Araucaria

This essay argues that modern demagogy can be understood as a symptom of a kind of social pathology, combining Wendy Brown's account of neoliberal subjectivity with elements of Robert Pippin's interpretation of Hegel to do so. I begin by focussing on Brown's contention that neoliberal society has bred forms of individual subjectivity that are inherently attuned to right-wing rhetoric. Drawing on Pippin's reading of Hegel, the essay casts these modes of individual subjectivity as aspects of a flawed mode of collective subjectivity; the contemporary rise of demagogic politics is thereby presented as a symptom of a pathological failure of collective self-determinacy, caused by inadequacies within the normative structures that articulate social activity.

A B S T R A C T Defaunation, invasive species and forest fragmentation are considered to be the major drivers for the disruption of key ecological processes, particularly those related to plant animal-interactions such as seed dispersal and predation. The disruption of critical phases in the plant life cycle may ultimately have negative impacts on plant recruitment and the survival of plant populations. Here, for the first time we compared the seed removal and recruitment of Araucaria angustifolia, a critically endangered and relictual gymnosperm species, in multiple sites, including continuous and fragmented forest areas in the Brazilian Atlantic subtropical forest. Our sampling included seed removal experiment monitored by camera traps and surveys of A. angustifolia recruitment. We found that seed survival and recruitment were related to the density of adult A. angustifolia. Therefore the formation of large and dense groves, which is a characteristic of pristine Araucaria moist fo...

Title of thesis: Traditional ecological knowledge and (co-)management among the Mapuche: Exploring Lanín national Park (Argentina).

Based on empirical field research, this thesis examines the relationship between traditional
ecological knowledge (TEK) and nature conservation, focusing specifically on the mapuche
communities in the Lanín National Park (LNP) in Argentina, and the issues and complexities
relating to the co-management of the LNP.
The collected data were qualitatively analyzed according to an interdisciplinary and
systematic theoretical perspective, which highlights that: 1) The notion of "indigenous
community" has to be problematized regarding the context of internal migrations; the
recognized status of indigenous communities has repercussions within the LNP; 2) TEK is
ecosociospecific, embedded in an institutional regime of community possession, and show a
coherent set to deal with a wide range of needs (sociocultural and economic reproduction);
3) The institutional conditions related to the LNP are fundamental and influence the updating
of TEK, and the guidance of the use of natural resources: for example, the partial physical
possession of the resources for the Mapuche, does not allow them for economic and
sociocultural reproduction; the spatial boundary underline the inherent limitations of TEK,
when they have to respond to the needs of productive growth (increasing population
density), and results in the deterioration of ecological funds.
Thus, this thesis reveals the contradictions between co-management and the TEK of the
Mapuche, threatening both the TEK and the natural resources of LNP; it also draws
attention to the agency of the social actors, as the Mapuche now seem to confer upon their
TEK a strategic role in a process of reterritorialization and indigenous empowerment.
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Titre de la thèse: Savoirs traditionnels écologiques et (co-)gestion chez les Mapuche :
Le cas du Parc national Lanín (Argentine).

Réalisée à partir d'une recherche de terrain, cette thèse porte sur le rapport entre les savoirs
traditionnels écologiques (STE) et la conservation de la nature; particulièrement ceux de
collectivités mapuche concernées par le parc national Lanín (PNL) en Argentine, marqué par
un processus de co-gestion et ses enjeux.
Les données collectées ont été analysées qualitativement suivant une perspective théorique
interdisciplinaire et systémique, mettant en évidence que: 1) La notion de «communauté
autochtone» doit être problématisée vu les migrations internes; le statut reconnu aux
autochtones a des répercussions dans le PNL; 2) Les STE sont écosociospécifiques, ancrés
dans un régime institutionnel de possession communautaire et relèvent d’une logique
d’ensemble afin de répondre à un ensemble de besoins (reproduction socioculturelle et
économique); 3) Les conditions institutionnelles liées au PNL sont fondamentales et influent
sur l'actualisation des STE et l'orientation dans l'usage des ressources: par exemple, la
possession matérielle partielle des Mapuche sur les ressources ne leur permet pas une
reproduction économique et socioculturelle; la limite spatiale souligne les limites intrinsèques
des STE lorsqu'il s'agit de répondre à la nécessité d'une croissance productive (population
toujours plus dense), engendrant la détérioration des fonds écologiques.
Ainsi, cette thèse révèle les contradictions entre le cadre de la co-gestion et les STE
mapuche, menaçant à la fois les STE et les ressources du PNL; également l'agencéité des
acteurs sociaux puisque les Mapuche conféreraient désormais à leurs STE un rôle dans un
processus de reterritorialisation et d'empowerment autochtone.

