Ancient Shipwrecks

The collection of African amphorae deposited in the Torrelló d’Almassora Museum, which were recovered from the seabed of Benafeli site (Almassora, Castellón), is being studied. Although we address all these imports, this study focuses on the containers from the imperial period, as they seem to be a homogeneous assemblage from a chrono-typological perspective, which allows us to support the hypothesis of a shipwreck in the area. The study of the North African amphora remains has permitted us to reinterpret the site and give new meaning to the underwater findings of Benafeli.

We present a digital reconstruction of a shipwreck in a landscape context, illustrating the value of combining and synthesizing spatial data from a wide variety of sources to provide new insights on a heavily studied archaeological site. The shipwreck used for this case study is Batavia, one of the bestknown shipwrecks in the world due to its rarity as an early Dutch East Indiaman, its association with the early days of the discipline of maritime archaeology, and with the dramatic events that followed the wrecking of the ship on an isolated reef off the west coast of Australia in 1629. The digital reconstruction of this shipwreck site leverages LiDAR, ship-construction manuals, and contemporary and modern ship models with underwater photogrammetry to provide new insights on the aftermath of the wrecking, site taphonomy on the seabed, and to recreate the visual aspects of the site.

Narratives about indigenous labour in the pearl fisheries of the Caribbean, widely disseminated across the Atlantic world since the sixteenth century by Castilian chroniclers, have significantly shaped historiography. These accounts have reinforced a singular narrative about labour within pearl fisheries that overlooks this work's spatial and temporal changes in sea depths. This article examines and reconstructs the labour practices of workers in the pearl fisheries on the islands of Cubagua, Margarita, and Coche, as well as the coast of Cabo de la Vela and Riohacha, highlighting their temporal and spatial transformations. Additionally, it analyses the coexistence of various forms of coerced labour within this contexto.

C. Carrato, F. Cibecchini, Nouvelles recherches sur les dolia L’exemple de la Méditerranée nord-occidentale à l’époque romaine (Ier s. av. J.-C.- IIIe s. ap. J.-C.)
Actes de la table ronde tenue à Aspiran les 26 et 27 septembre 2013,  p. 227-240

This contribution brings together two themes that in the last few years have been the subject of new studies and have provided previously unpublished data on the wine trade in two central and ‘hinge’ periods for the ancient age. We are talking about the Repubblicain Roman period with the Roman military expansion in the Mediterranean, and the years of transition between the Republic and the first decades of the Empire, with the emergence of a new transport system, that of wine in bulk
in ships with dolia. These two themes are united here by the same research point of view, an analysis that starts from the sea, from the wrecks, that of a missed trade.
Recent research has shown how indispensable it is, first of all, to have reliable data and, when possible, to directly review the contexts of old excavations in order to carry out a finer analysis of shipwrecks.
Finally, thanks to technological innovation, a new frontier has been crossed in recent years, that of deep-sea research. It is precisely the latter that, especially in France and Italy as we shall see,brings significant novelties.

Overview of the goals and methodological approach of the Vestigium project (2024-2025), with a focus on the case study of Sancti Petri. Some first results of the land surveys and test trenches, core drilling and underwater geophysics conducted so far suggest a severe change in the maritime façade of the southern tip of the ancient island of Kotinoussa (and the present-day islet of Sancti Petri), and reveal the existence of prehistoric, ancient and medieval indicators in several areas of this sector. Also, a summary of the results of the study of old excavations conducted on the islet is provided, revealing that the items unearthed can be related to pottery production and fish-processing between the late archaic and the early Roman period.

Summary of more than two decades of research conducted by the Center for Underwater Archaeology of the IAPH in the area of La Caleta (Cádiz, Spain), focusing on the joint projects developed since 2013 together with the University of Seville. Surveys, test trenches and study seasons at the Museum of Cádiz have revealed a much more complex palaeogeographic setting than previously considered, including the existence of several islets and shallows to the north and northwest of the ancient island of Erytheia. Also, the study of the items from the surveys and the old finds stored at the museum has allowed to rethink the human interaction with the seascape and the use of those waters throughout the 1st millennium BC. Hundreds of amphoras, miniature amphoras, two-plate incense burners, lids, dipper juglets, terracottas, and more, have been studied, classified and dated (including archaeometric approaches), leading to reconsider the interpretation of ancient sources and other terrestrial archaeological finds.

