Introduction to financial statement analysis

c h a p t e r 5 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the purpose of financial statement analysis. 1 Understand the relationships between financial statement numbers and use ratios in analyzing and describing a company’s performance. 2 Use common-size financial statements to perform comparison of financial statements across years and between companies. 3 Use cash flow information to evaluate cash flow ratios. 5 Understand the limitations of financial statement analysis. 6 Understand the DuPont framework and how return on equity can be decomposed into its profitability, efficiency, and leverage components. 4 © 2003 Getty Images c h a p t e r high schools throughout the country in their efforts to incorporate technology into the curriculum, and the company has established scholarship programs to encourage minorities and women to pursue careers in computer science and related technical fields. In addition, Bill Gates and his wife Melinda have started a foundation dedicated primarily to health and education. Thus far they have contributed several billion dollars to their foundation. FYI: In fact, many people are of the opinion that Microsoft has succeeded too well. Several of Microsoft’s competitors allege that Microsoft is involved in monopolistic practices that stifle competition. In terms of stock price, Microsoft’s per-share stock price (adjusted for stock splits) has gone from $0.10 in 1986 to almost $26 in April of 2003 (see Exhibit 1). But as the graph illustrates, Microsoft’s stock price is down from its historic high of over $58 per share in 1999. An analysis of Microsoft’s financial statements reveals some of the reasons for the declining stock price. That is the topic of this chapter—an introduction to financial statement analysis. With some basic analysis tools (called ratios), we will be able to conduct some fundamental analysis of a company’s financial statements. Our analysis will provide us with insights as to a company’s performance and will help us identify areas of concern. Keep in mind that this is merely an introduction to financial statement analysis. There are entire textbooks devoted to the analysis of financial statements. Our objective here is to expose you to some of the basic tools to help you start to understand what financial statements can tell us about the operations of a business. To illustrate the analysis techniques introduced in this chapter, we will reference the financial statement of Microsoft included in Appendix A. 1 The decision to have another company develop the software for its personal computer was not IBM’s only strategic error. At the same time, IBM decided to use another company’s microprocessors—the “brains” of the computer. As a result, another successful company was born—INTEL. IBM lost the opportunity to dominate the software market as well as the computer chip market. By September 2003, Microsoft, Intel, and IBM had market values exceeding $317 billion, $187 billion, and $158 billion, respectively. 2 Everybody knows Bill Gates, but few people know about Paul Allen. Allen was Microsoft’s head of research and new product development until 1983 when a serious illness caused him to leave the company. He now spends much of his time investing in technology companies and watching the Seattle Seahawks, a professional football team, and the Portland Trailblazers, a professional basketball team, both of which he owns. Setting the Stage In 1987, IBM was the most valuable company in the world, worth an estimated $105.8 billion. By the end of 1992, IBM had an estimated value of $28.8 billion. This decline in value can be traced to a strategic error made by IBM in the early 1980s. Prior to 1981, IBM was the major player in the computer market and was the primary provider of computers for government, universities, and businesses. At this time, believe it or not, virtually no computers were available at an affordable price for individuals. Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (IBM PC), and it quickly established the standard by which other PCs would be measured. However, IBM elected to leave the software development for PCs to other companies. Instead of developing its own disk operating system (DOS), IBM elected to use a DOS developed by a small company located in Seattle—MICROSOFT.1 Microsoft was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.2 When they founded Microsoft, Gates and Allen envisioned that computers would eventually find their way into everyday life (contrary to IBM’s prediction in the 1950s when one IBM executive forecast the total worldwide demand for computers to be about five). While IBM’s performance floundered in the mid- and late-1980s, Microsoft demonstrated an amazing ability to become a major player in practically every aspect of the computer software market—from operating systems to the Internet to networks to spreadsheets and word processors. With Microsoft’s many accomplishments comes the question: “Just how successful is the company?” The answer to that question depends on how you define “success.” Measured in terms of number of employees, Microsoft has grown from just 32 employees in 1981 when IBM elected to use Microsoft’s DOS to 50,500 as of the June 30, 2002, fiscal year. In terms of social impact, Microsoft and its employees donate millions of dollars each year to such charitable causes as Special Olympics, Boys and Girls Clubs, and the United Negro College Fund. Microsoft also supports elementary and 5 204 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Exhibit 1: History of Microsoft’s Stock Price per Share 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 19 00 20 01 20 02 20 The Need for Financial Statement Analysis Explain the purpose of financial statement analysis. 1 financial statement analysis The examination of both the relationships among financial statement numbers and the trends in those numbers over time. Consider the following questions related to financial statement information for MICROSOFT in 2002: • Microsoft’s net income in 2002 was $7.829 billion. That seems like a lot, but does it represent a large amount for a company the size of Microsoft? • Total assets for Microsoft at the end of 2002 were $67.646 billion. Given the volume of business that Microsoft does, is this amount of assets too much, too little, or just right? • By the end of 2002, Microsoft’s liabilities totaled $15.466 billion. Is this level of debt too much for Microsoft? The important point to recognize is that just having the financial statement numbers is not enough to answer the questions that financial statement users want answered. Without further analysis, the raw numbers themselves don’t tell much of a story. Financial statement analysis involves the examination of both the relationships among financial statement numbers and the trends in those numbers over time. One purpose of financial statement analysis is to use the past performance of a company to predict how it will do in the future. Another purpose is to evaluate the performance of a company with an eye toward identifying problem areas. In sum, financial statement analysis is both diagnosis— identifying where a firm has problems—and prognosis—predicting how a firm will perform in the future. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 205 Relationships between financial statement amounts are called financial ratios. Net income divided by sales, for example, is a financial ratio called return on sales, which tells you how many pennies of profit a company makes on each dollar of sales. The return on sales for Microsoft is 27.6%, meaning that Microsoft makes 28 cents’ worth of profit for every dollar of product sold. There are hundreds of different financial ratios, each FYI: shedding light on a different aspect of the health of a company. Financial information is almost always comExhibit 2 illustrates how financial statement analysis fits into the decision pared to what was reported in the previous cycle of a company’s management. Notice that the preparation of the financial year. For example, when Microsoft publicly statements is just the starting point of the process. After the statements are announced on April 15, 2003, that its quarprepared, they are analyzed using techniques akin to those to be introduced in terly revenues were $7.84 billion, the press this chapter. Analysis of the summary information in the financial statements release also stated that this amount repreusually doesn’t provide detailed answers to management’s questions, but it does sented an 8% increase over the same period identify areas in which further data should be gathered. Decisions are then made in the prior year. and implemented, and the accounting system captures the results of these decisions so that a new set of financial statements can be prepared. The process then repeats itself. For external users of financial statements, such as investors and creditors, FYI: financial statement analysis plays the same role in the decision-making process. Financial statement analysis often points to Whereas management uses the analysis to help in making operating, investing, areas in which additional data must be gathand financing decisions, investors and creditors analyze financial statements to ered, including details of significant transacdecide whether to invest in, or loan money to, a company. tions, market share information, competitors’ In analyzing a company’s financial statements, merely computing a list of plans, and customer demand forecasts. financial ratios is not enough. Most pieces of information are meaningful only when they can be compared with some benchmark. For example, knowing that Microsoft’s return on sales in 2002 was 27.6% tells you a little, but you can evaluate the ratio value much better if you know that Microsoft’s return on sales was 29.0% and 41.0% in 2001 and 2000, respectively. In short, the usefulness of financial ratios is greatly enhanced when they are compared with past values and with values for other firms in the same industry. financial ratios Relationships between financial statement amounts. T O S U M M A R I Z E : Financial statement analysis is used to predict a company’s future profitability and cash flows from its past performance and to evaluate the performance of a company with an eye toward identifying prob- lem areas. The informativeness of financial ratios is greatly enhanced when they are compared with past values and with values for other firms in the same industry. Exhibit 2: The Need for Financial Statement Analysis Prepare Financial statements Analyze Financial statements Gather Additional information Make Decisions • Operating • Investing • Financing Implement Decisions and Observe Results b u s i n e s s environment companies or about the economy in general is reflected almost immediately in stock prices. One implication of market efficiency is that because current stock prices reflect all available information, future movements in stock prices should be unpredictable. It seems clear that capital markets in the United States are efficient in a general sense, but accumulated evidence suggests the existence of a number of puzzling “anomalies” in the form of predictability in the pattern of stock returns. For example, prices tend to continue to drift upward for weeks or months after favorable earnings news is released. In addition, prices continue to climb for at least a year after a stock split is announced. Market Efficiency: Can Financial Statement Analysis Help You Win in the Stock Market? An efficient market is one in which information is reflected rapidly in prices. For example, if the real estate market in a city is efficient, then news of an impending layoff at a major employer in the city should result quickly in lower housing prices because of an anticipated decrease in demand. The major stock exchanges in the United States often are considered to be efficient markets in the sense that information about specific Widely Used Financial Ratios Understand the relationships between financial statement numbers and use ratios in analyzing and describing a company’s performance. 2 Before diving into a comprehensive treatment of financial ratio analysis, we’ll first get our feet wet with the most widely used ratios. Familiarity with financial ratios will allow you to hold your own in most casual business conversations and will enable you to understand most ratios used in the popular business press. Data from Microsoft’s 2002 financial statements will be used to illustrate the ratio calculations. The data are displayed in Exhibit 3. Debt Ratio debt ratio A measure of leverage, computed by dividing total liabilities by total assets. Comparing the amount of liabilities with the amount of assets indicates the extent to which a company has borrowed money to leverage the owners’ investments and increase the size of the company. One frequently used measure of leverage is the debt ratio, computed as total liabilities divided by total assets. An intuitive interpretation of the debt ratio is that it represents the proportion of borrowed funds used to acquire the company’s assets. For Microsoft, the debt ratio is computed as shown on the following page. Exhibit 3: Selected Financial Data for Microsoft for 2002 Current assets . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . Market value of shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *All numbers are in millions of dollars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,576* 67,646 12,744 15,466 52,180 28,365 7,829 293,137 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis From an accounting standpoint, market efficiency relates to the usefulness of so-called “fundamental analysis.” Fundamental analysis is the practice of using financial data to calculate the underlying value of a firm and using this underlying value to identify over- and underpriced stocks. The notion of fundamental analysis is in conflict with market efficiency, because the analysis works only if current stock prices do not fully reflect all available accounting information. For this reason, fundamental analysis frequently has been regarded with skepticism by academics. However, some research has suggested that accounting data may be useful in predicting future stock returns. Ou and Penman and Holthausen and Larcker demonstrate that financial ratios derived from publicly avail- Chapter 5 207 able financial statements can be used to successfully forecast stock returns for the coming year. So contrary to what is expected of an efficient stock market, it looks like you can use publicly available accounting data to make money in the U.S. stock market. Sources: Jane A. Ou and Stephen H. Penman, “Financial Statement Analysis and the Prediction of Stock Returns,” Journal of Accounting and Economics (November 1989): 295. Robert W. Holthausen and David F. Larcker, “The Prediction of Stock Returns Using Financial Statement Information,” Journal of Accounting and Economics (June 1992): 373. Total Liabilities $15,466 Debt Ratio: ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ ⫽ 22.9% Total Assets $67,646 Caution The debt ratio is often confused with the debt-to-equity ratio and the asset-to-equity ratio. Each of these ratios is a measure of a company’s leverage. However, each is computed slightly differently. Make sure when discussing a leverage ratio, it is understood which one is being used. In other words, Microsoft borrowed 22.9% of the money it needed to buy its assets. Is 22.9% a good or bad debt ratio, or is it impossible to tell? If you are a banker thinking of lending money to Microsoft, you want Microsoft to have a low debt ratio because a smaller amount of other liabilities increases your chances of being repaid. If you are a Microsoft stockholder, you want a higher debt ratio because you want the company