Ancient Cities

"Earlier provisional title was "Archaeology, Tourism, Museum...."

"This chapter is divided into two distinct sections that are positioned in a point-counterpoint structure of dialogue. These two position statements invoke the etymological meanings of the word essay, to attempt, put to the test, trial, to act out, to explore, travel, and travail. The first is an historical analysis written in the third person by an anthropologist whose expertise includes the ethnography of archaeology and the anthropology of tourism. The second is a counterpoint commentary written in the first person by an anthropologist whose specializations include Pre-Columbian and historical archaeology. Both of us have significant research experience in same area of the Maya world in Yucatán, México. From these two differing vantage points, we chart our perspectives on the relationship between archaeology and tourism in terms of the problems of exploration, protection, and exploitation.
In the first section, Castañeda takes an historical approach to the emergence of archaeology in the institutional context of the modern museum. He essays an analytical and theoretical manifesto about the deep, intimate interconnections between tourism and archaeology as revealed through an understanding of the museum. In his historical analysis of the role of archaeological representation in the museum, he identifies the sociological creation of universal heritage. He theorizes a notion of the universal citizen-heir as the implied benefactor of this universal heritage. In the second section, Mathews elaborates a commentary on this historical analysis of archaeology, tourism, heritage and the museum. Specifically, she counter-argues and assesses Castañeda theoretical and analytical claims through the use of archaeology and tourism at sites that are not postcard worthy. Together these two “attempts” grapple with the historical and contemporary interconnections between archaeology and tourism. Together we put to the test our typical assumptions about the ethics of archaeologists, tourists, and tourism promoters in the contemporary contexts in which we are now beginning to ask how and why archaeology and tourism are interwoven phenomena in today’s world.""

Ben Kubilay Bal, Ege Üniversitesi -Turist Rehberliği ikinci sınıf öğrencisiyim. Bir rehber adayıyım. Bugün sizlerle tuttuğum notlar ve çektiğim bazı fotoğraflar ile birlikte ekim ayında gerçekleştirmiş olduğum Pamukkale, Hierapolis ziyaretinden bahsedeceğim. Amacım sıkıcı olmak değil umarım benim ziyaretten zevk aldığım kadar sizler de okurken zevk alırsınız.

The Origins of Ancient Vietnam explores the origins of civilization in the Red River Delta of Vietnam and how related studies can inform our understanding of ancient societies, generally, and the foundations of Vietnamese culture, specifically. Long believed to be the cradle of Vietnamese civilization, this area has been referenced by Vietnamese and Chinese writers for centuries, many recording colorful tales and legends about the region's prehistory. One of the most enduring accounts relates the story of the Au Lac Kingdom and its capital of Co Loa. Founded during the third century BC, according to legend, the fortified city's ramparts still stand today. However, there are ongoing debates about the origins of the site, the validity of the literary accounts, and the link between the prehistoric past and later Vietnamese societies. The Han Empire's later annexation of the region, combined with the problematic accounts found in the Chinese chronicles, further complicates these questions.

Nel pensiero e nel linguaggio romano dell'età del principato, il termine civitas costituisce di per sé un concetto complesso. Esso comprende la nozione di un circoscritto e definito spazio territoriale, inclusivo della popolazione in esso residente, delle istituzioni deputate al governo e all'amministrazione di questo stesso territorio, il piú delle volte fisicamente aventi sede all'interno di un nucleo insediativo preminente. In esso in genere si collocano anche le principali funzioni commerciali e culturali, nonché le sedi del pubblico intrattenimento (teatri, terme, impianti per le attività sportive e agonistiche), al servizio della popolazione che nel dato ambito territoriale abita e gravita.

Estudio de los criterios utilizados por V.Gordon Childe para definir la antigua sociedad urbana. Análisis de las consecuencias de la emergencia de la ciudad en Mesopotamia y del territorio del que extraían los recursos agrícolas para el mantenimiento de las poblaciones urbanas.

Trabajo realizado para la asignatura Factores geográficos y económicos en la interpretación histórica, impartida por la profesora Marina Picazo, del Máster Universitario Mediterráneo antiguo.

The series Ancient Cities presents its second volume which contains the proceedings of the conference: Amministrazione, vita politica, cultura e società della città antica, held at Potenza on June 2018. The papers brings in-depth investigation of some relevant problems of the Greco-Roman cities from the archaic age to the late imperial age. The themes, particularly interesting and widely discussed in the international scholarly panorama, are therefore focused on the political and administrative life of the Greco-Roman cities, with attention also to international diplomatic relations. The ancient city was a place of culture and trade, the site of intense political debate, with spaces for meetings and discussions. The volume contains 8 contributions by Italian and foreign scholars, who have investigated some of the most interesting and in some ways problematic aspects of the ancient cities of the Greek and Roman world.