The Southern Brazilian highlands are composed by landscapes dominated by subtropical rain forests in which the Araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) is the most common tree, occupying a predominant position in the upper strata of the regional
forests. In total opposition to the ecological succession, open grasslands can be found. Together they form a mosaic of ecosystems thatmakes up the natural area known as the Morphoclimatic Domains of Araucárias Highlands.
The existence of glassland vegetation merged with forest  has often aroused naturalists and researchers’ interest. However, it was only in the 20 th century that Reinhard Maack conceived the first  interpretation of the landscape’s origin. His views
were based on the knowledge acquired from paleoclimate researches on the quaternary.
Important contributions were made to the palaeoenvironmental. This led A.N. Ab'Sáber and P.E. Vanzolini to formulate the Ice AgeForests Refuge Theory, one of the most important theoretical bodies concerning mechanisms and distribution patterns of neotropical floras and fauna at the end ofthe last glacial period.
The Ice Age Forests Refuge Theory provides an interpretation that integrates both geoscience and bioscience data in order to explain how the landscape has evolved. The theory concerns the major climate changes occurred during the Quaternary.
These interpretations are merely a first approach. However they represent a significant contribution to the theoretical frameworkas well as the methodology of investigation concerning the exceptional landscape found within the Morphoclimatic domains of landscapes.
This work aims to reconstruct the palaeogeographical landscape of the late-pleistocene of Vila Velha Park and its surroundings, oneof the most important conservation areas of the Araucárias Highlands. Nowadays  it preserves a sample of typical ecosystems of the southern highlands. These consist  of grasslands and subtropical forests as well as vegetal species considered palaeoclimate relicts of the driest pleistocenic epochs and genetically descend from the central Brazilian
Cerrado. More than an attempt to distinguish and classify Vila Velha’s present and past types of landscape, this research strives to contribute to the knowledge regarding the evolution of the Araucaria Highlands Morphoclimatic Area. The methodology consists of analyzing palaeopalinologic data and proposing hypothesis concerning the origins of Southern Brazilian Highlands landscape.

This paper presents a botanical, evolutionary and historical-environmental analysis of the species Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, popularly known as pine. In the Atlantic Forest biome, the araucaria species stands out in the phytophysiognomy of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest due to its economic, landscape and ecological value. For the reconstitution of the evolutionary past of the species, we use the Global Environmental History methodology, with diverse sources and an interdisciplinar updated bibliography. Knowledge about the evolutionary past of araucaria, and its vital importance for the ecosystems in which it is inserted, can foster its valorization and contribute to its preservation.

FERRI, Gil Karlos. Araucaria angustifolia: milhões de anos de história. Revista História Catarina, Editora Leão Baio, Lages (SC), n. 86, p. 52-66, 2017. (ISSN 1980-1637).

Aristotle's discussion of legal change in Politics II.8 is the subject of this article. The aim is to show that Aristotle viewed legal change positively, when changes to the law were required, and that his discussion was mainly concerned with the two rather distinct roles of the demos and of the legislator. This essay deals with a re-examination of 1268b 25ff. in book II of Aristotle's Politics and its connection with book III. The analysis is also extended to Aristotle's Rhetoric and Nicomachean Ethics, and to Plato's Politicus and Laws.

Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian–earliest Cenomanian) sediment in seven bore cores from the Eromanga Basin
(south-western Queensland) was sampled for organically preserved plant macrofossils. Among those recovered, 26 taxa of conifers have been distinguished. Families Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Cheirolepidiaceae were prominent. The Araucariaceae include Araucaria sp., while the remainder are considered to represent extinct genera. Podocarpaceae are all species of extinct genera and two new genera are described: Eromangia and Thargomindia. There are two species of Cheirolepidiaceae. One of these,
Geinitzea tetragona Cantrill & Douglas, is made the type of a new genus, Otwayia, with two species, O. tetragona and O. cudgeloides, both occurring in the Eromanga Basin. No unequivocal Cupressaceae/Taxodiaceae were recognised.

