evolue avec l’arrivee du froid mecanique (glacieres) puis du froid electrique (frigorifiques). A partir des annees 1930, les techniques de parage et les grands etalages atteignent un degre de sophistication extreme et constituent un element important de l’identite professionnelle des bouchers parisiens et francais.

Altamura F., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S., Melis R.T., Mussi M., 2019. Reassessing an early Middle Pleistocene Hippo Butchery Site: Gombore II-2 (Melka Kunture, Upper Awash valley, Ethiopia), in Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, 32 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-019-00046-0 Abstract: Single-carcass sites of Lower and Middle Pleistocene age have attracted much attention since they were first recorded. They have been the focus both of science and of museum displays, with reconstructions of "hominins-feasting-on-a-carcass" purposefully illustrating a major step in human evolution. Here we report the Acheulean site Gombore II-2 in the upper Awash Valley of Ethiopia, dating to 0.7 Myr. In the 1970s, due to the presence of hippo remains, the site was published as a single-carcass butchering site. New excavations revealed an ichnosurface displaying animal and human footprints associated with bones and lithics. Subsequent studies of lithic and faunal remains of recent and p...