Edited by Stefania Gallotta and Luigi Gallo

Ancient Cities, 2
2021, 196 pp.
Paperback, 17 x 24 cm
ISBN: 9788891322227
ISSN:

A prosopographical examination of the alba of Ostian collegia provides an important picture of at least three aspects of civic life: patronage and how it served not only to connect non-elite Ostians upward to those of senatorial and equestrian rank, but also laterally to other non-elite groups; second, the opportunities for social mobility that guild membership afforded some of its members; and third, the extent to which membership provided non-elite inhabitants of Ostia with con-nectivity to other realms of Ostian society. The generally excellent state of preservation of Ostia Antica-excellent in comparison to many other sites in the Mediterranean-has meant that we have a relatively complete picture of many aspects of life in that city, including the city plan, the location of temples and mithraea, the arrangement and construction of insulae, tab-ernae, horrea, baths, guild seats, and other buildings, and the disposition of roads. Bakeries, fullonicae, workshops, thermopoliae, brothels, and store-houses can be identified from archaeological remains. And the many epigraphical documents and mosaic inscriptions assist in reconstructing the civic fabric and the political structures of the city. Ostia is perhaps second only to Pompeii and Herculaneum in its state of preservation. One important aspect of the archaeology and epigraphy of Ostia is the glimpse that is affords of sub-elite life, epitomized by inscriptions from a wide variety of occupational guilds and cultic associations. At least sixty guilds and associations are known from epigraphic sources and archaeological evidence. 1 This evidence comes in several

The Quartier Magon in Carthage (Tunisia) is one of the most important archaeological complex in the pre-Roman Central-Western Mediterranean. However, the important economic, social, political implications deriving from its construction, including large dwellings and a seawall, have not yet been discussed, 30 years after their final publication, even not in recent historical syntheses. This paper explores some of these implications from a Carthaginian perspective

This contribution presents a preliminary report of the results of the research unit of the University
of Milan, “Tarquinian Walls”, and an overview of the interdisciplinary undertaking of the “Tarquinia
Project”. Such background research made it possible to figure out the relationship between the city and
its territory as regards the choice of the Tarquinian ancient community to partially frame the limits of
the Civita plateau with walls. In such a framework, the evidence of the impasto olla of the Bocchoris
Tomb, dating to the very beginning of the 7th century BCE and decorated with a white-on-red technique,
could help in understanding the meaning of the pattern of the walls at Tarquinia during the
orientalising period. The olla shows the most ancient representation known so far of seven alternating
towers crowned with square battlements and soldiers with hoplite armour. The study of the whole set
of objects, including the olla, its lid and the holmos that rises to a level under the viewer’s eye, inspires
comparisons with the iconographies of the great cities of Ancient Greece and the Near East.

The present study discusses the effects of cross-cultural contact between lower and upper Mesopotamia, during so-called “Uruk expansion” (widespread distribution of southern Uruk-style material culture at sites at the North) in the 4th millennium BCE. 1- This paper claims that Uruk expansion was an actual colonial phenomenon, involving the emergence of Mesopotamian trading enclaves among preexisting local polities. 2- There was a symmetrical exchange between southern city-states and northern non urban societies. This long-distance trade, however, was particularly beneficial for more complex societies of the southern alluvial lowlands, because of the positive effect of trade on the emergence of more centralized states. 3- There was not a kind of world-system in which the core dominates an underdevelopped periphery politically and exploits it economically, rather a peaceful colonization/acculturation was.

Coğrafya eserini i.s. i. yizyı| başlarında kaleme alan Strabon, Halikarnassos'un çevresinde buluıran sekiz eski yerleşmeden söz ederken bunları Myndos ile Bargylia araslna yerleştirir. Bu sekiz kentten altısı i.inlü Karia satrabl Mausolos G.Ö. 317-353) tarafiırdan Halikarnassos kenti ile birleştirilmiş, yarımadanın en batı noktasındaki Myndos (Gıimüşlük) ile Halikarnassos'un doğusundaki Syangela'nın (Kaplan Dağ) varlığını devam ettirmesine izin verilmiştil. Strabon, bu anlatımında kabaca Halikarnassos kentinin bulunduğu yarımadayı tanımlamakta, yarımadanln en doğu noktasına da Bargylia kentini yerleştirmektedir. Yine i.s. ı. ytizyı|a tarihlenen ve Asia Eyaleti'nin mahkeme bölgelerini (conventus) listeleyen bir Ephesos (Selçuk) yazıtında' Halikarnassos kentinin merkezi olduğu mahkeme bölgesinin Kos adası ile birlikte kabaca Bodrum yarımadasını kapsadığı göriilmektedir?.YazıIta HalikarnassoS coııventı.ı.su içerisinde Kos kentinin yanı sıra Myndos ile Bargylia kentleri brılrınmaktadır ki brı dunım Antikçağ'da (en azından Roına döneminde)