This study focuses on the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of an Late Jurassic fossil forest based on a fossil assemblage located in the Shishugou Formation near Jiangjunmiao, north-eastern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. On the basis of tree stumps found in growth position together with published data on megaplant fossils, seeds and spores, a highresolution digital computer model, including different forest layers, was developed. In a study area of 31,500 m², 65 tree stumps with diameters between 0.2 and 2.9 m were mapped and subsequently used for the 3D reconstruction. The forest grew under moist conditions, probably close to the banks of an anastomosing river and consisted primarily of conifers, in particular Araucariaceae. Even though the tree density of the forest is only 22 trees/ha, the 3D reconstruction indicates a relatively closed canopy. Megaplant fossils and spores also show evidence for the presence of Angiopteris, Osmunda and Coniopteris, which were then used to reconstruct the understory of the forest. The trees were modelled in three different growth stages, representing young, older and mature trees, respectively. The growth parameters of individual trees and ferns were randomized in order to avoid duplications within the reconstruction. Detailed textures of leaves, fronds and bark were created to give the plants a more realistic appearance than that in previously published 3D reconstructions of fossil forest assemblages. Estimations of net biomass (approximately 9 tons/ha), annual biomass production and a calculation of nearest neighbour index (0.86) suggest an open forest with spatially distributed trees.

Six new coniferous fossils are described from the Late Cretaceous of eastern Otago, New Zealand. These include two new species of Araucaria, A, desmondii, for which a new section, Perpendicula is erected, and A. taieriensis. Syntypes of Dammara oweni Ettingsh. and D. uninervis Ettingsh. are illustrated and concluded to be a single species of Araucaria, A. oweni. The diagnosis of Araucarioides Bigwood & Hill is emended and a new species, A. falcata (the first record of this genus from New Zealand) is described. Podozamites taenioides Cantrill is also placed into Araucarioides. Two new genera and species of Podocarpaceae are described, Kaia minuta and Katikia inordinata. A new genus and species, Otakauia lanceolata, is described and placed in the Taxodiaceae. The type specimen of Sequoia novae-zeelandiae Ettingsh. (Taxodiaceae) is re-examined and its cuticle described for the first time. Its identity is confirmed, but it is placed in Sequoiadendron which follows a more recent nomenclatural change involving extant species. A range of more poorly preserved conifer material is illustrated. The original vegetation grew in near-polar latitudes and would have experienced long periods of winter-darkness.

The idea that only the State is subject to International Law lingered for many years. At present it is undeniable the existence of other subjects, among which, the human being. This article deals with the movement which acclaims the human being as subject to rights and analyses the main declarative instrument of these rights in the international society: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). It is an incomparable document in the History of Mankind, for it is a revolutionary document that causes profound changes of mentality and attitude in the world.

La celebración de los bicentenarios de las independencias hispanoamericanas y de la crisis de la monarquía española (1808-1825) ha ido acompañada de una radical revisión historiográfica sobre la forma que estas habían sido narradas y explicadas hasta ahora. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis de algunas de estas revisiones y del contexto de cambio socio cultural en el que han tenido lugar. Palabras-clave: Guerras de independencia, revoluciones atlánticas, construcción nacional, Iberoamérica, crisis imperial de la Monarquía hispánica.

One hundred and nineteen samples were investigated from Early Miocene localities of the St BathansPaleovalley in the Manuherikia Group in Central Otago and the Gore Lignite Measures of the East Southland Group inSouthland for their content of conifer and cycad macrofossils. In total, these contained 16 species of conifer in 12 genera.They include the first New Zealand record of  Papuacedrus and a new genus of cycad. A specimen previously described as Podocarpaceae-Taxaceae is now regarded as being in the Taxaceae, and is the first clear record of this family in New Zealand. The ranges of  Araucaria taieriensis (known from the Late Cretaceous) and  Kakahuia (known from the Paleocene) are extended to the Early Miocene.
Retrophyllum vulcanense was the most widespread species in the gravel-dominated braided river environment of the St Bathans Paleovalley,and was dominant in some low diversity communities.
Dacrycarpus dacrydioides was the second most widespread species in the Valley. One sample stands out as being distinctly different, as it contains the only record of Papuacedrus and Dacrydium while Retrophyllum is absent.The taxonomic make-up of the Gore Lignite Measures is different, possibly due to the very different peat and clay-dominated soils with poorer drainage. In contrast to the St Bathans paleovalley, Araucariaceae and  Dacrydium appear more important in the Gore Lignite Measures.