Remarks on the study of pottery contexts based on published material and thoughts for future research 10.30-11.00 COFFEE BREAK Greek Region 11.00-11:30 Charikleia Diamanti | Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades Paros pottery production during the 7th century: Syncretic standardization in a world of change 11.30-12:00 Guy Sanders | American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations Old money, fake coins, lamps and pottery in late 6th and 7th century Athenian Agora deposits 12:00-12:30 Joanita Vroom| Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology online Complex dynamics in a Byzantine industrial zone: Various categories of finds from Chalcis (ca. 10th-13th c.).

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The following paper was presented during the fifth Maritime Archaeology Graduate Symposium (MAGS 2023) that took place at the Archaeological Research Unit (ARU) of the University of Cyprus  (1st - 4th of March 2023) and was supported by the Honor Frost Foundation and the University of Cyprus.
This paper focuses on the study of seventy-four shipwrecks as evidence for the understanding of complex navigation patterns and the formation of maritime trade networks in the Aegean during the Middle and Late Byzantine periods. An analysis based on the spatial and chronological distribution of wrecks and on the nature of their cargo has been followed. The aim of this study is to place the maritime archaeological data in the broader historical and archaeological context of the period, for the interpretation of the mechanisms of maritime trade activity and the distinguished characteristics they present.

The morphological configuration of the coast with the possibility of a safe docking was one of the factors for the foundation of Thessaloniki in 316/15 BC. within the Thermaic gulf. Livy attests to the existence of "navalia" in the Hellenistic time (168 BC) to which they can be attributed some remains found in the area of Galerius Palace (n. XV). The remains of the harbor of Roman time are associated with the sea walls. We know from Zosimus that Constantine built ex novo, «πρότερον οὐκ ὄντα», a port in the western part of the city which remained in use until the Byzantine era. The pincer-shaped basin was built by excavation and could contain a large number of ships. The remains found between Dimokratias square and Leontos Sofou street belong to port installations of the 5th-6th century. A.D., and to the walls of the port (files n. I-VI). Evanescent is the existence of a second port, perhaps the Εκκλησιαστική Σκάλα know from the ancient sources, located in the eastern part of the city perhaps in correspondence of the Hellenistic harbor and the Galerian Palace, which would attest to the existence of port infrastructures located at the two opposite sides of the city.

This paper discusses the artworks, practices and processes of the contemporary Greek artist Yiorgos Lazongas (1945-1922) with specific focus on the artist's complex relationship to eastern mediterranean antiquity. The exhibition The Past is Now was presented by the National Archaeological Museum Athens. Staged across three of the museum's main galleries The Past is Now represented the first significant presentation of a living artist's work within the context of ancient objects drown from various departmental collections of the National Archaeological Museum Athens.

There is a need to improve on the practice of analysing oriental tradeware ceramics found in Philippine archaeological sites. The current practices mostly depend on authority and the process of identification is not presented. Oriental tradeware ceramics, in this study, are defined as the porcelain and stoneware that originated from Asia specifically from the current nation states of China, Thailand, Vietnam and Burma. The first part of the paper is a review of oriental tradeware studies done in the Philippines as well as their documentation. Then, this research proposes a determination system for excavated oriental tradeware ceramics composed of two parts: identification and documentation. Reporting the cross referencing of available ceramic data and stating the level of confidence of the identification are some of the new steps added in this oriental tradeware ceramics determination system. Then, the database shall be encoded into a digital form for documentation.