Ի հաստատումն «Արզանի ավերակներ»-ում Տիգրանակերտի տեղորոշման վարկածի (Հ.Կիպերտ, Թ.Սինքլեր), հոդվածում փորձ է արվում հաշտեցնելու նյութական ծանրակշիռ տվյալները Տիգրանակերտի մ.թ.ա. 69 թ. ճակատամարտի պլուտարքոսյան նկարագրության հարուցած հակասության հետ, երբ քաղաքը նշվում է գետի արեւմտյան ափին, այնինչ «Արզանի ավերակներ»-ն ընկած են արեւելյան ափին։ Առաջարկվում է պատերազմի համահավանական այլընտրանքային սխեմա, որը ճշտիվ համապատասխանում է «Արզանի ավերակներ»-ի անմիջական տեղանքի բոլոր առանձնահատկություններին եւ առաջ քաշվում վարկած, որ Լուկուլլոսի ռազմական արշավանքները նկարագրող քարտեզում, որն ըստ երեւութին եղել է եւ աղբյուր ծառայել Պլուտարքոսի համար, բացակայել է հյուսիս-հարավ նշումը՝ հանգեցնելով կամայական ընթերցման։ Հույն կենսագիրն, այդպիսով, շփոթել է ոչ թե արեւելք-արեւմուտք ուղղությունը (ինչպես առաջարկում է Թ.Սինքլերը), այլ, ինչն ավելի հավանական է, հյուսիս-հարավը։ Մերժելով բազմաթիվ Տիգրանակերտերի գոյության վարկածը՝ քննարկվում են նաեւ Տակիտոսի եւ Պլինիոս Ավագի տեղեկությունները, որոնք հիմք են դարձել Տիգրանակերտը Թիլ-Էրմեն բլրակում տեղորոշելու համար։ In support of the localization of the ancient Armenian capital city of Tigranakert (Tigranocerta) at the site of the great archeological settlement known as “Ruins of Arzan”, proposed by H. Kiepert and further elaborated by T.A. Sinclair, an attempt is made to reconcile the strong supporting material evidence with the only contradiction that is Plutarch’s description of the Battle of Tigranakert in 69 BC, where the city is mentioned to the west of the river, while the “Ruins of Arzan” lie on its eastern bank. For this we propose an alternative yet equally valid battle plan which eluded the researchers all along. Reinterpreting this new alternative and reasoning that it correctly matches all other peculiarities of the immediate terrain surrounding Arzan, we assume that the original map describing the military advances of Lucullus, which may have existed and likely served as a source for Plutarch, lacked a North-South marking, leaving it open to interpretations by the Greek biographer, who thus confused not the East-West direction (as argued by T.A. Sinclair), but – more plausibly – the North-South. Hence, only a rotation (not horizontal mirroring) of the map is required to fully match the terrain, removing the contradiction and providing further credibility to this location proposal.

A discussion of life in and development of Mesopotamian cities in the Bronze and Iron Ages, using evidence from Penn Museum excavations as displayed in the new Middle East galleries. The majority of the evidence comes from the cities of Ur and Nippur, excavated in the late 19th and early-mid 20th centuries.

The chapter refers to the way the Greeks organized and constructed a colony in the Mediterrennean and Black Sea. Its a chapter of the catalogue of the exhibition The Europe of Greece held in the Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum in 2014-2015.

One of the three biggest ancient cities in Asia, Pergamon, was founded between Selinos and Ketios streams on the region called Mysia. Researches show that, Pergamon has been a settlement since the Prehistoric period. Ruins point that the first settlers of Acropol were not Greeks and the area was Hellen. The first time Pergamon was seen in history was in the time of the Pers sovereignty. Then, the city met Hellen civilization under the sovereignty of Alexander the Great and became the brightest culture centre of Hellen period for 150 years. It was a part of Asia province in 133 B.C. Pergamon had an important position as it provided trade between Aegean and Euphrates by changing of the East’s products with the West’s.
Ephesos as the starting point of King Road which is through Sardes, the center of Lydia that founded in the middle of Anatolia, is also another ancient city of Asia. Ephesos which had opportunities of development in trade, culture and politicts, due to it’s position, combined the East and the West. Furthermore, it was located in crossroad between Miletos and Ionia. Ephesos which competed particularly againts Pergamon and Symrna, was called the first and the biggest metropolis of Asia and the temple servant (neokoros) of two emperors temples.
Sardes, ancient city, the capital of Lydia and symbol of magnificence and wealth, was center of satrapy under Pers sovereignty, a province and conventus capital and also judicial centre of Roman Governor in Roman times. During Byzantium period period, it came into prominence with religion. One of the seven churches of Asia province stands here.
Key words: Aegean, Pergamon, Mysia, Ephesos, Lydia, Sardes, Ancient Cities, Anatolia.