O artigo evidencia a importância das práticas cartográficas no âmbito das instituições militares portuguesas nos finais do século XVIII. Enfoca, especialmente, a atuação da Sociedade Real Marítima e Militar, fundada em 1798, para executar, difundir e controlar a produção cartográfica sobre os domínios portugueses. Os mapas e os roteiros geográficos preparados pelos cartógrafos da Sociedade no curso das expedições de reconhecimento e demarcação territorial conformaram a matriz espacial fixada nas primeiras décadas do século XIX, após o estabelecimento da corte portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro no ano de 1808. Visto a partir deste ângulo, consideramos que as projeções cartográficas idealizadas pelos reformadores ilustrados portugueses constituíram um instrumento de governabilidade do futuro Império do Brasil.

This paper aims at reconstructing the late-pleistocene landsca-pe of Vila Velha Park, one of the most important conservation
areas of Paraná State, which preserves a typical ecosystem
sample of the southern brazilian highlands. It consists of
grasslands and subtropical forests as well as vegetal species
considered palaeoclimate relicts of the driest pleistocenic
epochs and that genetically descend from the central Brazilian
Cerrado. More than an attempt to distinguish and classify Vila
Velha’s present and past types of landscape, the research tries
to contribute to the knowledge regarding the evolution of the
Araucaria Highlands Morphoclimatic Area. The methodology
consists of analyzing palaeopalinologic data and proposing
hypothesis concerning the origins of Southern Brazilian Hi-ghlands landscape.

"O “Projeto Arqueológico Alto Canoas – PARACA, Um Estudo
da Presença proto-Jê no Planalto Catarinense”, é uma pesquisa de doutoramento desenvolvida desde 2008 no Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MAE-USP), e tem por objetivos (1) revisar e atualizar a literatura produzida anteriormente para a região, (2) criar um novo mapa arqueológico regional e (3) interpretar, através de dados de arqueobotânica e geodados, as paisagens das populações proto-Jê no município de Urubici, Santa Catarina. Neste relatório será abordado o primeiro objetivo do projeto, a partir da apresentação sucinta do resultado final das sessões de campo, realizadas entre os anos de 2009 e 2011. Cerca de 50 anos após a primeira pesquisa sistemática, muitos sítios já conhecidos finalmente receberam informações de coordenadas geográficas, registro fotográfico, mapas, descrições ambientais e muitos outros foram pela primeira vez noticiados, criando dessa forma um catálago arqueológico atualizado da região. Além disso, os sítios passaram a ser interpretados a partir de uma abordagem regional e sistêmica."

Sheldon Wolin, one of the most influential contemporary political theorists, died in 2015 at the age of 93. His remarkable legacy within political thought includes written works such as Politics and Vision and lives on as well in a variety of his former students, for instance, Cornel West and Wendy Brown. Wolin's intellectual heritage is sure to persist, given that he "lived in the presence of time past, time present, and time future" 2 .This brief essay, however, does not seek an obituary tone 3. Rather, I will comment on particular topics inherent to Wolin's

La historia, aun repetida, no es tan banal como parece. Es verdad que, de nuevo, "un hombre y una mujer" se juntan, satisfaciendo una vez mas la cultura la eterna llamada que le llega desde la naturaleza; pero no es menos cierto que el desenfado ignorante con el que don Juan pronuncia aquellas palabras solo traduce o impunidad o inexperiencia: y total, sea cual fuere el caso. Porque, en efecto, el amor que al juntarse los une es mucho mas, por un lado, que el encuentro de dos cuerpos dispuestos, sin memoria ni reglas, a libar hasta la ultima gota del caliz del placer; y, por otro, es mucho mas que dos nombres atados entre si por voluntades terceras en ejecucion de un destino iniciado con el azar del nacimiento en determinada clase social. En la primera tesitura, eros puede sin duda violar convenciones y contratos, pero lo hace protegiendose en el escudo de la noche, y salvo que el aprendiz de brujo produzca efectos indeseados que trasciendan la frontera de los cuerpos y sa...

