Violence and the Categories of Religion

Violence and the Categorizing of Religion http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/cornerstone/religious-freedom-and-violence-competingperspectives/responses/violence-and-the-categorizing-of-religion Responding to Religious Freedom and Violence: Competing Perspectives Michael Jerryson, November 4, 2014 Too often we confuse and confound the subject of religion. In order to approach the discussion of religion, atheism, and violence, I feel the need to disturb the very distinction of atheism from religion. To highlight this need, let us briefly examine the global legacy of religion in the subcontinent that we commonly refer to as India. Perhaps the most common religious association with India is Hinduism. Hinduism is a theistic religion that encompasses a myriad of sub-groups. Clearly, Hinduism emerged from South Asia, and the vast majority of people today who live in India identify as Hindus. Contemporary Hindus believe in a ātman (soul) and view the act of liberation connected to the divine. However, it would be a mistake to consider India’s religious legacy strictly in this way. Hinduism developed in tandem with other global religions that had different views on theism: particularly, Jainism and Buddhism. On a strictly doctrinal basis, early Jains agreed with Hindus on two important points: there are gods and goddesses and humans have jīva (souls). However, Jains rejected the authority of Hindu’s priestly caste, the Brahmins, as well as the authority of their scriptures, the Vedas. Most especially, Jains argued that the gods and goddesses that exist are irrelevant to their pursuit of liberation. In a similar fashion, early Buddhists rejected the Brahmins and their scriptures. They recognized the existence of gods and goddesses, but also found them unrelated to the task of liberation. Even more distinct than Jains, Buddhists rejected the Hindu concept of a soul. One of their most famous and distinguishing stances is an-ātman (no-soul or no-self). This brief treatment of early South Asia displays a variety of religious traditions and perspectives. To divide these traditions between “theism” and ‘a-theism” would be a mistake, as the principle division that distinguishes these religions is not the belief in a divine (theism), but rather the method in which a person becomes liberated that includes theists and a-theists. Let us turn now to the contemporary context in the United States. As Dawkins postulates, the principle distinction in the conversation about religion is theism versus a-theism. This is quite pronounced in his 2006 book The God Delusion, where he positions atheism as non-religion and religion as that which is theism. This stance is quite different from the discourse found in early South Asia. In a global context, Dawkins espouses an Abrahamic categorization that positions the belief of a divine as the most important issue (to which subordinate distinctions follow such as poly-theism, heno-theism and mono-theism). And herein lies one of the many problems Richard Dawkins exhibits in his address of religion. He fails to recognize how his form of atheism has emerged within this Abrahamic discourse and that atheism, in itself, is a religion. Over the last 50 years, there have been numerous scholars who include atheisms in their treatment of religion. The psychologist and philosopher William James saw religion as an individual experience. He writes that religion refers to the feelings, acts and experiences in relation to whatever a person may qualify as “the divine.” One need only turn to modern-day Alcoholics Anonymous and its inclusion of atheists, who see themselves or their AA group as their “higher power,” as evidence of this. We can look to the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, who argues religion is a metaphysics and a corresponding ethos—criteria that would most certainly include any form atheism. Perhaps one of the more accessible theorists on religion is Ninian Smart, who directly addresses the inclusion of atheism in his treatment of religion (and parallels it with nationalism). This is an appropriate place to now address the connection between atheist beliefs and theist beliefs in relation to violence. The belief in an afterlife has certainly motivated people to sacrifice their lives for what Mark Juergensmeyer terms a "cosmic war." But this treatment of afterlife belies a very Abrahamic perspective. Take for instance the perspective of most Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains. Their belief in rebirths—a form of afterlife—motivates them to behave appropriately. They see life as suffering and have no relish in wanting to repeat the suffering over and over again through multiple rebirths. What is missing from Dawkins’ analysis, outside of cultural sensitivity and awareness of scholarship on the study of religion, is that it is not an “afterlife” but the privileging of anything over one’s own life that can motivate a person toward violence. People have sacrificed themselves for nations, ideologies (democracy, communism, capitalism), and identity (e.g., ethnicity). These values are not contingent upon a “theism,” but rather the subscription of a value greater than a person’s own life. There are quite a few examples in the last several centuries that serve to illustrate this point: the gulags in the governments of China and the Soviet Union, genocides under the Mongolian People’s Republic and Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge, sacrifices for nationalist expansions connected to colonialism, World War I and World War II, the secular martyrdom of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, and this list can go on. To come full circle, at the same time as Jainism and Buddhism was developing in South Asia there were atheist traditions like the C rv kas and jīvakas. These groups rejected all forms of theism and held to materialist claims. C rv kas in particular argued that artha (wealth) and kāma (enjoyment) took precedent over dharma (ethical merit) and moksa (salvation). Similar to the hedonists of other cultures, the C rv kas’ value of wealth and enjoyment could take precedence over values such as human life. The phenomenon of sacrificing one’s life for a greater idea is a universal human trait. To echo Stephen Prothero’s call, we need to advance religious literacy in the United States. This would include a critical discussion of atheisms. It also requires a re-examination of religion’s relationships with violence. All religious traditions have a history of violence. This includes Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists, who place a strong emphasis on ahimsa (non-violence).