There is underwater archaeological evidence and historical archive evidence that the VOC used specialist naval ammunition in the form of wire-linked shot in the 17th century. Underwater archaeological evidence has also revealed that the VOC used specialist naval ammunition in the form of wire-linked shot in the 18th century. Underwater archaeological evidence has also revealed that brass and copper wire were both used in the 17th century in the creation of VOC wire-linked shot  and that bronze wire (copper alloy: bronze-like) was used in the 18th century in the creation of VOC wire-linked shot. We can also determine from the shipwreck evidence that the VOC used in both the 17th and 18th centuries Type 1 Expanding wire-linked shot according to Peterson’s classification system with 2 balls connected to each other by a coil (spring) of wire – the VOC utilising the idiom ‘If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it’ regarding design – but with various wire compositions (copper, brass or bronze). The VOC shipwreck evidence of copper wire use in the formation of wire-linked shot (which may have been brass originally, a copper alloy, which has experienced dezincification: the copper caveat) and of brass and bronze wire use in the formation of wire-linked shot (both copper alloys) suggests a possible update to Peterson’s (1966) classification system. The Gold (2023) classification system would comprise Peterson’s (1966) four classes but with the supplication of ‘brass wire’ in each class with ‘copper alloy wire’.

Возвращение из Испании
Монументальный проект STRO (Sound Toll Registers Online) был практически завершен летом 2023 года. Он посвящен расшифровке около двух миллионов записей таможенных журналов (регистров) Зунда, переводу их на современный язык, структуризации, снабжению справочным аппаратом, а в целом – созданию общедоступной базы данных STR.
Хотя взимала Зундские пошлины и вела регистры Дания, инициировали проект голландцы, поскольку без этих записей история их мореплавания, которой они заслуженно гордятся, была бы далеко неполной. Недаром в Голландии балтийскую торговлю называли матерью всей коммерции. Работа над ним началась в 2010 году, а я участвую в проекте с 2017 года, что позволило опубликовать множество статей в таких популярных изданиях, как журналы «Знание-Сила», «Наука и жизнь», «Звезда», американский The Artilleryman magazine, военно-морской сборник «Гангут» и пр., включая газету ученых и популяризаторов науки «Троицкий вариант - Наука».
В последней (№ 413, 2024) я опубликовал статью о возвращении на родину экипажей российских линейных кораблей и фрегатов, проданных Испании в начале XIX века. Записи регистров позволили уточнить сведения других источников, и жаль, что в работах российских исследователей они практически не используются, хотя проект STRO предоставил такую возможность.

Returning from Spain
The monumental project STRO (Sound Toll Registers Online) was almost completed in the summer of 2023. It is dedicated to transcribing about two million records of the Sound customs registers, translating them into a modern language, structuring them, providing them with reference tools, and, in general, creating a publicly accessible STR database.
Although Denmark collected the Sound duties and kept the registers, the project was initiated by the Dutch, because without these records the history of their navigation, which they are deservedly proud of, would be far incomplete. Not without reason in Holland the Baltic trade was called the mother of all commerce. Work on it began in 2010, and I have been involved in the project since 2017, which allowed me to publish many articles in such popular editions as the magazines “Znanie-Sila”, “Nauka i Zhizn”, “Zvezda”, the American The Artilleryman magazine, the naval journal “Gangut”, etc., including the newspaper of scientists and popularizers of science “Troitsky Variant - Nauka”.
In the latter, I published an article about the return home of the crews of Russian line ships and frigates sold to Spain in the early 19th century ((№ 413, 2024). The records of the registers made it possible to clarify the information from other sources, and it is a pity that they are practically not used in the works of Russian researchers. However, the STRO project provided such an opportunity.

This paper accounts for the preliminary investigations of a well-preserved shipwreck with several distinct cog features, discovered in Jorefjorden on the Swedish west coast and dated to the early 1260s. Investigations revealed a vessel with straight posts, clinker-built sides, and through-beams supported by large standing knees. Since the bottom section of the hull is missing it is uncertain whether it too was clinker-built, or if it was constructed with flush-laid planking in the so-called bottom based tradition, characteristic for vessels of the cog type. Furthermore, the paper discusses the shipwreck in relation to both contemporary European maritime transport geography and the local context of the site.

