Methods are presented for estimating the average annual damage for situations where coastal (or estuarine) property is subject to damage from storms or tsunamis. The cases considered are: (1) constant hazard, repairable damage; (2) variable hazard, repairable damage (e.g., deteriorating protection), (3) constant hazard, irreparable damage; (4) variable hazard, irreparable damage (e.g., coastal retreat or rising sea level modifies the damage potential). Estimates of damage are presented as average annual damage or present worth of damage, both forms being capable of being used in the economic evaluation of proposals to mitigate coastal inundation.
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