The fact that private fountains surpass public fountains greatly in number is one of the conclusions of this paper, which also concerns the delivered quantity of water.  The private fountains, and the revelation of their non-domestic display function, have produced knowledge that is incompatible with the modern urbanistic approach of how water supply to an ancient city should be viewed and understood.

In this paper 1 we shall discuss the presence of the city of Abdera in the Roman period, as known by historical sources and archaeological evidence. Many sectors of the Roman city and its cemeteries have been revealed through excavations, but unfortunately , due to the continuous habitation in the same area, the construction phases overlap. However, a satisfactory view of the urban plan and the arrangement of the cemeteries is available, while the ceramic and minor objects provide information about everyday life and the economic activities of the population, as well as their burial customs. Alongside the excavations, surface surveys have been conducted in the territory of Abdera, which have provided data for the settlements, the rural facilities and the villae rusticae around the city, as well as the adverse effects of the construction of Via Egnatia. Nevertheless, despite the existence of architectural remains of the city's buildings and a significant amount of other archaeological artifacts, the Roman period of Abdera has not been studied in depth. Thus, this paper aims to contribute to research towards this direction.

Ի հաստատումն «Արզանի ավերակներ»-ում Տիգրանակերտի տեղորոշման վարկածի (Հ.Կիպերտ, Թ.Սինքլեր), հոդվածում փորձ է արվում հաշտեցնելու նյութական ծանրակշիռ տվյալները Տիգրանակերտի մ.թ.ա. 69 թ. ճակատամարտի պլուտարքոսյան նկարագրության հարուցած հակասության հետ, երբ քաղաքը նշվում է գետի արեւմտյան ափին, այնինչ «Արզանի ավերակներ»-ն ընկած են արեւելյան ափին։ Առաջարկվում է պատերազմի համահավանական այլընտրանքային սխեմա, որը ճշտիվ համապատասխանում է «Արզանի ավերակներ»-ի անմիջական տեղանքի բոլոր առանձնահատկություններին եւ առաջ քաշվում վարկած, որ Լուկուլլոսի ռազմական արշավանքները նկարագրող քարտեզում, որն ըստ երեւութին եղել է եւ աղբյուր ծառայել Պլուտարքոսի համար, բացակայել է հյուսիս-հարավ նշումը՝ հանգեցնելով կամայական ընթերցման։ Հույն կենսագիրն, այդպիսով, շփոթել է ոչ թե արեւելք-արեւմուտք ուղղությունը (ինչպես առաջարկում է Թ.Սինքլերը), այլ, ինչն ավելի հավանական է, հյուսիս-հարավը։ Մերժելով բազմաթիվ Տիգրանակերտերի գոյության վարկածը՝ քննարկվում են նաեւ Տակիտոսի եւ Պլինիոս Ավագի տեղեկությունները, որոնք հիմք են դարձել Տիգրանակերտը Թիլ-Էրմեն բլրակում տեղորոշելու համար։

In support of the localization of the ancient Armenian capital city of Tigranakert (Tigranocerta) at the site of the great archeological settlement known as “Ruins of Arzan”, proposed by H. Kiepert and further elaborated by T.A. Sinclair, an attempt is made to reconcile the strong supporting material evidence with the only contradiction that is Plutarch’s description of the Battle of Tigranakert in 69 BC, where the city is mentioned to the west of the river, while the “Ruins of Arzan” lie on its eastern bank. For this we propose an alternative yet equally valid battle plan which eluded the researchers all along. Reinterpreting this new alternative and reasoning that it correctly matches all other peculiarities of the immediate terrain surrounding Arzan, we assume that the original map describing the military advances of Lucullus, which may have existed and likely served as a source for Plutarch, lacked a North-South marking, leaving it open to interpretations by the Greek biographer, who thus confused not the East-West direction (as argued by T.A. Sinclair), but – more plausibly – the North-South. Hence, only a rotation (not horizontal mirroring) of the map is required to fully match the terrain, removing the contradiction and providing further credibility to this location proposal.

Resumen. En el listado de comunidades de la Tarraconense -en concreto del distrito dependiente de la colonia Caesar Augusta-que nos ofrece la Naturalis Historia de Plinio el Viejo sobresale la mención a unos foederati Tarracenses. El presente trabajo vuelve sobre la cuestión de la reducción geográfica de esa ciudad -poniéndola en relación con el yacimiento de Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza)-y analiza el momento en que pudo suscribirse ese foedus entre Roma y los Tarracenses muy verosímilmente en el contexto del bellum Sertorianum hispano.

GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN. Estudios de las Mujeres (HUM-603). PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN FEDER/ Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento. Las Mujeres y los Discursos de Paz. Orígenes y transformaciones en las sociedades Occidentales (B-HUM-053-UGR18).