At the ISBSA 15 in Marseille, the authors presented the preliminary results from the excavation of a Medieval cargo vessel in the port of Wismar (Germany), built from oak and pine sourced from western Sweden in the period AD 1184-1190. Since then, the full documentation of the wreck has been completed, and the timbers are currently undergoing conservation treatment. As the next step, a minimum reconstruction of the hull form was carried out to analyse the ship's design and construction. This paper discusses the methodology used for the archaeological reconstruction and presents the results of the hull analysis. Finally, the Wismar ship is compared with contemporary ship finds intending to explore its place in the development of the sailing cargo vessel in the 12th and 13th centuries.

All archaeology is contingent on the source data and everything stems from that. Achieving a detailed understanding of both the object and the processes is predicated on the quality of the underlying source data. Past reconstruction projects may have used the source data, but it is not always possible to understand or interrogate how that source data has been used or interpreted, due to the lack of published paradata. This paper examines the development of methods employed in the surveying of an archaeological excavation site, in essence the capture and recording of the raw primary data from the site or artefact.

The ship of Phanagoria was discovered in 2012 during the exploration of the port structures of the ancient city. The remains are nearly 16 m long and 2.7 m wide and preserved up to the caprail on port side. In 2014, a bronze casing decorated with a crescent and a five-rayed star was found 1.5 m to the west of the bow end. This bronze casing and the slender shape of the vessel have provided arguments to identify it with a military unit associated to Mithridates VI Eupator. This article presents the process carried out recently to reconstruct the original shape of the ship of Phanagoria, and discuss the results.

At the end of August 1781 the combined fleets of France and Spain appeared in the mouth of the English Channel. Stormy weather and sickness soon forced them to retire to their home ports of Brest and Cadiz, and so this brief invasion threat attracts little more than passing reference in most studies of eighteenth-century Britain. This article examines the reporting of this crisis in the London newspapers, which provides evidence of public interest in the navy and anxiety about the security of Britain.

This thesis catalogs the Portuguese ships that wrecked while sailing the India Route, the passage between India and Portugal popularized in the 16th and 17th centuries. The focus will be on ships lost along the African coast as both historical documents and archaeological finds have accrued in association with these wrecks. By combining these sources, this thesis will describe the cultural context and physical evidence of these wrecks. Much of the historical evidence originates from the História Trágico-Marítima, originally published in Portuguese, with excerpts later translated into English by Charles Ralph Boxer, George Theal, Charles Ley, and Josiah Blackmore. Additionally, the material will be supported by a GIS visualization of known India Route wreck locations, namely in the form of point maps displaying the locations of the wrecks in reference to their geographic location and to each other. By creating a catalog with source materials drawn from both historical accounts and archaeological evidence I plan to weave together a cohesive understanding of Portuguese shipwrecks lost along the India Route.