to add borrowed funds to your investment dollars to expand the business. Thus, there is some happy middle ground where the debt ratio is not too high for creditors but not too low for investors. The general rule of thumb across all industries is that debt ratios should be around 50%, but this benchmark varies widely from one industry to the next. By comparison, APPLE COMPUTER’s 2002 debt ratio was 35.0%. Current Ratio liquidity A company’s ability to pay its debts in the short run. current ratio A measure of the liquidity of a business; equal to current assets divided by current liabilities. An important concern about any company is its liquidity, or ability to pay its debts in the short run. If a firm can’t meet its obligations in the short run, it may not survive to enjoy the long run. The most commonly used measure of liquidity is the current ratio, which is a comparison of current assets (cash, receivables, and inventory) with current liabilities. Current ratio is computed by dividing total current assets by total current liabilities. For Microsoft, the current ratio is computed as follows: Current Assets $48,576 Current Ratio: ᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ ⫽ 3.812 Current Liabilities $12,744 Historically, the rule of thumb has been that a current ratio below 2 suggests the possibility of liquidity problems. However, advances in information technology have enabled companies to be much more effective in minimizing the need to hold cash, inventories, and other 208 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Exhibit 4: Current Ratios for Selected U.S. Companies 2002 Coca-Cola 1.00 Delta Air Lines 0.60 Dow Chemical 1.32 McDonald's 0.71 Wal-Mart 0.93 current assets. As a result, current ratios for successful companies these days are frequently less than 1. Current ratios for selected U.S. companies are shown in Exhibit 4. Return on Sales return on sales A measure of the amount of profit earned per dollar of sales, computed by dividing net income by sales. As mentioned earlier, Microsoft makes 27.6 cents of profit on each dollar of sales. This ratio is called return on sales and, using Microsoft’s numbers, is computed as follows: Net Income $7,829 Return on Sales: ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ ⫽ 27.6% Sales $28,365 As with all ratios, the return-on-sales value for Microsoft must be evaluated in light of the appropriate industry. For example, the 2001 return on sales for Microsoft was 29%. At the other end of the spectrum, return on sales in the supermarket industry is frequently between 1% and 2%. These values, because they come from outside Microsoft’s industry, do not really provide a useful benchmark against which Microsoft’s return on sales can be compared. A better comparison for Microsoft is the 2002 return-on-sales value for Apple Computer, which was 1.1%. So, it appears that return on sales for Microsoft was substantially above the industry average in 2002; why this happened will be examined later in the chapter. Asset Turnover asset turnover A measure of company efficiency, computed by dividing sales by total assets. Microsoft’s balance sheet reveals total assets of $67.646 billion. Are those assets being used efficiently? A financial ratio that gives an overall measure of company efficiency is called asset turnover and is computed as follows: Caution The computed asset turnover ratio can be misleading, as discussed in the concluding section of this chapter, because not all economic assets are recorded as assets on the balance sheet. Thus, the denominator of the ratio can be understated, sometimes very significantly. $28,365 Sales Asset Turnover: ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ ⫽ 0.42 Total Assets $67,646 Microsoft’s asset turnover ratio of 0.42 means that for each dollar of assets Microsoft is able to generate $0.42 in sales. The higher the asset turnover ratio, the more efficient the company is at using its assets to generate sales. In evaluating Microsoft’s asset turnover, note that asset turnover for Apple Computer in 2002 was 0.91, indicating that Microsoft was less efficient than its competitor at using its assets to generate sales. Return on Equity What investors really want to know is not how many pennies of profit are earned on a dollar of sales or what the current ratio is—they want to know how much Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis return on equity A measure of the amount of profit earned per dollar of investment, computed by dividing net income by equity. Chapter 5 209 profit they earn for each dollar they invest. This amount, called return on equity, is the overall measure of the performance of a company. Return on equity for Microsoft is computed as follows: Net Income $7,829 Return on Equity: ᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ ⫽ 15.0% Stockholders’ Equity $52,180 Microsoft’s return on equity of 15% means that 15 cents of profit were earned for each dollar of stockholder investment in 2002. By comparison, Apple Computer’s return on equity in 2002 was 1.6%. Good companies typically have return on equity values between 15% and 25%. Return on equity is the fundamental measure of overall company performance and forms the basis of the DuPont framework discussed later on. Price-Earnings Ratio price-earnings ratio A measure of growth potential, earnings stability, and management capabilities; computed by dividing market value of a company by net income. If a company earned $100 this year, how much should I pay to buy that company? If I expect the company to make more in the future, I’d be willing to pay a higher price than if I expected the company to make less. Also, I’d probably be willing to pay a bit more for a stable company than for one that experiences wild swings in earnings. The relationship between the market value of a company and that company’s current earnings is measured by the price-earnings ratio, or PE ratio, and is computed by dividing the market value of the shares outstanding by the company’s net income.3 Microsoft’s PE ratio at the end of 2002 was: Market Value of Shares $293,137 PE Ratio: ᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 37.4 Net Income $7,829 PE Ratios Net Work: To see what each company’s latest PE ratio is, go to http://finance.yahoo.com and enter the stock symbol for each company in Exhibit 5. A chart for each company will provide interesting financial information about the company’s stock price performance. In the United States, PE ratios typically range between 5 and 30. High PE ratios are associated with firms for which strong growth is predicted in the future. YAHOO, for example, has one of the highest PE ratios in the world, but it is not found on the list of companies with high net income. The reason Yahoo is valued so highly is that it is expected to continue to grow so rapidly in the future that its current income is small compared with what investors are expecting in the future. This expected future growth is reflected in Yahoo’s PE ratio of 113. Sample PE ratios for several companies as of May 14, 2003, are included in Exhibit 5. A summary of the financial ratios discussed in this section is presented in Exhibit 6. Note that the PE ratio is different from the other ratios in that it is not the ratio of two financial statement numbers. Instead, the PE ratio is a comparison of a financial statement number to a market value number. The large majority Exhibit 5: Sample PE Ratios for Several U.S. Companies Company Name Yahoo! Wal-Mart Berkshire Hathaway Home Depot Sears Stock Symbol PE Ratio Yhoo wmt brka hd s 112.9 29.8 22.2 19.2 6.1 3 The PE ratio can be equivalently computed using per share amounts: PR ratio ⫽ Market price per share/Earnings per share. 210 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Exhibit 6: Summary of Selected Financial Ratios 1. Debt ratio 2. Current ratio Total liabilities ᎏᎏ Total assets Current assets ᎏᎏᎏ Current liabilities 3. Return on sales Net income ᎏᎏ Sales 4. Asset turnover Sales ᎏᎏ Total assets 5. Return on equity (ROE) Net income ᎏᎏᎏ Stockholders’ equity 6. Price-earnings ratio (PE) Market value of shares ᎏᎏᎏ Net income Percentage of funds needed to purchase assets that were obtained through borrowing. Measure of liquidity; number of times current assets could cover current liabilities. Number of pennies earned during the year on each dollar of sales. Number of dollars of sales during the year generated by each dollar of assets. Number of pennies earned during the year on each dollar invested. Amount investors are willing to pay for each dollar of earnings; indication of growth potential. of financial ratios, however, are (1) a comparison of two amounts found in the same financial statement (such as return on sales, which compares two income statement amounts) or (2) a comparison of two amounts from different financial statements (such as asset turnover, which compares an income statement and a balance sheet amount). These two types of ratios are illustrated in Exhibit 7. In looking at Exhibit 7, you might justifiably conclude that the cash flow statement is completely ignored when computing financial ratios. Unfortunately, that is often true. Relative to the other two primary financial statements, the statement of cash flows is relatively new (the balance sheet and the income statement have been a part of accounting since its invention— the statement of cash flows has only been required since 1988). As a result, ratios involving balance sheet and income statement accounts have been in existence for decades. Given the newness of the statement of cash flows, standardized ratios are still developing. The ENRON accounting scandal has highlighted the usefulness of ratios involving cash flow information (see Judgment 5-1 in the end-of-chapter material). To make sure you don’t fall victim to the oversight of ignoring cash flow ratios, we include a special section on cash flow ratios later in this chapter. T O S U M M A R I Z E : Financial ratios result from the relationship between two financial statement numbers. Some of the most common financial ratios are the debt ratio, the current ratio, the return on sales, asset turnover, return on equity, and price-earnings ratio. Each of these ratios provides information about a company’s past performance. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 211 Exhibit 7: Financial Ratios and the Relationships among the Financial Statements ASSET TURNOVER: Sales Statement of Cash Flows Total Assets Operating Investing Financing Balance Sheet Ending Net Change in Cash Beginning Assets ␣␬␦␱␫␰⑀␣␸␶␦␶␭␬␶␾␩␥␾⑀␭␬ ␣␦␭␬␫⑀␸␣␫␱␭␾⑀␴␱␣␾␦␩␸ ␣␦␬␰␾⑀␱␸␯␩⑀␸␣␱␫␥␷⑀␯ Total Assets Liabilities ACCRUAL ADJUSTMENTS ␣␬␦␱␫␰⑀␣␸␶␦␶␭␬␶␾␩␥␾⑀␭␬ ␣␦␭␬␫⑀␸␣␫␱␭␾⑀␴␱␣␾␦␩␸ ␣␦␬␰␾⑀␱␸␯␩⑀␸␣␱␫␥␷⑀␯ Stockholder's Equity ␣␬␦␱␫␰⑀␣␸␶␦␶␭␬␶␾␩␥␾⑀␭␬ ␣␦␭␬␫⑀␸␣␫␱␭␾⑀␴␱␣␾␦␩␸ ␣␦␬␰␾⑀␱␸␯␩⑀␸␣␱␫␥␷⑀␯ Ending Beginning Income Statement Retained Earnings Sales Expenses RETURN ON SALES: Net Income Sales Net Income NET INCOME – DIVIDENDS 212 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Common-Size Financial Statements Use common-size financial statements to perform comparison of financial statements across years and between companies. 3 common-size financial statements Financial statements achieved by dividing all financial statement numbers by total sales for the year. Financial statement analysis is sometimes wrongly viewed as just the computation of a bunch of financial ratios—divide every financial statement number by every other number. This shotgun approach usually fails to lead to any concrete conclusions. This section explains the use of common-size financial statements that are easy to prepare, easy to use, and should be the first step in any comprehensive financial statement analysis. The first problem encountered when using comparative data to analyze financial statements is that the scale, or size, of the numbers is usually different. If a firm has more sales this year than last year, it is now a larger company and the levels of expenses and assets this year can’t be meaningfully compared to the levels last year. In addition, if a company is of medium size in its industry, how can its financial statements be compared with those of the larger firms? The quickest and easiest solution to this comparability problem is to divide all financial statement numbers for a given year by sales for the year. The resulting financial statements are called common-size financial statements, with all amounts for a given year being shown as a percentage of sales for that year. Exhibit 8 contains a common-size income statement for Microsoft for 2002. To illustrate the usefulness of a common-size income statement, consider the question of whether Microsoft’s gross profit in 2002 is too low. In comparison with the gross profit of $21,841 in 2001, the $23,174 gross profit for 2002 looks pretty good. But sales in 2002 are higher than sales in 2001, so the absolute levels of gross profit in the two years cannot be meaningfully compared. But looking at the common-size information, we see that gross profit is 86.3% of sales in 2001 compared with 81.7% in 2002. The common-size information reveals something that was not Exhibit 8: Common-Size Income Statement for Microsoft Microsoft Corporation Income Statement For Years Ended June 30 (in millions) Year Ended June 30 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit on sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses: Research and development . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses on equity investees and other . . Investment income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . Income before accounting change . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting change (net of income taxes of $185) . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 % 2001 % 2002 % ........ ........ ........ 22,956 3,002 19,954 100.0% 13.1% 86.9% 25,296 3,455 21,841 100.0% 13.7% 86.3% 28,365 5,191 23,174 100.0% 18.3% 81.7% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,772 4,126 1,050 8,948 11,006 ⫺57 3,326 14,275 4,854 9,421 16.4% 18.0% 4.6% 39.0% 47.9% ⫺0.2% 14.5% 62.2% 21.1% 41.0%* 4,379 4,885 857 10,121 11,720 ⫺159 ⫺36 11,525 3,804 7,721 17.3% 19.3% 3.4% 40.0% 46.3% ⫺0.6% ⫺0.1% 45.6% 15.0% 30.5%* 4,307 5,407 1,550 11,264 11,910 ⴚ92 ⴚ305 11,513 3,684 7,829 15.2% 19.1% 5.5% 39.7%* 42.0% ⫺0.3% ⫺1.1% 40.6% 13.0% 27.6% ........ ........ — 9,421 41.0% ⫺375 7,346 ⫺1.5% 29.0% — 7,829 27.6% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Note: Because of rounding, the percentages don’t always add up exactly. This is a minor arithmetic problem that shouldn’t get in the way of the analysis. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 213 apparent in the raw numbers—in 2001 an item selling for $1 yielded an average gross profit of 86.3¢; in 2002 an item selling for $1 yielded an average gross profit of just 81.7¢. Microsoft made less gross profit from each dollar of sales in 2002 Caution than in 2001. The news is even worse because the 2002 gross profit represents a Notice in Exhibit 8 that the results for 2002, continuation of the decline from the 86.9% gross profit percentage in 2000. the most recent year reported, are shown Each item on the income statement can be analyzed in the same way. In in the far right column. This is the way 2002, income before income taxes was 40.6% of sales compared with 45.6% in Microsoft reports in its annual report. How2001. Operating expenses as a percentage of sales remained relatively constant ever, most companies choose to report from 2001 to 2002 (40.0% vs. 39.7%) indicating the difference in operating the most recent information in the far left income related almost exclusively to an increase in the cost of revenue percentcolumn. age from 13.7% to 18.3%. With a common-size income statement, each of the income statement items can be examined in this way, yielding much more information than just looking at the raw income statement numbers. At this point, you should be saying to yourself: “Yes, but what is the exact explanation for Microsoft’s drop in gross profit percentage since 2002? And why FYI: did regular operating expenses increase? And what is this large ‘other operating The SEC requires publicly-traded companies expense’?” These questions illustrate the usefulness and the limitations of finanto provide three years of income statements cial statement analysis. Our quick analysis of Microsoft’s income statement has and two years of balance sheets when propointed out the major areas in which Microsoft has experienced significant inviding financial reports to the public. come statement change in the past two years. But the only way to find out why these financial statement numbers changed is to gather information from outside the financial statements—ask management, read press releases, talk to financial analysts who follow the firm, read industry newsletters, and dig into the notes to the financial statements. In short, financial statement analysis usually doesn’t tell you the final answers, but it does suggest which questions you should be asking and where you should look to find the answers. A common-size balance sheet also expresses each amount as a percentage of sales for the year. As an illustration, a comparative balance sheet for Microsoft with each item expressed in both dollar amounts and percentages is shown in Exhibit 9. The most informative section of the common-size balance sheet is the asset section, which can be used to determine how efficiently a company is using its FYI: assets. For example, looking at total assets for Microsoft in 2001 and 2002, you A common-size balance sheet can also be see the company’s total assets were $67,646 in 2002. Did Microsoft manage its prepared using total assets to standardize assets more efficiently in 2002 than in 2001 when total assets were $58,830? each amount instead of using total sales, in Comparing the raw numbers can’t give a clear answer because Microsoft’s level which case the asset percentages are a good of sales is different in the two years. The common-size balance sheet indicates indication of the company’s asset mix. that each dollar of sales in 2001 required assets in place of $2.326, whereas each dollar of sales in 2002 required assets of $2.385. So in which of the two years was Microsoft more efficient at using its assets to generate sales? Microsoft was more efficient in 2001, when each dollar of sales required a lower level of assets. Common-size financial statements are not a sophisticated analytical tool, and they don’t constitute a complete analysis. However, they are the easiest, most intuitive, and fastest tool available, and they should be included in the initial stages of any comprehensive analysis of financial statements. T O S U M M A R I Z E : Common-size financial statements are computed by dividing all financial statement amounts for a given year by sales for that year. A commonsize income statement reveals the number of pennies of each expense for each dollar of sales. The asset section of a common-size balance sheet tells how many pennies of each asset are needed to generate each dollar of sales. 214 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Exhibit 9: Common-Size Balance Sheet for Microsoft 30-Jun Assets Current assets: Cash and equivalents Short-term investments Total cash and short-term investments Accounts receivable, net Inventories Deferred income taxes Other Total current assets Property and equipment, net Equity and other investments Goodwill Intangible assets, net Other long-term assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued compensation Income taxes Short-term unearned revenue Other Total current liabilities Long-term unearned revenue Deferred income taxes Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Stockholders’ equity: Common stock and paid-in capital Retained earnings, including accumulated other comprehensive income of $587 and $583 Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 2001 2002 3,922 27,678 31,600 3,671 83 1,522 2,334 39,210 2,309 14,361 1,511 401 1,038 58,830 15.5% 109.4% 124.9% 14.5% 0.3% 6.0% 9.2% 155.0%* 9.1% 56.8% 6.0% 1.6% 4.1% 232.6% 3,016 35,636 38,652 5,129 673 2,112 2,010 48,576 2,268 14,191 1,426 243 942 67,646 10.6% 125.6% 136.3%* 18.1% 2.4% 7.4% 7.1% 171.3% 8.0% 50.0% 5.0% 0.9% 3.3% 238.5% 1,188 742 1,468 4,395 1,461 9,254 1,219 409 659 11,541 4.7% 2.9% 5.8% 17.4% 5.8% 36.6% 4.8% 1.6% 2.6% 45.6% 1,208 1,145 2,022 5,920 2,449 12,744 1,823 398 501 15,466 4.3% 4.0% 7.1% 20.9% 8.6% 44.9% 6.4% 1.4% 1.8% 54.5% 28,390 112.2% 31,647 111.6% 18,899 47,289 58,830 74.7% 186.9% 232.6%* 20,533 52,180 67,646 72.4% 184.0% 238.5% *Note: Because of rounding, the percentages don’t always add up exactly. This is a minor arithmetic problem that shouldn’t get in the way of the analysis. DuPont Framework Understand the DuPont framework and how return on equity can be decomposed into its profitability, efficiency, and leverage components. 4 As discussed earlier, return on equity (net income ⫼ equity) is the single measure that summarizes the financial health of a company. Return on equity can be interpreted as the number of cents of net income an investor earns in one year by investing one dollar in the company. As a very rough rule of thumb, return on equity (ROE) consistently above 15% is a sign of a company in good health; ROE consistently below 15% is a sign of trouble. Return on equity for Microsoft for the years 2002 and 2001 is computed at the top of the next page. Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DuPont framework A systematic approach for breaking down return on equity into three ratios: return on sales, asset turnover, and assets-toequity ratio. assets-to-equity ratio A measure of the number of dollars of assets a company is able to acquire using each dollar of equity; calculated by dividing assets by equity. 215 Chapter 5 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis 2002 2001 $7,829 $52,180 15.0% $7,346 $47,289 15.5% What can we say about Microsoft’s overall performance in 2002? It was OK relative to the rough ROE benchmark of 15%, but it was down slightly when compared to the ROE of 2001. But how do we pin down the exact reason or reasons for any change in a company’s ROE? The answer is the focus of this section. The DuPont framework (named after a system of ratio analysis developed 70 years ago at DuPont by F. Donaldson Brown) provides a systematic approach to identifying general factors causing ROE to deviate from normal. The DuPont system also provides a framework for computation of financial ratios to yield a more in-depth analysis of a company’s areas of strength and weakness. The insight behind the DuPont framework is that ROE can be decomposed into three components as shown in Exhibit 10. For each of the three ROE components—profitability, efficiency, and leverage—there is one ratio that summarizes a company’s performance in that area. These ratios are as follows: • Return on sales is computed as net income divided by sales and is interpreted as the number of pennies in profit generated from each dollar of sales. • Asset turnover is computed as sales divided by assets and is interpreted as the number of dollars in sales generated by each dollar of assets. • Assets-to-equity ratio is computed as assets divided by equity and is interpreted as the number of dollars of assets acquired for each dollar invested by stockholders. The DuPont analysis of Microsoft’s ROE for 2002 and 2001 is as follows: Profitability ⫻ Efficiency ⫻ Leverage Net Income Return on Equity ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫻ Sales 2002 15.0% 2001 15.5% ⫽ $7,829 ᎏ $28,365 ⫽ 27.6% ⫽ $7,346 ᎏ $25,296 ⫽ 29.0% Sales ᎏ Assets Assets ⫻ ᎏ Equity $28,365 $67,646 ⫻ ᎏ ⫻ ᎏ $67,646 $52,180 ⫻ 0.42 ⫻ 1.30 $25,296 $58,830 ⫻ ᎏ ⫻ ᎏ $58,830 $47,289 ⫻ 0.43 ⫻ 1.24 Exhibit 10: Analysis of ROE Using the DuPont Framework Return on Equity ⫽ Profitability ⫻ Efficiency ⫻ Leverage ⫽ Return on Sales ⫻ Asset Turnover ⫻ Assets-to-Equity Ratio ⫽ Net Income ᎏᎏ Sales ⫻ Sales ᎏ Assets ⫻ Assets ᎏ Equity Profitability ⫽ The company’s ability to generate net income per dollar of sales Efficiency ⫽ The ability of the company to generate sales through the use of assets Leverage ⫽ The degree to which a company uses borrowed funds instead of invested funds 216 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle The results of the DuPont analysis suggest that Microsoft’s ROE was lower in 2002 for the following reasons: 1. In 2002, each sale was less profitable than in 2001: each dollar of sales produced 27.6¢ of profit in 2002, compared to 29.0¢ in 2001. 2. In 2002, assets were used less efficiently to generate sales: each dollar of assets generated $0.42 in sales in 2002 compared to $0.43 in sales in 2001. In 2002, Microsoft was slightly more effective at leveraging stockholders’ investment. Through the use of liabilties, Microsoft was able to turn each dollar of invested funds in 2002 into $1.30 of assets, more than the $1.24 in assets in 2001. The DuPont analysis allows a financial statement user to begin to answer the question of “Why?” Why did a company’s return on equity increase (or decrease) during a period? What has been the trend over time in each of the three areas of profitability, efficiency, and leverage? Answers to these questions will allow the user to begin to focus attention on those areas of the business that have experienced changes as reflected in the ratios. This preliminary DuPont analysis is only the beginning of a proper ratio analysis. If a DuPont analysis suggests problems in any of the three ROE comMicrosoft Corporation ponents, additional ratios in each area can shed more light on the exact nature Net Work: of the problem. Go to http://www.microsoft.com and locate One of the insights behind the DuPont framework is that overall company the company’s most recent set of financial performance is a function of both the profitability of each sale, measured by restatements. Using these financial statements, turn on sales, and the ability to use assets to generate sales, measured by asset compute each component of the DuPont turnover. For example, comparing Microsoft and Apple indicates that Microsoft framework and determine how Microsoft has is better than Apple Computer in terms of profitability (return on sales) but is performed since this text was published. worse in terms of efficiency (asset turnover). Profitability Ratios When the DuPont calculations indicate that a company has a profitability problem, then a common-size income statement can be used to identify which expenses are causing the problem. Referring back to the common-size income statement in Exhibit 8, cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales was higher in 2002 than in 2001 (18.3% vs. 13.7%). This negative development was offset by slightly lower 2002 operating expenses (39.7% vs. 40.0%). To summarize, the return on sales indicates overall whether a firm has a problem with the profitability of each dollar of sales; the common-size income statement can be used to pinpoint exactly which expenses are causing the problem. Efficiency Ratios The asset turnover ratio suggests that Microsoft was less efficient at using its assets to generate sales in 2002 than it was in 2001. But which assets were causing this decreased efficiency? One way to get a quick indication is to review the common-size balance sheet in Exhibit 9, whose numbers indicate that in 2002 Microsoft had a much higher amount of cash and short-term investments as a percentage of sales (136.3%) than in 2001 (124.9%), suggesting that Microsoft was not using a large part of the company’s assets in an incomeproducing fashion. In addition to the common-size balance sheet, specific financial ratios have been developed to indicate whether a firm is holding too much or too little of a particular asset These additional ratios will be introduced as we proceed through the text. For example, ratios relating to accounts receivable will be introduced in Chapter 7, ratios relating to inventory will be discussed in Chapter 8, and so on. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 217 Leverage Ratios leverage Borrowing that allows a company to purchase more assets than its stockholders are able to pay for through their own investment. Leverage ratios are an indication of the extent to which a company is using other people’s money to purchase assets. Leverage is borrowing that allows a company to purchase more assets than its stockholders are able to pay for through their own investment. The assets-to-equity ratios for Microsoft for 2001 and 2002 indicate that leverage was higher in 2002 (1.24 in 2001; 1.30 in 2002). Higher leverage increases return on equity through the following chain of events: • More borrowing means that more assets can be purchased without any additional equity investment by stockholders. • More assets mean that more sales can be generated. • More sales mean that net income should increase. Investors generally prefer high leverage in order to increase the size of their company without increasing their investment, but lenders prefer low leverage to Company Z has an asset-to-equity ratio of increase the safety of their debt. The field of corporate finance deals with how 2.5. Can you compute what its debt ratio to optimally balance these opposing tendencies and choose the perfect capital would be? structure for a firm. As mentioned earlier, a general rule of thumb is that large U.S. companies borrow about half of the funds they use to purchase assets. There are specific ratios that allow financial statement users to analyze the leverage of a firm. Those ratios will be introduced in the chapters on debt (Chapter 11) and equity (Chapter 12). Exhibit 11 show the DuPont framework ratios for a number of familiar companies for 2002. Note that while WAL-MART does not have the highest return on sales, it does have the highest return on equity. The reason becomes readily apparent by looking at the components of return on equity. Wal-Mart has the highest asset turnover of the companies included in the list as well as having the highest assetto-equity ratio. Wal-Mart’s efficiency and leverage combine to make for a high Wal-Mart return on equity. Let us see how Wal-Mart has performed in Remember, the preparation of financial statements by the accountant is not recent years. Locate Wal-Mart’s most recent the end of the process but just the beginning. The statements are then analyzed financial statement at http://www.walmart. by investors, creditors, and management to detect signs of existing deficiencies com. in performance and to predict how the firm will perform in the future. The BusiNet Work: ness Environment feature on page 206 explains how financial statement analysis 1. Compute return on equity for Wal-Mart may even be useful in predicting future returns on shares of stock. As repeated for its most recent year. throughout this section, proper interpretation of a ratio depends on comparing 2. How does that number compare to the the ratio value to the value for the same firm in the previous year and to values company’s performance in 2002? for other firms in the same industry. Finally, ratio analysis doesn’t reveal the answers to a company’s problems, but it does highlight areas in which further information should be gathered to find those answers. STOP & THINK Exhibit 11: DuPont Framework Ratios for Selected U.S. Companies ROE Return on Sales Asset Turnover Assets-toEquity Ratio 218 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Information for financial analysis comes from many sources. Electronic media offer a wealth of information that can be timelier than print sources of financial information. © 2003 Getty Images T O S U M M A R I Z E : The DuPont framework decomposes return on equity (ROE) into three areas: • Profitability. Return on sales is computed as net income divided by sales and is interpreted as the number of pennies in profit generated from each dollar of sales. • Efficiency. Asset turnover is computed as sales divided by assets and is interpreted as the number of dollars in sales generated by each dollar of assets. • Leverage. Assets-to-equity ratio is computed as assets divided by equity and is interpreted as the number of dollars of assets a company is able to acquire using each dollar invested by stockholders. Cash Flow Ratios Use cash flow information to evaluate cash flow ratios. 