Leer a Octavio Paz desde la filosofia supone plantearse diversos tipos de acercamiento. Puede ensayarse “una aproximacion filosofica” que trate de hacer visible, a traves de comentarios y notas al pie, el sentido de diversas intuiciones y reflexiones que nos dejo este pensador mexicano. O sugerir, de un modo mas ambicioso, la posibilidad de encontrar en su obra un cuerpo de reflexiones que encajen dentro de lo que podriamos llamar “la filosofia de Octavio Paz”. Pero estas opciones no son necesariamente dilematicas: una lleva a la otra. Y terminamos escogiendo explicitamente la segunda, convencidos de que Paz permite ir mas alla de una “lectura filosofica” marginal, al advertir que en su obra se recogen tendencias radicales y decisivas en la configuracion de la filosofia contemporanea.

Historical fragmentation and subsequent isolation has affected the levels of genetic diversity in many lineages of ancient plant taxa. This study investigated the effects of historical processes on Araucaria cunninghamii (Hoop Pine), Araucariaceae, using both RAPD and ISSR markers. While most populations maintain moderate levels of diversity, there is some evidence for reduced genetic variation. Most sampled populations are significantly differentiated from each other, thereby emphasizing the high degree of population structuring in A. cunninghamii. Increased divergence among the northern Queensland populations relative to southern Queensland populations suggests historical pressures have impacted differently on extant population distribution. More research is specifically required into the biology and population demographics of Australian Araucariaceae.

Com objetivo de contribuir com a conservação de uma das espécies florestais de maior importância do sul do Brasil, este estudo propõe a conservação ex situ da Araucaria angustifolia através de populações base pré-definidas, combinando procedências e progênies, constituindo um teste caracterizado pela população amostrada, visando conservação e melhoramento genético da espécie Araucária. Como base, realizou-se estudo da legislação e ações efetivas dos órgãos públicos e entidades ambientais sobre as unidades de conservação no Brasil. Então, propôs-se uma estratégia de melhoramento que também considerasse a conservação genética da araucária de maneira a alcançar um percentual de ganho sobre as características selecionadas e ainda, diminuir os riscos de erosão genética na espécie. Para alcançar estes objetivos serão selecionadas populações com variabilidade genética representativa dos Estados de MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC e RS, num total de 360 matrizes coletadas. Este estudo será conduzido em duas áreas experimentais da Universidade Federal do Paraná, (Faz. Rio Negro e Faz. Canguiri). Espera-se formar com estas matrizes um banco de germoplasma para conservação ex situ e a partir desta população base montar Pomares Clonais de Sementes (PCS), que serão as populações de produção para melhoramento nas características desejadas.

Thucydides composed his work in order to provide political education to his future readers. He wrote in a period which was fond of expert knowledge and appreciated intellectual progress. Knowledge-based education was available especially to young people. On the other hand, in his work he presents people learning from experience, a process which privileges people of a certain age. An exceptional figure is Themistocles who is characterized in a way which points to the limits of education and conveys an additional message to Thucydides' contemporaries.

El compromiso de la originaria doctrina cuáquera del XVII con la noviolencia fue algo particularmente revolucionario en su tiempo. Eso ya se manifestaba en el escrito de 1660 de Fox y otros once cuáqueros, titulado El testimonio de paz. Alrededor de 1700 dos importantes cuáqueros, William Penn y John Bellers, propusieron cada uno un plan para alcanzar una paz pepetua, planes que estaban diseñados para eliminar del continente europeo el gran azote de la guerra. El presente artículo muestra una descripción de los elementos fundamentales de ambos planes de paz, junto con un análisis. También se estudia el influjo del plan de Penn en la obra de Saint-Pierre, y a través de él, en el siglo de la Ilustración.