Il complesso statuto estetico e stilistico della poesia di Paolino di Nola, profondamente determinata dall’esperienza di μετάνοια cristiana da questi vissuta a partire dal 389 d.C., rappresenta un tema di ricerca che la critica ha iniziato ad approfondire solo in tempi piuttosto recenti, soprattutto a seguito dell’impulso dato agli studi paoliniani dalle seminali monografie di GREEN 1971 e KOHLWES 1979, che, pur al netto di alcuni limiti, hanno mostrato come l’esperienza poetica del Nolano non recida il legame con un retaggio culturale ricco e ineludibile – filtrato, per di più, dall’autorevole magistero
ausoniano – attirando l’attenzione sulle dinamiche compositive legate all’intreccio di ispirazione cristiana e cultura letteraria pagana nella produzione in versi del Nolano. Altrettanto cruciale, poi, è stato il riconoscimento, da parte dei lavori di ROBERTS 1989 e HARDIE 2019, del valore esemplificativo della prassi letteraria paoliniana nel contesto dei mutamenti culturali della tarda latinità. Nell’affrontare la poesia dei Carmina, il panorama degli studi – arricchitosi nell’ultimo decennio di una nuova edizione critica a cura di DOLVECK 2015 – ha perlopiù privilegiato la ricerca di consonanze formali tra singoli loci e la poesia degli auctores o l’analisi di suggestivi casi di ‘cristianizzazione’ dei generi ereditati dalla letteratura pagana. Il presente lavoro di tesi muove da un approccio alternativo, proponendo una lettura d’insieme della tecnica compositiva dell’emblematico carme epistolare Ad Cytherium (= carm. 24 HARTEL), concordemente considerato dalla critica come uno dei componimenti più ambiziosi e originali di Paolino, se non l’autentico punto di arrivo del suo sperimentalismo formale, espressivo e tematico (WALSH 1976; GUTTILLA 1985) questa ricerca si inserisce nel quadro di un recente risveglio di interesse nei confronti del Cyth., finora sostanziatosi solo in indagini parziali, incentrate sul sostrato teologico del componimento, sul valore strutturante di alcuni suoi Leitmotive e sulla funzionalità allusiva delle tessere bibliche ammesse da Paolino nel dettato poetico (LEFLAËC 2020; HARDIE 2021; LAX 2021).

Un piroscafo, l’attraversamento del mare di Alborán, l’ultimo pezzo di Mediterraneo arrivando a Gibilterra, una tempesta più o meno improvvisa, metà della Royal Navy mal ancorata nella rada del porto del protettorato inglese, una manovra azzardata del capitano John McKeague, la spinta improvvisa del mare sull’ariete sottomarino di una corazzata inglese, lo squarcio a poppa. È così che affonda Utopia, piroscafo della Compagnia di navigazione inglese Anchor Line, la sera del 17 marzo del 1891. Trasportava emigranti dalle regioni del Mezzogiorno a New York. Era iniziata la grande emigrazione italiana verso il continente americano. L’utopia di un sogno che s’infrange tra i marosi a Gibilterra. Un lungo silenzio durato centotrent’anni prima del riaccendersi dell’attenzione per una tragedia remota che ha sepolto quasi seicento uomini, donne e bambini. La storia di questo drammatico naufragio è riemersa da un’imponente mole documentale ricercata in archivi di mezza Europa, arricchendo e sovvertendo la scarna narrazione bibliografica sul tema.

M.Sc. Alejandro Mirabal (1964) is a Marine Archaeologist with a further graduate degree in Marine Biology and a master's degree in Marine Ecology, all by the University of Havana. Born in Cuba and naturalized Portuguese, Alejandro Mirabal has 28 years of work experience worldwide and is the author of several publications. He has worked on more than 300 historical wreck sites as archaeologist, operations manager, surveyor and diver in Cuba, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Vietnam, Brazil and Indonesia, and has clocked up more than 10,000 diving hours. From 1985-98 he worked at the state company CARISUB in Cuba. Since 1999, Alejandro Mirabal has worked for Arqueonautas as an archaeologist where, in close cooperation with Dr. Margaret Rule (CBE, FSA), he worked on the scientific publications of documented shipwrecks in Cape Verde and Mozambique. Besides his duties as Arqueonautas' main archaeologist, since 2005 he has also been Chief Operations Officer (COO) responsible for the Company's marine archaeology expeditions. Additionally, he has played a key role disseminating scientific knowledge, having presented lectures on marine archaeology at local universities in Cuba, Indonesia and Austria, and having participated in scientific events in the United States,

Excavations carried out at the Cave of Castelvenere in the province of Lucca have brought to light archaeological remains from various epochs datable from the second millenium B.C. up to the first centuries of the Christian era. The objects discovered suggest that the cave was the scene of cult activity-a conclusion supported in part by the recovery of a number of unusual bronze figurines of great antiquity, all either female or hermaphrodite.