5 The requirement that companies provide a cash flow statement is very recent (since 1988), especially when you remember that double-entry accounting itself is over 500 years old. Because the cash flow statement is relatively new, it often fails to get the emphasis it deserves as one of the three primary financial statements. Most of the age-old tools of financial statement analysis, such as the DuPont framework, do not incorporate cash flow data. Accordingly, information from the cash flow statement is not yet ingrained in the analytical tradition, but it will be. In fact, one way to impress others that you are a modern, well-trained, future-looking professional is to become proficient in analyzing cash flow data. Usefulness of Cash Flow Ratios Analysis of cash flow information is especially important in those situations in which net income does not give an accurate picture of the economic performance of a company. Three such situations are discussed briefly below. Large Noncash Expenses When a company reports large noncash expenses, such as write-offs and depreciation, earnings may give a gloomier picture of current operations than is warranted. In fact, a company may report record losses in the same years it is reporting positive cash flow from operations. In such Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 219 cases, cash flow from operations is a better indicator of whether the company can continue to honor its commitments to creditors, customers, employees, and investors in the near term. Don’t misunderstand this to mean that a reported loss is nothing to worry about so long as cash flow is positive: the positive cash flow indicates that business can continue for the time being, but the reported loss may hint at looming problems in the future. As an example, consider the case of AOL TIME WARNER. In 2002, the company reported the largest net loss in the history of American business—$98.7 billion. However, much of that loss related to the impairment of certain assets—a noncash expenditure for the year. For 2002, AOL Time Warner reported a positive cash flow from operations of $7 billion. Rapid Growth Cash flow analysis is also a valuable tool for evaluating rapidly growing compaFYI: nies that use large amounts of cash to expand inventory. In addition, cash colAlthough net income may sometimes paint lections on growing accounts receivable often lag behind the need to pay creditors. a misleading picture of a company’s perforIn these cases, reported earnings may be positive but operations are actually conmance, in most cases net income is the suming rather than generating cash. For example, PIXAR, the company that has single best measure of a firm’s economic produced such films as Toy Story and Monsters, Inc., experienced revenue growth performance. in 2002 of 77%. The company reported record net income in 2002 of $90 million. However, cash flow from operations was a negative $4.5 million. The message: For high-growth companies, positive earnings are no guarantee that sufficient cash flows are there to service current needs. Window Dressing Time Cash flow analysis offers important insights into companies that are striving to present a stellar financial record. Accrual accounting involves making assumptions in order to adjust raw cash flow data into a better measure of economic performance—net income. For companies entering phases in which it’s critical that reported earnings look good, accounting assumptions and adjustments can be stretched—sometimes to the breaking point. Such phases include the period just before a company applies for a large loan, just before an initial public offering of stock (when founding entrepreneurs cash in all those years of struggle and sweat), and just before a company is being bought out by another company. In these cases, cash flow from operations, which is not impacted by accrual assumptions, provides an excellent reality check for reported earnings. To illustrate the computation of selected cash flow ratios, the data in Exhibit 12 from Microsoft’s 2002 and 2001 financial statements are used. cash flow-to-net income ratio A ratio that reflects the extent to which accrual accounting assumptions and adjustments have been included in computing net income. Cash Flow to Net Income Perhaps the most important cash flow relationship is that between cash from operations and reported net income. The cash flow-to-net income ratio reflects the extent to which accrual accounting assumptions and adjustments have been included in computing net income. For Exhibit 12: Selected Cash Flow Data for Microsoft for 2002 and 2001* Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *All amounts are in millions of dollars. 2002 2001 $ 7,829 14,509 770 $ 7,346 13,422 1,103 220 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Microsoft, computation of the cash flow-to-net income ratio (in millions of dollars) is as follows: Cash from operations Net income Cash flow-to-net income ratio STOP & THINK Can you think of some accrual accounting adjustments that might cause a difference between net income and cash from operations? 2002 2001 $14,509 $7,829 1.85 $13,422 $7,346 1.83 In general, the cash flow-to-net income ratio will have a value greater than one because of significant noncash expenses (such as depreciation) that reduce reported net income but have no impact on cash flow. For a given company, the cash flow-to-net income ratio should remain fairly stable from year to year. A significant change in the ratio indicates that accounting assumptions were instrumental in reducing reported net income. Cash Flow Adequacy cash flow adequacy ratio Cash from operations divided by expenditures for fixed asset additions and acquisitions of new businesses. A “cash cow” is a business that is generating enough cash from operations to completely pay for all new plant and equipment purchases with cash left over to repay loans or distribute to investors. The cash flow adequacy ratio, computed as cash from operations divided by expenditures for fixed asset additions and acquisitions of new businesses, indicates whether a business is a cash cow. Computation of the cash flow adequacy ratio for Microsoft is as follows: Cash from operations Cash paid for capital expenditures Cash flow adequacy ratio 2002 2001 $14,509 $770 18.84 $13,422 $1,103 12.17 The calculations indicate that in 2002 and in 2001 Microsoft’s cash from operations was sufficient to pay for its capital expansion with something left over. FYI: This means that Microsoft could pay for its expansion without incurring any new debt or seeking funds from investors. It would be fair to say that Microsoft Cash paid for dividends is sometimes added could be considered a cash cow. 2002 cash flow ratios for a group of companies to the denominator of the cash flow adeare presented in Exhibit 13. quacy ratio. With this formulation, the ratio FEDERAL EXPRESS reports cash flow from operations as being more than indicates whether operating cash flow is sufthree times its reported net income. In addition, three of the companies in the ficient to pay for both capital additions and list—WAL-MART, HOME DEPOT, and Federal Express—each generated regular dividends to stockholders. enough cash flow from operations in 2002 to more than pay for all their capital expenditures for the year. Remember that cash flow ratios fall outside many financial statement analysis models because the cash flow statement hasn’t been around long enough to work its way into traditional models. Rebel against tradition and don’t forget cash flow! T O S U M M A R I Z E : Because the statement of cash flows is a relatively recent requirement, time-tested ratios using information from that statement are still developing. Cash flow ratios are useful in that they can identify instances where accrual basis accounting measures are not providing a complete picture. The ratio of cash flow to net income highlights when there are significant differences between cash from operations and net income. The cash flow adequacy ratio demonstrates a company’s ability to finance its capital expansion through cash from operations. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 221 Exhibit 13: 2002 Cash Flow Ratios for Selected U.S. Companies Cash Flow/ Net Income Cash Flow Adequacy Ratio 1.8 1.6 1.3 3.1 2.2 0.6 1.3 1.7 1.3 0.9 Disney Wal-Mart Home Depot Federal Express Southwest Airlines Potential Pitfalls Understand the limitations of financial statement analysis. 6 Financial statement analysis, as emphasized previously, usually does not give answers but instead points in directions where further investigation is needed. This section discusses several reasons why we must be careful not to place too much weight on an analysis of financial statement numbers themselves. Financial Statements Don’t Contain All Information Accountants, including the authors, should be forgiven for mistakenly thinking that all knowledge in the universe can be summarized in numerical form in financial statements. Accountants love numbers, they love things that balance, and they love condensing and summarizing the complexity of business—in short, accountants love financial statements. Businesspeople don’t have this emotional relationship with financial statements and therefore should be able to take a more detached view. Businesspeople should remember that financial statements represent just one part of the information spectrum. Microsoft’s financial statements, for example, tell nothing about the morale of Microsoft’s employees, about new products being developed in Microsoft’s research laboratories, or about the strategic plans of Microsoft’s competitors. In addition, as discussed in Chapter 2, many valuable economic assets, such as the value of a company’s own homegrown reputation, brand recognition, and customer loyalty, are not recognized in financial statements. The danger in financial statement analysis is that, in computing dozens of ratios and comparing common-size financial statements across years and among competitors, we can forget there is lots of decision-relevant information to be found outside financial statements. Don’t let the attractiveness of the apparent precision of financial statement numbers distract you from searching for all relevant information, no matter how imprecise and nonquantitative. Lack of Comparability conglomerates A company comprised of a number of divisions with those divisions often operating in different industries. Ratio analysis is most meaningful when ratios can be benchmarked to comparable values for the same company in prior years and to ratio values for other companies in the same industry. A problem arises when reported financial statement numbers that seem to be comparable are actually measurements of different things. For example, the income statement of DUPONT (the actual company, not the analysis technique) lists depreciation expense separately and includes advertising expense as part of selling, general, and administrative expense. In contrast, DuPont’s competitor DOW CHEMICAL does not list depreciation expense separately but does report a separate line for advertising expense. This classification difference makes it more difficult to compare the income statements of the two companies. Another benchmarking difficulty arises because many large U.S. companies are conglomerates, meaning that they are composed of divisions operating in different industries, sometimes quite unrelated to one another. Throughout this chapter APPLE COMPUTER, for 222 Part 1 Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle example, was used as a benchmark competitor for MICROSOFT, but in addition to operating in the software industry, Apple is also heavily involved in the computer hardware business. Thus, a true benchmark firm for Microsoft would be to use (if available) only the results for the software segment of Apple Computer. Finally, comparison difficulties arise because all companies don’t use the same accounting practices. In this text, you’ll learn that companies can choose different methods of computing depreciation expense, cost of goods sold, and bad debt expense. Some companies report leased assets as part of property, plant, and equipment in the balance sheet, and some companies don’t report leased assets anywhere at all on the balance sheet. In future chapters, you will learn more about these accounting differences. Search for the Smoking Gun Financial case studies are very useful and fun because they allow students to discover key business insights for themselves in the context of real situations. When analyzing a case, one feels a bit like Sherlock Holmes scouring financial statements to see whether a company’s problems are caused by poor inventory management, short-sighted tax planning, or growing difficulties collecting receivables. This detective mentality can be counterproductive, however, because not every company you analyze is going to be a candidate for a Harvard Business School case that illustrates one particular management principle. For example, not every company suffering from poor profitability has one stupendous flaw that will leap out at you as you do your ratio analysis. If you focus too much on trying to “solve” the case and find the smoking gun, you may overlook indications of a collection of less spectacular problems. Anchoring, Adjustment, and Timeliness Financial statements are based on historical data. A large part of the value of this historical data lies in its ability to indicate how a company will perform in the future. The danger in performing ratio analysis on several years of past data is that we might then tend to focus on the company’s past performance and ignore current year information. All of the analysis performed in this chapter using historical data for Microsoft for 2002 and before may tell us less about Microsoft’s operating position than the news that Microsoft and the U.S. Department of Justice had reached an agreement on a three-year-old antitrust dispute. The careful analyst must balance what he or she learns from an analysis of historical financial statement data with more current data available from different sources. T O S U M M A R I Z E : One must use care when analyzing financial statements. The financial statements summarize the financial performance of a company, but there is more to a company and its future than just the information contained in the financial statements. In addition, care must be taken to ensure that when comparing financial statement information across time or across companies at the same point in time, that similar accounting practices have been used. Finally, financial statement analysis is a study of the past to give users a glimpse into the future. Care must be taken to ensure that current information is included when analyzing past data. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis r eview of learning Explain the purpose of financial statement analysis. The entire reason for having financial statements is to use them. Financial statement analysis is used (1) to predict a company’s future profitability and cash flows from its past performance and (2) to evaluate the performance of a company with an eye toward identifying problem areas. The informativeness of financial ratios is greatly enhanced when they are compared with past values and with values for other firms in the same industry. 