Monkeypox Virus: A potential concern for Pakistan?

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association

Madam, the Monkeypox disease is a zoonotic infection caused by the Monkeypox virus of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. With a similar clinical presentation as the now eradicated smallpox, which includes fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy [1], the disease has remained endemic in Africa since the first reported case in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970. However, the latest news coverage has revealed new outbreaks of Monkeypox in non-endemic regions, which has left us wondering, ‘are we seeing the beginnings of a new Epidemic?’ Since its discovery, the number of reported cases of Monkeypox are on the rise, with the first case reported from outside Africa in 2003, when a Monkeypox outbreak reported from U.S.A following a shipment of Prairie dogs received from Ghana [2]. Between 2010-2019, cases were reported in the United Kingdom, Israel, and Singapore, all of which were associated with a recent travel history to Monkeypox endemic countries. As of 21 May 2022, the ...

International Journal of Advances in Medicine

The human monkeypox virus is a zoonotic infection that is closely related to smallpox virus. It more commonly exists in forested habitats of western and central Africa. In the recent outbreak of the monkeypox virus, the total number of positive cases escalated to 32,760 and 12 deaths were reported so far. With rodents being primary reservoirs, the virus spreads through animals, fomites, respiratory droplets and, direct contact. It typically presents as a vesiculo-pustular rash along with fever, headache, malaise and chills. Taking this clinical spectrum into consideration, differential diagnosis to rule out smallpox is very much significant. Though there are no licensed therapies for monkeypox, treatment regimens and vaccination for small pox can also be used for monkeypox. Effective prevention relies on avoiding contact and limiting respiratory exposure with the infected patients by following standard precautions. This review article gives an insight into epidemiology, clinical pre...

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2021

Monkey pox is a viral infectious illness originated by monkey pox virus. It is identical to smallpox which belongs to the genus orthodox virus. It was first detected in monkeys in 1958. Human monkeypox was first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire) in a 9-year-old boy in a region where smallpox had been eliminated in 1968. Since then, most cases have been reported from rural, rainforest regions of the Congo Basin, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it is considered to be endemic. The main dissimilarity between monkey pox and small pox is that monkey pox produces lymadenopathy while small pox doesn't. Monkeypox has a clinical presentation equivalent to smallpox like fever, malaise, back pain, Headache, muscle pains but only the dissimilarity is presenting lymphadenopathy Transmission of monkeypox virus occurs when a person comes into contact with the virus from an animal, human, or materials contaminated with the virus. The virus enters the body through broken skin (even if not visible), respiratory tract, or the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth). Animal-to-human transmission may occur by bite or scratch, bush meat preparation, direct contact with body fluids or lesion material, or indirect contact with lesion material, such as through contaminated bedding.

Health Science Reports

Background: Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA-enveloped virus that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to human. Consequently, it emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Based on available online literature, this study reviewed the majority of the data representing the outbreak, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of monkeypox. Methods: The literature search was conducted between July 5 and September 15, 2022. In addition to reviewing the databases of World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Africa CDC, and United Kingdom Health Security Agency monkey pox advice, 43 papers were studied in depth. Results and Discussion: Human monkeypox was first identified in 1970 in a child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until May 6, 2022, it was endemic in West and Central African countries and infrequently occurred outside of Africa. However, many cases have been identified in several nonendemic countries since May 13, 2022, with no prior human or animal travel from endemic areas; that was the first time to document the cases and long-term transmission in countries with no epidemiological ties to endemic African countries. Seven travel-related human monkeypox cases were recorded outside of Africa from September 2018 to November 2021: one in Israel, one in Singapore, and two in the US Youth are most affected. Monkeypox's unanticipated development in places with no known epidemiological linkages raises concerns about the virus's evolution, which permits undetected transmission for a long period. Conclusion: Monkeypox is no longer a rare, self-limiting disease limited to endemic countries. Its ever-changing epidemiology and transmission dynamics have increased the possibility of its evolving into a much deadlier pathogen. Therefore, improved surveillance and detailed case and contact investigation are required to comprehend the ever-changing epidemiology of monkeypox.

Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic DNA virus with lineage from the Poxviridae family, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Orthopoxvirus genus. (1) With a previous history of controlled and contained occasional outbreaks of the virus, currently a widely erupted outbreak of monkeypox with progressively rising numbers has been reported since May 2022 in multiple countries of the western hemisphere that are not historically endemic for this infection, particularly the UK and EU countries. The global cessation of smallpox vaccination has been hypothesized to cause the rise in monkeypox infections in recent years. (5) (7) Monkeypox like any other viral infection commences with prodromal symptoms; a maculopapular rash with centrifugal distribution usually follows. (16) (9) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) confirms the diagnosis. (16) Transmission in humans is possible through infected animals or humans. (5) (27) In the ongoing 2022 outbreak, monkeypox virus has been undergoing novel mutations at an a...