Two fossil woods Araucarioxylon keriensesp. nov. and Podocarpoxylon deccanesis sp. nov. from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds at Keria and Mohgaon Kalan of Chhindwara district are described. Distinct affinities with the modern Araucaria (Araucariaceae) and Podocarpus (Podocar paceae) respectively, are evident.

Morphological details of Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine) are described and illustrated, and compared with the extant genera Agathis and Araucaria and with selected araucarian fossils from the Cretaceous of Australia. Adult and juvenile shoots of Wollemia differ in leaf arrangement, leaf shape, and cuticular features; in these features they are most similar to Araucaria. The cone scales have a long, distal spine reminiscent of Araucaria section Eutacta, but the winged seeds that are ontogenetically free from, and shed independently from, the cone scale are similar to Agathis. Shoots with variable leaf types, Araucaria-like cone scales, and Agathis-like winged seeds are found in several plant fossil assemblages from the Cretaceous of Australia; these fossil conifers, which had been recognized as araucarian, can now be favorably compared with Wollemia. Pollen of Wollemia is indistinguishable from the fossil pollen form-genus Dilwynites, which has a fossil record extending back to the Late Cretaceous in Australia and New Zealand. Reexamination of Mesozoic and Tertiary paleofloras will most probably reveal an important contribution of Wollemia to the fossil record of Araucariaceae.

El presente artículo es un producto de investigación que realiza un análisis del proceso de elaboración y ratificación del NAFTA y CAFTA-DR. El objetivo es conocer cuál es la influencia que todo este proceso alrededor de esos Tratados tiene en la democracia y la soberanía de los países parte acode al trilema de Rodrik. Este análisis se complementa estudiando la posición y papel que Estados Unidos ejerce sobre el resto de los Estados en cuanto potencia hegemónica.

En el celeberrimo dialogo entre atenienses y melios con el que cierra el libro V de su magna obra, en medio del drama de la imposible convivencia entre el nudo poder y la libertad, Tucidides perfila la estructura de una sociedad internacional unipolar caracterizada por un muy debil nivel de institucionalizacion y la existencia de una potencia muy superior a las demas. En tal escenario, el mero deseo de conservarse abre un proceso expansivo en el que la potencia se ve abocada a tener mas para ser lo mismo y a recurrir mas asiduamente a la violencia para mantener junto lo que antes unia el interes. Y esa deriva imperial tendra lugar inexorablemente, con independencia de cual sea el sistema politico de la potencia o el conjunto de principios que informaba su accion exterior -el tipo de relacion mantenida con sus antiguos aliados, la fuerza de los vinculos establecidos con terceros paises, las tradiciones comerciales, etc.-, y hasta su propia voluntad (llamaremos a eso naturalizacion de...

Una vez completado el ciclo de ajuste estructural y de reformas estatales pro-mercado de corte neoliberal de los años noventa, en América latina ha comenzado una nueva etapa. Ya en el contexto de la globalización, problemas clásicos como el desarrollo, la dependencia y el papel del estado nacional vuelven a tener vigencia teórica y práctica. En estas páginas pasamos revista a una muy rica tradición crítica, que va desde la visión del desarrollo de la CEPAL hasta la "teoría de la dependencia" -incluyendo las contribuciones de autores marxistas y neo-marxistas-, que ha hecho un aporte importante para analizar los límites y las posibilidades del estado nación para establecer un espacio de autonomía frente al capitalismo global. Veremos, entonces, cómo viejos debates se entroncan hoy con nuevas confi guraciones políticas y experiencias en diversos países de la región y reintroducen en la agenda cuestiones tan vigentes como el desarrollo y la dependencia.

Una lengua poética como la épica tiende a la automatización, en relación directa con la amplia cantidad de espacio que ocupar. Dependiente de los modelos virgiliano y lucanesco, La Araucana guía su argumento sobre la base de estereotipos, descriptivos y de oposición de fuerzas en conflicto.

War has a permanent presence in the Renaissance not only as a reality that affects all people but as an object of reflection. This article looks at four representative authors of many other trends from the first half of the sixteenth century. They catered to think about the war, but did so from perspectives ranging from opposition to the same consideration as essential to the power relations instrument. They are: Christian humanism (Erasmus), the Spanish scholastics (Vitoria), Lutheran Protestantism and civic humanism (Machiavelli).