1 Understand the relationships between financial statement numbers and use ratios in analyzing and describing a company’s performance. Financial ratios are often used in a business context to describe various characteristics of companies. Six of the most commonly used ratios are: 2 • Debt ratio: Percentage of company funding that is borrowed. • Current ratio: Indication of a company’s ability to pay its short-term debts. • Return on sales: Pennies in profit on each dollar of sales. • Asset turnover: Measure of efficiency; number of sales dollars generated by each dollar of assets. • Return on equity: Pennies in profit for each dollar invested by stockholders. • Price-earnings ratio: Number of dollars an investor must pay to “buy” the future rights to each dollar of current earnings. Use common-size financial statements to perform comparison of financial statements across years and between companies. Common-size financial statements are the easiest, most intuitive, and fastest tool available for starting an analysis of a company’s financial statements. A common-size income statement reveals the number of pennies of each expense for each dollar of sales. The asset section of a commonsize balance sheet tells how many pennies of each asset are needed to generate each dollar of sales. 3 Understand the DuPont framework and how return on equity can be decomposed into its profitability, efficiency, and leverage components. The DuPont framework decomposes return on equity (ROE) into three areas: 4 • Profitability: Return on sales is computed as net income divided by sales and is interpreted as the number of pennies in profit generated from each dollar of sales. EOC Chapter 5 223 objectives • Efficiency: Asset turnover is computed as sales divided by assets and is interpreted as the number of dollars in sales generated by each dollar of assets. • Leverage: Assets-to-equity ratio is computed as assets divided by equity and is interpreted as the number of dollars of assets a company is able to acquire using each dollar invested by stockholders. If a company has a profitability problem, the commonsize income statement is the best tool for detecting which expenses are responsible. Financial ratios for detailed analysis of a company’s efficiency and leverage have been developed—a number of them are summarized in Exhibit 6. Margin is the profitability of each dollar in sales and asset turnover is the degree to which assets are used to generate sales. Companies with a low margin can still earn an acceptable level of return on assets if they have a high asset turnover. Use cash flow information to evaluate cash flow ratios. Cash flow ratios are particularly useful when net income is impacted by large noncash expenses, when rapid growth causes cash from operations to be much less than reported net income, and when company management has a strong incentive to bias reported net income in order to get a loan or issue shares at a favorable price. 5 Understand the limitations of financial statement analysis. Financial statement analysis usually does not provide answers but only points out areas in which more information should be gathered. We must be careful not to base a decision solely on an analysis of financial statement numbers because 6 • financial statements don’t contain all the relevant information; • financial statements sometimes can’t be properly compared among companies because of differences in classification, industry mix, and accounting methods; • most sets of financial statements will not reveal a smoking gun that, if fixed, will solve all of a company’s problems; and • focusing on historical financial statement data may cause us to overlook important current information. 224 k Part 1 ey EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle terms asset turnover, 208 assets-to-equity ratio, 215 cash flow adequacy ratio, 220 cash flow-to-net income ratio, 219 common-size financial statements, 212 r eview & concepts conglomerates, 221 current ratio, 207 debt ratio, 206 DuPont framework, 215 financial ratios, 205 financial statement analysis, 204 leverage, 217 liquidity, 207 price-earnings ratio, 209 return on equity, 209 return on sales, 208 problem Financial Statement Analysis The comparative income statements and balance sheets for Montana Corporation for the years ending December 31, 2006 and 2005, are given here. Montana Corporation Income Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 2006 2005 ....................... ....................... ....................... $600,000 500,000 $100,000 $575,000 460,000 $115,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 66,000 4,000 $ 70,000 $ 30,000 12,000 $ 18,000 $ 60,000 3,000 $ 63,000 $ 52,000 21,000 $ 31,000 Earnings per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1.80 $3.10 Net sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses: Selling and administrative expenses Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montana Corporation Balance Sheets December 31, 2006 and 2005 2006 2005 $ 11,000 92,000 103,000 6,000 $212,000 $ 13,000 77,000 92,000 5,000 $187,000 Assets Current assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable (net) Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (continued) EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Property, plant, and equipment: Land and building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . . . Total property, plant, and equipment Less accumulated depreciation . . . . . . Net property, plant, and equipment . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . Notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: ... ... .. ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5 225 2006 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 61,000 172,000 $233,000 113,000 $120,000 $ 8,000 $340,000 $ 59,000 156,000 $215,000 102,000 $113,000 $ 7,000 $307,000 Stockholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock ($1 par) . . . . . . . . Paid-in capital in excess of par . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 66,000 — 2,000 3,000 $ 71,000 75,000 $146,000 $ 55,000 23,000 — 5,000 $ 83,000 42,000 $125,000 ...... ...... ...... ...... equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,000 16,000 168,000 $194,000 $340,000 $ 10,000 16,000 156,000 $182,000 $307,000 Additional information: Dividends declared in 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market price per share, December 31, 2006 Cash Flow Information: Cash from operations for 2006 . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for capital expenditures for 2006 ................... ................... $6,000 $14.50 ................... ................... $11,000 $19,000 Required: Prepare a comprehensive financial statement analysis of Montana Corporation for 2006. Note that though financial statement analysts usually compare data from two or more years, we are more concerned here with the methods of analysis than the results, so we will use only one year, 2006. Solution 1. Key Relationships The computation of the four key ratios for 2006 provides the analyst with an overall view of the company’s performance and gives an indication of how well management performed with respect to operations, asset turnover, and debt-equity management. Computation of Key Ratios (2006) Operating Performance Net Income ᎏᎏ Net Sales Asset Turnover Debt-Equity Management Return on Stockholders’ Equity Net Sales Average Total Assets ᎏ ᎏ ᎏ ⫻ ᎏᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ⫻ ᎏ Average Total Assets Average Stockholders’ Equity Net Income ᎏᎏᎏᎏ Average Stockholders’ Equity $18,000 ᎏᎏ $600,000 ⫻ $600,000 ᎏᎏ $323,500 ⫻ $323,500 ᎏᎏ $188,000 ⫽ $18,000 ᎏᎏ $188,000 3.00% ⫻ 1.85 times ⫻ 1.72 times ⫽ 9.57%* *The factors do not multiply to the product because of rounding. 226 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle 2. Analysis of Operating Performance Operating performance is measured by means of vertical and horizontal analyses of the income statement. Vertical analysis of the income statement: When the income statement is analyzed vertically, net sales is set at 100 percent, and each expense and net income are shown as percentages of net sales. Montana Corporation Vertical Analysis of Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Net sales . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . Gross margin . . . . . . . . . Expenses: Selling and administrative Interest expense . . . . . . . Total expenses . . . . . . Income before taxes . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. .................................. .................................. $600,000 500,000 $100,000 100.0% 83.3 16.7% expenses ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ $ 66,000 4,000 $ 70,000 $ 30,000 12,000 $ 18,000 11.0% 0.7 11.7% 5.0% 2.0 3.0% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Analysis of Asset Turnover and Utilization Asset turnover and utilization are analyzed by performing vertical analysis of the balance sheet. Montana Corporation Vertical Analysis of the Balance Sheet (as a % of sales) December 31, 2006 Assets Current assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable (net) . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment: Land and building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . . . . Total property, plant, and equipment Less accumulated depreciation . . . . . . Net property, plant, and equipment . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,000 92,000 103,000 6,000 $212,000 1.8% 15.3 17.2 1.0 35.3% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 61,000 172,000 $233,000 113,000 $120,000 $ 8,000 $340,000 10.2% 28.7 38.8%* 18.8 20.0% 1.3% 56.7% Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 66,000 2,000 3,000 $ 71,000 75,000 146,000 194,000 $340,000 11.0% 0.3 0.5 11.8% 12.5 24.3% 32.3 56.7%* *Note: Because of rounding, the percentages don’t always add up exactly. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis EOC Chapter 5 227 4. Common Ratios a. Debt Ratio Total Liabilities $146,000 ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 42.9% Total Assets $340,000 b. Current Ratio: Current Assets $212,000 ᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2.99 Current Liabilities $71,000 c. Return on Sales Net Income $18,000 ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 0.03 Net Sales $600,000 d. Asset Turnover Ratio: $600,000 Net Sales $600,000 ᎏ ᎏ ᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 1.85 ᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ $340,000 ⫹ $307,000 Average Total Assets $323,500 ᎏᎏᎏ 2 e. Return on Stockholders’ Equity $18,000 $18,000 Net Income ᎏ ᎏ ᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 9.6% ᎏᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ $194,000 ⫹ $182,000 Average Stockholders’ Equity $188,000 ᎏᎏᎏ 2 f. Price-earnings Ratio $14.50 Market Price Per Share ᎏᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏ ⫽ 8.1 Earnings Per Share $1.80 d iscussion questions 1. Financial statement analysis can be used to identify a company’s weak areas so that management can work toward improvement. Can financial statement analysis be used for any other purpose? Explain. 2. “An analysis of a company’s financial ratios reveals the underlying reasons for the company’s problems.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 3. What benchmarks can be used to add meaning to a computed financial ratio value? 4. What characteristic of a company does current ratio measure? 5. Company A has a return on sales of 6%. Is this a high value for return on sales? 6. How does the price-earnings ratio differ from most other financial ratios? 7. What is a common-size financial statement? What are its advantages? 8. What other types of information should be gathered if an analysis of common-size financial statements suggests that a company has problems? 9. What is the most informative section of the common-size balance sheet? Explain. 10. What is the purpose of the DuPont framework? 11. Identify the three ROE components represented in the DuPont framework and tell what ratio summarizes a company’s performance in each area. 12. What further analysis can be done if the DuPont calculations suggest that a company has a profitability problem? 13. Why are cash flow ratios often excluded from financial analysis models? 14. Why is it especially important to look at cash flow data when examining a firm that is preparing to make an application for a large loan? 15. What does it mean when the value of a company’s cash flow adequacy ratio is less than one? 16. What factors can reduce comparability among financial statements? 17. What is the danger in focusing a financial analysis solely on the data found in the historical financial statements? 228 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle p ractice Practice 5-1 What Is a Financial Ratio? Choose the letter of the correct answer. A financial ratio is a a. b. c. d. e. Practice 5-2 computed by the SEC. compared to values for companies in different industries. compared to past values of the same ratio. compared to the retained earnings balance. included in the body of the statement of cash flows. Financial Ratios Defined Write the formula for computing each of the following financial ratios. a. b. c. d. e. f. Practice 5-4 key source of external financing for most publicly-traded companies. relationship between financial statement amounts. stockbroker who performs financial statement analysis. trend in a number over time. complete set of the three primary financial statements. Usefulness of Financial Ratios Choose the letter of the correct answer. The usefulness of financial ratios is greatly enhanced when the values are a. b. c. d. e. Practice 5-3 exercises Debt ratio Current ratio Return on sales Asset turnover Return on equity Price-earnings ratio Debt Ratio Using the following data, compute the debt ratio. Accounts Payable . . Accounts Receivable Building . . . . . . . . . Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ..... Capital Stock . . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-Term Notes Payable Market Value of Equity . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Earnings (ending) Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-Term Notes Payable Stockholders’ Equity . . . . . Unearned Revenue . . . . . . Practice 5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Ratio Refer to the data in Practice 5-4. Compute the current ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,800 5,475 40,000 1,125 20,000 3,400 10,000 27,000 90,000 7,000 5,000 100,000 2,300 25,000 3,900 EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Practice 5-6 Return on Sales Refer to the data in Practice 5-4. Compute return on sales. Practice 5-7 Asset Turnover Refer to the data in Practice 5-4. Compute asset turnover. Practice 5-8 Return on Equity Refer to the data in Practice 5-4. Compute return on equity. Practice 5-9 Price-Earnings Ratio Refer to the data in Practice 5-4. Compute the price-earnings ratio. Practice 5-10 Common-Size Income Statement Using the following data, prepare a common-size income statement. Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . . Gross profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses: Sales and marketing . . . . . General and administrative Total operating expenses . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . Income tax expense . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practice 5-11 ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 $75,000 40,000 $35,000 $3,000 8,000 11,000 $24,000 4,000 $20,000 3,500 $16,500 Comparative Common-Size Income Statements Using the following data, (1) prepare comparative common-size income statements for Years 1 and 2 and (2) briefly outline why return on sales is lower in Year 2 (1.8%) compared to Year 1 (7.0%). Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . Gross profit . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes Income tax expense . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practice 5-12 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year 2 Year 1 $100,000 70,000 $ 30,000 25,000 $ 5,000 2,000 $ 3,000 1,200 $ 1,800 $80,000 50,000 $30,000 20,000 $10,000 2,000 $ 8,000 2,400 $ 5,600 Common-Size Balance Sheet Using the following data, prepare a common-size balance sheet. Sales for the year were $60,000. (continued) 230 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Assets Current assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment (net) Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,600 8,500 7,000 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unearned revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,000 6,500 $19,100 25,000 6,400 $50,500 $10,500 15,000 $25,500 15,000 10,000 $50,500 Practice 5-13 Common-Size Balance Sheet Standardized Using Total Assets Refer to the data in Practice 5-12. Prepare a common-size balance sheet using total assets to standardize each amount instead of using total sales. Practice 5-14 Comparative Common-Size Balance Sheets Using the following data, (1) prepare comparative common-size balance sheets for Years 1 and 2 (standardized by sales) and (2) briefly outline any significant changes from Year 1 to Year 2. Sales for Year 1 were $80,000, and sales for Year 2 were $100,000. Assets Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment (net) Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year 2 Year 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,000 8,000 17,000 25,000 $54,000 $ 3,200 6,400 15,000 25,000 $49,600 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,000 20,000 $29,000 15,000 10,000 $54,000 $ 7,200 20,000 $27,200 15,000 7,400 $49,600 Practice 5-15 DuPont Framework Defined (1) List the three ratios that combine to form the DuPont framework. Also list the formulas used to compute each ratio. (2) Give a brief intuitive explanation of the interpretation of the values of each of the three ratios. Practice 5-16 Computation of Return on Equity Using the DuPont Framework Using the following DuPont framework ratios, compute return on equity for Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3. EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 231 Year 3 Year 2 Year 1 25.9% 0.71 1.52 23.4% 0.67 1.45 22.5% 0.60 1.20 Return on sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset turnover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-to-equity ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practice 5-17 Analysis of Return on Equity Using the DuPont Framework Refer to the data in Practice 5-16. Briefly explain why the company’s return on equity increased from Year 1 to Year 3. Practice 5-18 DuPont Framework Computations Using the following data, compute return on equity, return on sales, asset turnover, and the assets-to-equity ratio. Total assets . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . Market value of equity . . Current ratio . . . . . . . . . . Practice 5-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100,000 $2,000 $40,000 $250,000 $13,000 $60,000 $83,000 1.87 DuPont Framework Computations Using the following data, compute return on equity, return on sales, asset turnover, and the assets-to-equity ratio. Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flow from operating activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Price-earnings ratio . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $450,000 $12,000 $20,000 $300,000 $120,000 17.4 Practice 5-20 DuPont Framework Intuition Test Return on equity can be computed by dividing net income by stockholders’ equity. It can also be computed by multiplying return on sales, asset turnover, and the assets-to-equity ratio. Using the definitions of the various ratios, show why both of these approaches yield the same answer. Practice 5-21 When Operating Cash Flow Information Is Particularly Valuable Which one of the following is not a situation in which cash flow data can provide a better picture of a company’s economic performance than does net income? a. b. c. d. e. Practice 5-22 A company preparing for an initial public offering. A company experiencing rapid growth. A company reporting large noncash expenses. A company with high asset turnover. A company preparing to apply for a large loan. Cash Flow-To-Net Income Ratio Using the following data, compute the cash flow-to-net income ratio. (continued) 232 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncash expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for capital expenditures Cash from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $190,000 84,000 60,000 110,000 95,000 Practice 5-23 Cash Flow Adequacy Ratio Refer to the data in Practice 5-22. Compute the cash flow adequacy ratio. Practice 5-24 Potential Pitfalls of Financial Statement Analysis Which one of the following statements is true with respect to financial statement analysis? a. All aspects of a business can be summarized neatly into the three primary financial statements. b. Comparing the financial statements of different companies is relatively easy because all companies are required to use the same financial statement formats and classifications. c. Every company examined using financial statement analysis will be found to have at least one prominent flaw. d. Analysts should use only historical ratio analysis, rather than information about current events, in deciding how to rate a company’s future prospects. e. Financial statement analysis usually does not give answers but instead points in directions where further investigation is needed. e xercises Exercise 5-1 Computation of Ratios The balance sheet for Tony Corporation is as follows: Tony Corporation Balance Sheet December 31, 2006 Assets Current assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: Paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,000 18,000 $ 29,000 25,000 55,000 $109,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15,000 5,000 $ 20,000 17,500 $ 37,500 ...... ...... ...... equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 50,000 21,500 $ 71,500 $109,000 EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis 233 Chapter 5 In addition, the following information for 2006 has been assembled: Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market value at December 31, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $265,000 33,000 150,000 Compute the following ratios: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Exercise 5-2 Debt ratio Current ratio Return on sales Asset turnover Return on equity Price-earnings ratio Ratios and Computing Missing Values The balance sheet for Magily Company is as follows: Magily Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2006 Assets Current assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: Paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (a) 50,000 $ (b) 40,000 100,000 $ (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 30,000 (d) $ 40,000 (e) $ (f) ...... ...... ...... equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (g) 35,000 $ (h) $ (i) In addition, the following information for 2006 has been assembled: Debt ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60% 1.5 Compute the missing values (a) through (i). Exercise 5-3 Computations Using Ratios The following information for Chong Lai Company for 2006 has been assembled: (continued) 234 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Market value at December 31, 2006 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset turnover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $600,000 $100,000 40% 10% 2.0 Compute the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5-4 Total assets Sales Net income Price-earnings ratio Common-Size Income Statement Comparative income statements for Long Pond Company for 2006 and 2005 are given below. 2006 2005 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit on sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 800,000 (510,000) $ 290,000 $ 450,000 (240,000) $ 210,000 Selling and general expenses Operating income . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . Income before income tax . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (100,000) $ 190,000 (40,000) $ 150,000 (45,000) $ 105,000 (80,000) $ 130,000 (30,000) $ 100,000 (30,000) $ 70,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Prepare common-size income statements for Long Pond Company for 2006 and 2005. 2. Return on sales for Long Pond is lower in 2006 than in 2005. What expense or expenses are causing this lower profitability? Exercise 5-5 Common-Size Balance Sheet The following data are taken from the comparative balance sheet prepared for Warren Road Company: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 $ 34,000 43,000 68,000 91,000 $236,000 $ 25,000 40,000 30,000 55,000 $150,000 Sales for 2006 were $1,000,000. Sales for 2005 were $800,000. 1. Prepare the asset section of a common-size balance sheet for Warren Road Company for 2006 and 2005. 2. Overall, Warren Road is less efficient at using its assets to generate sales in 2006 than in 2005. What asset or assets are responsible for this decreased efficiency? Exercise 5-6 Common-Size Balance Sheet The following data are taken from the comparative balance sheet prepared for Elison Company: EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5 . . . . . 235 2006 2005 $ 68,000 86,000 136,000 182,000 $472,000 $ 50,000 80,000 60,000 110,000 $300,000 Sales for 2006 were $2,000,000. Sales for 2005 were $1,600,000. 1. Prepare the asset section of a common-size balance sheet for Elison Company for 2006 and 2005. 2. Overall, Elison is less efficient at using its assets to generate sales in 2006 than in 2005. What asset or assets are responsible for this decreased efficiency? Exercise 5-7 Common-Size Income Statement Comparative income statements for Callister Company for 2006 and 2005 are given below. Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling and administrative expenses Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 $1,600,000 1,020,000 $ 580,000 200,000 $ 380,000 80,000 $ 300,000 90,000 $ 210,000 $900,000 480,000 $420,000 160,000 $260,000 60,000 $200,000 60,000 $140,000 1. Prepare common-size income statements for Callister Company for 2006 and 2005. 2. The profit margin for Callister is lower in 2006 than in 2005. What expense or expenses are causing this lower profitability? Exercise 5-8 Income Statement Analysis You have obtained the following data for Jamie Elli Company: Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit (as a percentage of sales) . . . . . . Return on sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses (as a percentage of sales) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $170,000 25% 5% 10% Based on the above data, determine the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5-9 Cost of goods sold Net income Operating expenses Income taxes (assume there are no other expenses or revenues) Income Statement and Balance Sheet Analysis Answer each of the following independent questions: 1. Nicholas Toy Company had a net income for the year ended December 31, 2006, of $72,000. Its total assets at December 31, 2006, were $1,860,000. Its total stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2006, was $910,000. Calculate Nicholas Toy’s return on equity. (continued) 236 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle 2. On January 1, 2006, Andrew’s Bookstore had current assets of $293,000 and current liabilities of $185,000. By the end of the year, its current assets had increased to $324,000 and its current liabilities to $296,000. Did the current ratio change during the year? If so, by how much? 3. The total liabilities and stockholders’ equity of Ryan James Corporation is $750,000. Its current assets equal 40% of total assets and the current ratio is 1.5. Further, the ratio of stockholders’ equity to total liabilities is 3 to 1. Determine (a) the amount of current liabilities and (b) the debt ratio. Exercise 5-10 DuPont Framework The following information is for Calle Concordia Company: 2006 2005 2004 . . . . . . $ 30,000 100,000 20,000 45,000 55,000 400,000 $ 25,000 80,000 15,000 40,000 40,000 300,000 $ 35,000 90,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 300,000 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 10,000 5,000 Current assets . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . Total liabilities . . . . . Stockholders’ equity Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the years 2004, 2005, and 2006, compute: 1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5-11 Return on equity Return on sales Asset turnover Assets-to-equity ratio DuPont Framework The numbers below are for Iffy Company and Model Company for the year 2006: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity Sales . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . Wage expense . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Iffy Model 120 600 480 3,440 3,190 $ 1,450 10,000 9,200 700 100 900 4,500 6,000 15,000 18,150 8,250 75,000 66,750 5,250 3,000 1. Compute return on equity, return on sales, asset turnover, and the assets-to-equity ratio for both Iffy and Model. 2. Briefly explain why Iffy’s return on equity is lower than Model’s. Exercise 5-12 DuPont Framework The numbers for Question Company and Standard Company for the year 2006 are as follows: EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Question Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold Wage expense . . . Other expenses . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Chapter 5 $ 60 600 1,400 1,000 2,448 612 10,000 7,350 700 1,900 50 Standard $ 300 4,000 3,650 8,650 13,280 3,320 50,000 36,750 3,500 8,500 1,250 1. Compute return on equity, return on sales, asset turnover, and the assets-to-equity ratio for both Question and Standard. 2. Briefly explain why Question’s return on equity is lower than Standard’s. Exercise 5-13 DuPont Framework The following information is for Ina Company: Total assets . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . Stockholders’ equity Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 2004 $200,000 90,000 110,000 800,000 40,000 $160,000 80,000 80,000 600,000 20,000 $180,000 100,000 80,000 600,000 10,000 For the years 2004, 2005, and 2006, compute: 1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5-14 Return on equity Profit margin Asset turnover Assets-to-equity ratio DuPont Framework for Analyzing Financial Statements The income statement and balance sheet for Rollins Company are provided below. Using the DuPont framework, compute the profit margin, asset turnover, assets-to-equity ratio, and resulting return on equity for the year 2006. Rollins Company Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Revenue from services . . Operating expenses: Insurance expense . . . . Rent expense . . . . . . . . Office supplies expense Salaries expense . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $151,920 $ 5,480 500 2,960 55,000 63,940 $ 87,980 (continued) 238 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Rollins Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2006 Assets Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable Notes receivable . . . Machinery . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . Exercise 5-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and Owners’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,000 40,000 12,800 180,000 $254,800 Accounts payable . . . . . Capital stock . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . Total liabilities and owners’ equity ........ ........ ........ $ 54,800 50,000 150,000 ........ $254,800 DuPont Framework for Analyzing Financial Statements Using the income statement and balance sheet for Jacobson and Sons Company, compute the three components of return on equity—profitability, efficiency, and leverage—based on the DuPont framework, for the year 2006. Jacobson and Sons Co. Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Revenues . . . . . . . . Expenses: Supplies expense Salaries expense Utilities expense . Rent expense . . . Other expenses . Net income . . . . . . ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $265,000 $138,600 26,700 6,500 17,100 8,700 197,600 $ 67,400 Jacobson and Sons Co. Balance Sheet December 31, 2006 Assets Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable Supplies . . . . . . . . . Land . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . Exercise 5-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and Owners’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38,900 31,000 46,300 25,000 96,700 $237,900 Accounts payable . . . . . Notes payable . . . . . . . Capital stock . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . Total liabilities and owners’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,100 17,200 30,000 173,600 ........ $237,900 DuPont Framework DuPont framework data for four industries are presented below. Retail jewelry stores . . . . Retail grocery stores . . . . Electric service companies Legal services firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets-to Equity Ratio Asset Turnover Return on Sales 1.578 1.832 2.592 1.708 1.529 5.556 0.498 3.534 0.050 0.014 0.069 0.083 EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 239 For the four industries, compute: 1. Return on assets 2. Return on equity Exercise 5-17 Financial Statement Analysis You have obtained the following data for the Jacob Company for the year ended December 31, 2006. (Some income statement items are missing.) Cost of goods sold . . . . . . General and administrative Interest expense . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . ........ expenses ........ ........ ........ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $485,000 80,000 8,500 12,000 790,000 8,000 Answer each of the following questions: 1. What is the total gross profit? 2. What is the amount of operating income? 3. What is the amount of other operating expenses (in addition to general and administrative expenses)? 4. What is the gross profit percentage (that is, gross profit as a percentage of sales)? 5. If the return on assets is 4%, what are the total assets? 6. If the return on stockholders’ equity is 8%, what is the stockholders’ equity? 7. What is the return on sales? 8. What is the income tax rate? (Tax Expense/Income before Taxes) Exercise 5-18 Cash Flow Ratios Below are data extracted from the financial statements for Choi Hung Company. Choi Hung Company Selected Financial Statement Data For the Years Ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash from operating activities . . . . . . Cash paid for purchase of fixed assets Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 $32,000 25,500 35,000 27,000 20,000 $ 68,850 155,030 178,000 23,000 40,430 Compute the following for both 2005 and 2006: 1. Cash flow-to-net income ratio 2. Cash flow adequacy ratio p roblems Problem 5-1 Computing and Using Common Ratios The following information is for the year 2006 for Millard Company and Grantsville Company, which are in the same industry: (continued) 240 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Millard Current assets . . . . Long-term assets . . Current liabilities . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grantsville . . . . $20,000 $40,000 $8,000 $15,000 $75,000 $140,000 $60,000 $110,000 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $200,000 $4,000 $850,000 $10,000 Market price per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15 6,000 shares $50 3,000 shares Required: Compute the following: 1. Current ratio 2. Debt ratio 3. Return on sales Problem 5-2 4. Asset turnover 5. Return on equity 6. Price-earnings ratio Financial Ratios The following information for High Flying Company is provided: Current assets . . . . Long-term assets . . Current liabilities . . Long-term liabilities Owners’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $145,000 $750,000 $75,000 $300,000 $520,000 Sales for year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income for year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,425,000 $105,000 Average market price per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average number of shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $145.00 10,000 Required: 1. Compute the current ratio, debt ratio, return on sales, return on equity, asset turnover, and price-earnings ratio. 2. Interpretive Question: What do these ratios show for High Flying Company? Problem 5-3 Working Backwards Using Common Ratios The following information for Steven Benjamin Company for 2006 has been assembled: Price-earnings ratio Stockholders’ equity Debt ratio . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . Asset turnover . . . . Current liabilities . . Long-term assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Required: Compute the following: 1. Return on equity 2. Total assets 3. Sales 4. Return on sales 5. Current ratio 6. Total market value of shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 $150,000 80% $41,000 0.75 $135,000 $280,000 EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Problem 5-4 Chapter 5 241 Common-Size Income Statement Operations for Gordo Company for 2005 and 2006 are summarized below. Net sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . . . . Gross profit on sales . . . . . . . . . Selling and general expenses . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) before income tax Income tax (refund) . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 $480,000 350,000 $130,000 100,000 $ 30,000 35,000 $ (5,000) 2,000 $ (3,000) $440,000 240,000 $200,000 120,000 $ 80,000 30,000 $ 50,000 20,000 $ 30,000 Required: 1. Prepare common-size income statements for 2006 and 2005. 2. What caused Gordo’s profitability to decline so dramatically in 2006? Problem 5-5 Common-Size Financial Statements Below are financial statement data for Wong Shek Company for the years 2005 and 2006. Wong Shek Company Financial Statements For 2005 and 2006 2006 2005 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14 35 230 221 $ 500 $ 10 27 153 190 $ 380 Accounts payable . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . Paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . Total liabilities and equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 106 217 $ 323 $ 113 64 $ 500 $ 74 217 $ 291 $ 50 39 $ 380 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . Gross profit . . . . . . Operating expenses . . Operating profit . . . Interest expense . . . . Income before taxes Income tax expense . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,000 (700) $ 300 (240) $ 60 (22) $ 38 (13) $ 25 $ 700 (500) $ 200 (160) $ 40 (22) $ 18 (6) $ 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Required: 1. Prepare common-size financial statements for Wong Shek for 2005 and 2006. 2. Did Wong Shek do better or worse in 2006 compared with 2005? Explain your answer. 242 Part 1 Problem 5-6 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Common-Size Financial Statements The comparative income statements and balance sheets for Clarksville Corporation for the years 2004, 2005, and 2006 are given below. Clarksville Corporation Comparative Income Statements For the Years Ended December 31 Net sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . . . . Gross profit on sales . . . Selling expense . . . . . . . . . General expense . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses Operating income (loss) . . Other revenue (expense) . . Income before taxes . . . Income tax . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 2004 $5,700,000 4,000,000 $1,700,000 $1,120,000 400,000 $1,520,000 $ 180,000 80,000 $ 260,000 80,000 $ 180,000 $6,600,000 4,800,000 $1,800,000 $1,200,000 440,000 $1,640,000 $ 160,000 130,000 $ 290,000 85,000 $ 205,000 $3,800,000 2,520,000 $1,280,000 $ 960,000 400,000 $1,360,000 $ (80,000) 160,000 $ 80,000 20,000 $ 60,000 Clarksville Corporation Comparative Balance Sheets December 31 Assets: Current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land, building, and equipment Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: Paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 2006 2005 2004 . . . . . $ 855,000 1,275,000 100,000 48,000 $2,278,000 $ 955,500 1,075,000 100,000 60,500 $2,191,000 $ 673,500 925,000 100,000 61,500 $1,760,000 .... .... .... $ 410,000 400,000 $ 810,000 $ 501,000 600,000 $1,101,000 $ 130,000 400,000 $ 530,000 . . . . $1,100,000 368,000 $1,468,000 $2,278,000 $ 800,000 290,000 $1,090,000 $2,191,000 $1,000,000 230,000 $1,230,000 $1,760,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Required: 1. Prepare common-size income statements and balance sheets for Clarksville Corporation for the years 2004, 2005, and 2006. 2. Summarize any trends you see in Clarksville’s numbers from 2004 to 2006. Problem 5-7 DuPont Analysis Financial information (in thousands of dollars) relating to three different companies follows. EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Net sales . . Net income Total assets Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Chapter 5 Company A Company B Company C $ 60,000 9,600 155,400 61,000 $28,000 1,850 21,500 11,300 $21,000 360 3,200 1,690 . . . . Required: 1. Compute the following ratios: a. Return on sales b. Asset turnover c. Assets-to-equity ratio d. Return on equity 2. Interpretive Question: Assume the three companies are (a) a large department store, (b) a large supermarket, and (c) a large electric utility. Based on the above information, identify each company. Explain your answer. Problem 5-8 DuPont Analysis Refer to the financial statement information in Problem 5-6 for Clarksville Corporation. Required: For the years 2004, 2005, and 2006, compute the following ratios: 1. Return on sales 2. Asset turnover 3. Assets-to-equity ratio 4. Return on equity Problem 5-9 Ratio Analysis The following financial data are taken from the records of Emily Kate Company. Emily Kate Company Comparative Balance Sheet December 31 Assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45,000 5,000 255,000 49,000 $354,000 $ 29,000 9,000 225,000 49,000 $312,000 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncurrent liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 44,000 180,000 130,000 $354,000 $ 27,000 165,000 120,000 $312,000 (continued) 244 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle Emily Kate Company Comparative Income Statement For the Years Ended December 31 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . Gross margin on sales Operating expenses . . Interest expense . . . . . Income tax expense . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 $580,000 245,000 $335,000 145,000 12,000 56,000 $122,000 $410,000 185,000 $225,000 133,000 9,000 35,000 $ 48,000 Required: 1. Compute the following ratios for 2005 and 2006: a. Current ratio b. Debt ratio c. Asset turnover d. Return on sales e. Return on equity 2. Have the firm’s performance and financial position improved from 2005 to 2006? Explain. Problem 5-10 Ratio Analysis The following data are taken from the records of John Spencer Corporation. John Spencer Corporation Comparative Balance Sheet December 31 2006 Assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant, and equipment Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,000 16,000 40,000 100,000 16,000 $176,000 $ 6,000 14,000 20,000 100,000 20,000 $160,000 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 44,000 24,000 60,000 48,000 $176,000 $ 50,000 10,000 60,000 40,000 $160,000 EOC Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 5 245 John Spencer Corporation Comparative Income Statement For the Years Ended December 31 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . . . Gross margin on sales Operating expense . . . Operating income . . . . Interest expense . . . . . Income before taxes . . Income taxes . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2005 $530,000 372,000 $158,000 102,000 $ 56,000 4,000 $ 52,000 13,000 $ 39,000 $448,000 338,000 $110,000 68,000 $ 42,000 2,000 $ 40,000 12,000 $ 28,000 Required: 1. Compute the following ratios for 2005 and 2006: a. Current ratio b. Debt ratio c. Asset turnover d. Return on sales e. Return on equity 2. Have the firm’s performance and financial position improved from 2005 to 2006? Explain. Problem 5-11 Cash Flow Analysis Below are data extracted from the financial statements for Ping Shek Company. Ping Shek Company Selected Financial Statement Data For the Years Ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 (in millions of dollars) 2006 2005 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,000 22,000 70,000 20,000 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $88,000 7,200 $74,000 4,800 9,600 8,900 2,500 1,500 4,100 13,000 6,600 200 1,100 4,000 Cash Cash Cash Cash Cash from operations . . . . . . . . . . paid for capital expenditures paid for acquisitions . . . . . . paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . paid for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Required: 1. Compute the following for 2005 and 2006: a. Return on sales c. Cash flow-to-net income ratio b. Return on equity d. Cash flow adequacy ratio 2. In which year did Ping Shek Company perform better: 2005 or 2006? Explain your answer. 246 Part 1 EOC Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle d iscussion Case 5-1 cases Analyzing Earnings Roger Donahoe owns two businesses: a drug store and a retail department store. Net sales . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold . Average total assets Other expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drug Store Department Store $1,050,000 1,000,000 50,000 39,500 $670,000 600,000 200,000 36,500 Which business is more profitable? Which business is more efficient? Overall, which business would you consider to be a more attractive investment? Case 5-2 Can a Ratio Be Too Good? Tony Christopher is analyzing the financial statements of Shaycole Company and has computed the following ratios: Current ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset turnover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaycole Industry Comparison 4.7 1.8 times 0.317 1.9 1.4 times 0.564 Andy Martinez, Tony’s colleague, tells Tony that Shaycole looks great. Andy points out that, although Shaycole’s ratios deviate significantly from the industry norms, all the deviations suggest that Shaycole is doing better than other firms in its industry. Is Andy right? Case 5-3 j Evaluating Alternative Investments Judy Snow is considering investing $10,000 and wishes to know which of two companies offers the better alternative. The Hoffman Company earned net income of $63,000 last year on average total assets of $280,000 and average stockholders’ equity of $210,000. The company’s shares are selling for $100 per share; 6,300 shares of common stock are outstanding. The McMahon Company earned $24,375 last year on average total assets of $125,000 and average stockholders’ equity of $100,000. The company’s common shares are selling for $78 per share; 2,500 shares are outstanding. Which stock should Judy buy? udgment Judgment 5-1 calls You Decide: Could we see Enron coming? Sherron Watkins, the whistle-blower at ENRON, made the following statement at a conference that one of the authors attended: “If anyone would have been watching the cash flows of Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis EOC Chapter 5 247 Enron, they could have figured out that there were problems.” While traditional ratios don’t reveal the problems, the following ratio provides some interesting results when looked at on a quarterly basis: Net Income from Operations ⫺ Cash Flows from Operations ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ Net Income from Operations During the period 1998 and 2001, this ratio revealed the following: 4 3 Ratio 2 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 0 ⫺1 * ⫺2 3 6 9 12 Months *Note: The Enron fraud was discovered in the 4th quarter of 2001. As a result, comparable 12-month numbers are not available. Does this ratio look normal or as expected for a nonfraud committing company? What would you expect this ratio to look like? Why do the yearly results look so different than the quarterly results? Judgment 5-2 You Decide: Ratios and debt covenants XYZ Company has some leases on buildings that are structured so they do not have to be reported on the balance sheet as assets and liabilities (synthetic leases). However, as a term of the agreement, the lessor—a financial institution—requires that the company maintain an amount of cash in its institution so that the buildings could be purchased if the company misses some restrictive covenant agreements (i.e., certain ratio requirements, such as a current ratio of 2:1, etc.). The total amount of cash required to be held by the bank is $60 million. So far, XYZ has been including the $60 million in its cash account when calculating its current ratio. Your auditor has suggested that since the $60 million is restricted for a certain purpose, it should be reported as a long-term investment rather than as cash. Reclassifying the $60 million from cash to long-term investments would throw all kinds of ratios in default and you definitely don’t want to do it. What is the appropriate accounting? 248 Part 1 CEO Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle C o m p e t e n c y E n h a n c e m e n t ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ Analyzing Real Company Information International Case Ethics Case Writing Assignment O p p o r t u n i t i e s The Debate Cumulative Spreadsheet Project Internet Search The following additional assignments provide opportunities for students to develop critical thinking, ethical perspectives, oral and written communication skills, experience with electronic research, and teamwork through group and business activities. ▲ Analyzing Real Company Information Analyzing 5-1 (Microsoft) Using MICROSOFT’s 2002 Form 10-K contained in Appendix A, answer the following questions: 1. 2. In the chapter, we computed ratio values for Microsoft for the fiscal year 2002. Compute the following ratios for Microsoft for 2001 and compare those results to the 2002 results contained in the chapter—debt ratio, current ratio, return on sales, asset turnover, and return on equity. For which of these ratios did Microsoft improve from 2001 to 2002? Examine Microsoft’s common-size balance sheet on page 214. Microsoft’s short-term investments and equity and long-term investments represent what percentage of sales? What percentage of total assets do these two line items represent? Why do you think Microsoft has so much money tied up in investments? Analyzing 5-2 (DuPont) In this chapter, you were introduced to the DuPont framework. Let us take a moment and apply that framework to the DUPONT COMPANY. DuPont is a company made up of many business segments and has the challenge of how to manage the diverse set of businesses operating under the control of the DuPont management team. In its 2002 annual report, DuPont described its business segments as follows: The company’s reporting segments include five market- and technologyfocused growth platforms, Textiles & Interiors, which is targeted for separation from the company, and Pharmaceuticals. The growth platforms are Agriculture & Nutrition; Coatings & Color Technologies; Electronic & Communication Technologies; Performance Materials; and Safety & Protection. The company reports results of its nonaligned businesses and embryonic businesses as Other. Summary segment results for 2002 are as follows: 2002 Total segment sales After-tax operating income (loss)(2) Segment net assets Agriculture Coatings Electronic & PerSafety Textiles & & Color Communication formance Pharma& & Nutrition Technologies Technologies Materials ceuticals Protection Interiors $4,510 443 5,963 $5,026 483 3,235 $2,540 217 2,190 $4,868 476 3,254 $ — 329 118 $3,483 490 1,942 $6,279 72 5,598 CEO Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis 1. 2. Chapter 5 249 Using segment after-tax operating income as a substitute for total company net income, tell which segment has the highest return on sales? The lowest? Which segment has the highest asset turnover? The lowest? Analyzing 5-3 (The Walt Disney Company) Information from the 2002 financial statements of THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY is listed below. This information reports Disney’s performance, by geographic area. United States Europe Rest of the world $ 9,858.8 1,745.8 13,437.5 $1,552.1 464.1 1,060.2 $701.2 323.2 108.1 Sales Operating income Identifiable assets 1. 2. 3. Disney divides its worldwide operations into three geographic areas: the United States, Europe, and the rest of the world. Which of these three has the best 2002 profitability as measured by return on sales? Which of Disney’s three geographic areas has the best overall asset efficiency in 2002 as measured by asset turnover? Discuss why return on equity cannot be computed for each geographic area. ▲ International Case Which Is the Stronger Partner in the Merger? In May 1998, DAIMLER-BENZ and CHRYSLER announced their intention to merge. Daimler-Benz was the largest industrial company in Europe, and Chrysler was Number 3 of the Big Three automakers in the United States. The merger resulted in DAIMLERCHRYSLER becoming (at the time) the second largest automobile company in the world with 2000 sales exceeding $150 billion (GENERAL MOTORS reported sales in 2000 of $160 billion). An interesting question is, “At the time of the merger, which of the two companies was the stronger?” Below are summary data for the two companies, both overall and for their respective automotive divisions. Daimler-Benz Sales Net income Total assets Chrysler Overall Automotive Overall Automotive DM 124,050 8,042 137,099 DM 91,632 3,501 46,955 $61,147 2,805 60,418 $58,662 4,238 44,483 The amounts are in millions of Deutsche marks for Daimler-Benz and millions of U.S. dollars for Chrysler. For the automotive segment information, net income is the operating income for the segment and total assets are the assets that are identifiable with the segment. 1. Compute the following for both companies for overall results and automotive division results: a. Return on sales (continued) b. Asset turnover 250 Part 1 CEO Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle 2. 3. In comparing the ratios calculated in (1), why don’t you have to make adjustments for currency differences? Which company had more worldwide automotive sales in 1997? Note: Don’t forget the currency difference. ▲ Ethics Case Does the Bonus Plan Reward the Right Thing? Roaring Springs Booksellers is an Internet book company. Customers choose their purchases from an online catalog and make their orders online. Roaring Springs then assembles the books from its warehouse inventory, packs the order, and ships it to the customer within three working days. The rapid turnaround time on orders requires Roaring Springs to have a large warehouse staff; wage expense averages almost 20% of sales. Each member of Roaring Springs’s top management team receives an annual bonus equal to 1% of his or her salary for every 0.1% that Roaring Springs’s return on sales exceeds 5.0%. For example, if return on sales is 5.3%, each top manager would receive a bonus of 3% of salary. Historically, return on sales for Roaring Springs has ranged between 4.5% and 5.5%. The management of Roaring Springs has come up with a plan to dramatically increase return on sales, perhaps to as high as 6.5% to 7.0%. The plan is to acquire a sophisticated, computerized packing machine that can receive customer order information, mechanically assemble the books for each order, box the order, print an address label, and route the box to the correct loading dock for pickup by the delivery service. Acquisition of this machine will allow Roaring Springs to lay off 100 warehouse employees, resulting in a significant savings in wage expense. Top management intends to acquire the machine by using new investment capital from stockholders and thus avoid an increase in interest expense. Because the depreciation expense on the new machine will be much less than the savings in reduced wage expense, return on sales will increase. All the top managers of Roaring Springs are excited about the new plan because it could increase their bonuses to as much as 20% of salary. As assistant to the chief financial officer of Roaring Springs, you have been asked to prepare a briefing for the board of directors explaining exactly how this new packing machine will increase return on sales. As part of your preparation, you decide to examine the impact of the machine acquisition on the other two components of the DuPont framework—efficiency and leverage. You find that even with the projected increase in return on sales, the decrease in asset turnover and in the assets-to-equity ratio will cause total return on equity to decline from its current level of 18% to around 14%. Your presentation is scheduled for the next board of directors meeting in two weeks. What should you do? ▲ Writing Assignment Who Should Get a Holiday Loan? You are head of the loan department at Wilshire National Bank and have been approached by two firms in the retail toy business. Each firm is requesting a nine-month term loan to purchase inventory for the holiday season. You must make your recommendations to the loan committee and have gathered the following data in order to make your analysis. Fun Toy Company was organized in early 2005. The first year of operations was fairly successful, as the firm earned net income of $45,000. Total sales for the year were $600,000, and total assets at year-end December 31, 2005, were $350,000. A condensed balance sheet at September 30, 2006, follows. The firm is requesting a $100,000 loan. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Assets: Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Prepaid expenses Furniture and fixtures Total assets $ 60,000 65,000 125,000 5,000 155,000 $410,000 CEO Chapter 5 251 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: Accounts payable Note payable, due 10/5/06 Stockholders’ equity $ 70,000 100,000 240,000 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $410,000 The Toy Store, the other firm, has been in business for many years. The firm’s net income was $100,000 on total sales of $2,000,000 in the most recent fiscal year. A balance sheet as of September 30, 2006, is given below. The firm is seeking a $200,000 loan. Assets: Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Supplies Prepaid expenses Property, plant, and equipment Total assets $ 60,000 100,000 400,000 10,000 5,000 825,000 $1,400,000 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: Accounts payable Current bank loan payable Long-term debt Stockholders’ equity $ 350,000 150,000 400,000 500,000 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $1,400,000 Write a one-page memo to the loan committee containing your recommendation about making loans to Fun Toy Company and to The Toy Store. You should use selected financial ratios in making your recommendation. Remember, your memo is only one page, so you can’t just present a list of every possible ratio computation. Build your recommendation around a few key numbers. ▲ The Debate Standardizing Ratios Up to this point in the text, you have been introduced to numerous ratios—current ratio, profit margin, return on equity, and so forth. The DuPont framework introduced in this chapter provides a meaningful way of using ratios to compare a company’s performance both across time and across companies. Using ratios for comparison purposes could be facilitated by standardizing certain ratios and requiring all companies to compute a specified set of ratios in exactly the same way. For example, when computing a debt-to-equity ratio, should debt include all liabilities or only long-term liabilities? Having a specified definition of what should be included in the debt number and what should be included in the equity number might facilitate comparison. Divide your group into two teams and defend the following positions: • Team 1 represents “Standardize the Ratios.” The FASB (or some other group) should establish standards for computing ratios. All firms would be required to compute certain ratios and include them with other financial statement information. In addition, definitions should be provided that specify what account balances are to be included in the numerator and denominator of each ratio. • Team 2 represents “Freedom of Ratios.” Ratios should be neither defined nor required by standard setters. Different financial statement users use the information for different purposes and in different ways. Requiring ratios for all companies may result in inappropriate comparisons being made. 252 Part 1 CEO Financial Reporting and the Accounting Cycle ▲ Cumulative Spreadsheet Project The balance sheet and income statement created for Handyman Company in the spreadsheet assignment in Chapter 2 will be used for ratio computations and analysis in this chapter. 1. 2. 3. Refer back to the financial statement numbers for Handyman Company for 2006 [given in part (1) of the cumulative spreadsheet project assignment in Chapter 2]. Using the balance sheet and income statement created with those numbers, do the following: a. Create common-size financial statements. b. Create spreadsheet cell formulas to compute and display values for the following ratios: i. Current ratio ii. Debt ratio iii. Asset turnover iv. Return on sales v. Return on equity Change the financial statement numbers used in (1) by following the instructions given in part (2) of the cumulative spreadsheet project assignment in Chapter 2. This should also change the common-size percentages and the ratio values. From the differences in the common-size financial statements and in the computed ratio values between parts (1) and (2), which set of financial statements represents a stronger company? Explain your answer. ▲ Internet Search Dupont To find out a little more about DUPONT, access DuPont’s Web site at http://www.dupont.com. Sometimes Web addresses change, so if this address doesn’t work, access the Web site for this textbook (http://albrecht.swlearning.com) for an updated link. Once you’ve gained access to the site, answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Who is the current chief executive officer (CEO) of DuPont? How long has he or she been the CEO? The DuPont organization includes a wide range of diverse types of businesses. How many employees does DuPont have? In how many countries does DuPont operate? How many manufacturing facilities does DuPont operate? What fraction of DuPont’s business is done outside the United States? DuPont has a number of well-known products. The company’s Web site offers further information on some of those products. When did DuPont’s polymer chemists invent nylon? In addition to bulletproof vests, what else is Kevlar used for? DuPont reports a corporate commitment to moving toward zero emissions, zero employee injuries, and zero material waste. What progress does it report in its effort to reduce air carcinogenic emissions?