GeroScience

with the current outbreak. MPV DNA detection using molecular techniques is recommended for diagnosis. At least two approved drugs for antiviral therapy are available in the USA. Two different vaccines, including the vaccine used in the past for smallpox eradication and a new formulation more recently approved based on a live but non-replicating virus, are available that provide immunity to MPV. These and other clinical and public health considerations pertaining to the recent monkeypox outbreaks together with aspects of MPV biology are discussed in this article. Keywords Monkeypox • Outbreak • Orthopoxvirus • Epidemiology • Diagnosis • Clinical presentation • Prophylaxis • Antiviral therapy gence. This is evidenced by the fact that trade-in rodents have inadvertent exported monkeypox to the USA in 2003 and when six human travelers from Nigeria exported the disease to Israel, Singapore, and the UK in 2018-2019 [1-4]. In July 2021, a man who traveled from Lagos, Nigeria, to Dallas, TX (USA), became the seventh itinerant to a non-African country with diagnosed monkeypox [5].

2021

Monkey pox is a viral infectious illness originated by monkey pox virus. It is identical to smallpox which belongs to the genus orthodox virus. It was first detected in monkeys in 1958. Human monkeypox was first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire) in a 9-year-old boy in a region where smallpox had been eliminated in 1968. Since then, most cases have been reported from rural, rainforest regions of the Congo Basin, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it is considered to be endemic. The main dissimilarity between monkey pox and small pox is that monkey pox produces lymadenopathy while small pox doesn’t. Monkeypox has a clinical presentation equivalent to smallpox like fever, malaise, back pain, Headache, muscle pains but only the dissimilarity is presenting lymphadenopathy Transmission of monkeypox virus occurs when a person comes into contact with the virus from an animal, human, or materials contaminated w...

Central Asian Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ethics

The proceeding 2022 multicountry epidemic of Monkeypox emerges as a global health concern. The first death outside of Africa appeared in Brazil on July 29, 2022, and the first death in Europe occurred in Spain on July 29, 2022. As a result, the World Health Organization announced the monkeypox epidemic as a global public health emergency on July 2022. Therefore, we aimed to present a review in light of contemporary facts. We conducted a review of current details on Monkeypox. Close contact is the best-known risk factor for human-to-human transmission; a pregnant woman can pass the virus to the fetus. The approximative incubation period is 10-14 days. Prodromal symptoms are fever, malaise, chills, and lymphadenopathy. Then clinicians observe that rash develops in most patients. Monkeypox usually takes 2-4 weeks on its own. The plurality of monkeypox patients recovers without treatment. However, some patients with complications may need treatment. Children, pregnant women, and immunoc...

https://ijshr.com/IJSHR_Vol.7_Issue.3_July2022/IJSHR-Abstract24.html, 2022

The first known human infection of monkeypox was recorded in 1971. MPXV has been found in a number of human instances in West Africa. The majority of confirmed cases with travel histories indicated travel to Europe and North America rather than West or Central Africa, where the monkeypox virus is endemic. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a type of Orthopoxvirus, which also includes camelpox, cowpox, vaccinia, and variola viruses. Two oral drugs, brincidofovir and tecovirimat, have been approved for the treatment of smallpox. MPXV can infect people in areas that were previously known to be free of smallpox. In 2003, MPXVinfected West African rats brought into the U.S. infected prairie dogs intended for sale in the pet business. Although there were no fatalities, the virus was of a less dangerous West African strain. Since 1970, eleven African nations have recorded human cases of monkeypox. Most cases have been recorded from rural, rainforest parts of the Congo Basin. Nigeria has seen a significant epidemic, with over 500 suspected cases, over 200 confirmed cases and an approximate 3% case fatality rate. People living in or near wooded regions may be exposed indirectly or at a low level. Consuming meat and other animal products from diseased animals that have been improperly cooked is a potential risk factor. The longest known chain of transmission in a community has increased from six to nine person-to-person infections. Monkeypox is prevented by increasing public knowledge of risk factors and teaching individuals about the actions they may take to decrease their exposure.

Toplum ve Bilim, 2004

... yazılanların hemen hemen tümü bu yukarıda vurguladığımız ya somut-tarihsel açılım ya da kuramsal-toplumbilimsel eksende takılı kalıyor ... Fırkamızın bu prensiple istihdaf ettiği gaye sınıf mücadelesi yerine ictimai intizam ve tesanüd temin etmek ve birbirini nakzetmiyecek surette ...