El Estado colombiano ha sido construido alrededor del conflicto armado y de la violencia política que ha marcado la historia del país. De hecho, más que un Estado a pesar de la guerra, podría decirse que el colombiano es un Estado de la guerra. Esto supone una paradoja y un desafío para la construcción de la paz, dado que implica desarraigar y poner en entredicho muchos de los conceptos y construcciones identitarias sobre las que se articulaba el discurso político y una buena parte de la estructura de la política en Colombia. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la forma en la que en el discurso político se ha articulado la imagen del Estado de cara a los desafíos que supone la paz. Para ello se aplica una metodología basada en la identificación de los discursos básicos sobre los que se construye la "autorepresentación" del Estado y en estudiar sus características y paradojas frente al proceso de implementación del proceso de paz.

El metodo de reputaciones de Hunter (1953) nos ayudo a identificar a las familias de Guatemala colonial (1640-1820) estimadas prominentes por un grupo de especialistas. Estudiamos a estas familias en terminos estructurales, de tal manera que mas que poner el enfasis en sus atributos intrinsecos, proponemos hacerlo en un atributo relacional -el matrimonio- para determinar que familias formaron el nucleo de la elite. Este nos permite afirmar que las familias del nucleo de la elite constituian un bloque cohesivo conectado a traves de multiples matrimonios que definimos como endogamicos. De alli que se de una alta correlacion entre prominencia y endogamia. El atributo relacional utilizado es util para explicar el proceso social de formacion de clase.

El articulo trata de la responsabilidad de proteger (RdP), que plantea un dilema entre el respeto a los principios de soberania y no intervencion y la necesidad de proteger a las poblaciones en peligro en casos de violaciones graves, masivas y sistematicas de sus derechos humanos y/o del derecho internacional humanitario. En ese contexto, el proposito de este trabajo es analizar las posturas de America Latina sobre la RdP. Sin embargo, cualquier debate sobre esta cuestion debe empezar por considerar brevemente de que estamos hablando cuando decimos “responsabilidad de proteger”, a que se refiere este principio, que aspectos abarca y cual es la situacion actual, en relacion con el contexto historico y politico que ha determinado muchas de las posturas adoptadas por los paises de America Latina al momento de tener que aplicar decisiones de politica exterior o fijar sus principios.

Una vez completado el ciclo de ajuste estructural y de reformas estatales pro-mercado de corte neoliberal de los anos noventa, en America latina ha comenzado una nueva etapa. Ya en el contexto de la globalizacion, problemas clasicos como el desarrollo, la dependencia y el papel del estado nacional vuelven a tener vigencia teorica y practica. En estas paginas pasamos revista a una muy rica tradicion critica, que va desde la vision del desarrollo de la CEPAL hasta la “teoria de la dependencia” –incluyendo las contribuciones de autores marxistas y neo-marxistas-, que ha hecho un aporte importante para analizar los limites y las posibilidades del estado nacion para establecer un espacio de autonomia frente al capitalismo global. Veremos, entonces, como viejos debates se entroncan hoy con nuevas configuraciones politicas y experiencias en diversos paises de la region y reintroducen en la agenda cuestiones tan vigentes como el desarrollo y la dependencia.

Una lengua poetica como la epica tiende a la automatizacion, en relacion directa con la amplia cantidad de espacio que ocupar. Dependiente de los modelos virgiliano y lucanesco, La Araucana guia su argumento sobre la base de estereotipos, descriptivos y de oposicion de fuerzas en conflicto.

East Asia and West Asia (the Middle East) 2 are usually treated in the academic literature as two distinct and separate issues in Chinese foreign policy. Studies of China's policy in East Asia hardly mention the Middle East and studies of the Middle East hardly mention East Asia. In fact, these two regions are not simply interconnected in China's geopolitical outlook but provide clues to understanding Beijing's foreign policy toward each of them -they are interdependent. As such, they are connected vessels in the sense that the situation in one region affects, or even determines, China's policy in the other. This is evident in a number of perspectives: strategy, economics, energy, military and Islam. Mutual dependence is one of the features of contemporary international relations, after the end of the Cold War. While usually it is limited to one aspect or two (primarily economic and military), in the case of China and the Middle East, mutual regional dependence involve a number of levels.